Evaluating meta-ethnography: Systematic analysis and synthesis of qualitative research

Health Technology Assessment

Volumn 15, Issue 43, 2011, Pages

  Campbell, R ^a   Pound, P ^a   Morgan, M ^b   Daker White, G ^c   Britten, N ^d   Pill, R ^e   Yardley, L ^f   Pope, C ^f   Donovan, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^d PENINSULA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^e CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DRUG USE; ETHNOGRAPHY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MEDICAL LITERATURE; META ETHNOGRAPHY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRESCRIPTION; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; STANDARDIZATION; TREATMENT REFUSAL; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; EVALUATION STUDY; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METHODOLOGY; OBSERVER VARIATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REPRODUCIBILITY; SICKNESS IMPACT PROFILE; STANDARD;

ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; OBSERVER VARIATION; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SICKNESS IMPACT PROFILE;

EID: 84856364789     PISSN: 13665278     EISSN: 20464924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3310/hta15430     Document Type: Review

References (239)

1. Chalmers I, Hedges LV, Cooper H. A brief history of research synthesis. Eval Health Prof 2002;25:12-37.
2. Davidoff F, Haynes B, Sackett D, Smith R. Evidence based medicine (editorial). BMJ 1995;310:1085-6.
3. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Grimes DA, Altman D. Assessing the quality of randomization from reports of controlled trials published on obstetrics and gynecology journals. JAMA 1994;272:125-8.
4. Sheldon TA. Making evidence synthesis more useful for management and policy-making. J Health Serv Res Pol 2005;10(Suppl. 1):1-5.
5. Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC. A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. JAMA 1992;268:240-8.
6. Cochrane A. Effectiveness and efficiency. Random reflections on health services. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust; 1972.
7. Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse MJNC. Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth: a synopsis for guiding practice and research. In: Chalmers I, editor. Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. 2. childbirth. Parts VI-X edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1989. pp. 1465-76.
8. Enkin M, Keirse M, Chalmers I. A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1989.
9. Murphy E, Dingwall R, Greatbatch D, Parker S, Watson P. Qualitative research methods in health technology assessment: a review of the literature. Health Technol Assess 1998;2(16).
10. NHS R&D Methodology Programme. Developing methods for appraising and reviewing qualitative research. Project number 99/53. 1999.
11. Strike K, Posner G. Types of synthesis and their criteria. In: Ward S, Reed L, editors. Knowledge structure and use. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 1983. pp. 344-61.
12. Greenhalgh T. Meta-analysis and beyond: applying secondary research methods to primary care. Br J Gen Pract 1998;48:1540-1.
13. Sandelowski M, Docherty S, Emden C. Qualitative metasynthesis: issues and techniques. Res Nurs Health 1997;20:365-71.
14. Hammersley M. Talk delivered at meta-ethnography workshop funded by HTA/MRC, University of Bristol (chaired by R Campbell). 2003.
15. Noblit G, Hare R. Meta-ethnography: synthesising qualitative studies. 11th edn. London: Sage Publications; 1988.
16. Britten N, Campbell R, Pope C, Donovan J, Morgan M, Pill R. Using meta ethnography to synthesise qualitative research: a worked example. J Health Serv Res Policy 2002;7:209-15.
17. Campbell R, Pound P, Pope C, Britten N, Pill R, Morgan M, et al. Evaluating metaethnography: a synthesis of qualitative research on lay experiences of diabetes and diabetes care. Soc Sci Med 2003;56:671-84.
18. Critical Appraisal Skills Program. (CASP) collaboration for qualitative methodologies. 1998. URL. www.casp-uk.net.
19. Spencer L, Ritchie J, Lewis J, Dillon L. Quality in qualitative evaluation: a framework for assessing research evidence. London: Government Chief Social Researcher's Office; 2003.
20. Dixon-Woods M, Agarwal S, Young B, Jones D, Sutton S. Integrative approaches to qualitative and quantitative evidence. London: NHS Health Development Agency; 2004.
21. Mays N, Pope C, Popay J. Systematically reviewing qualitative and quantitative evidence to inform management and policy-making in the health field. J Health Serv Res Policy 2005;10(Suppl. 1):6-20.
22. Spicer E. Beyond analysis and explanation. Hum Organ 1976;35:335-43.
23. Thomas J, Harden A, Oakley A, Oliver S, Sutcliffe K, Rees R, et al. Integrating qualitative research with trials in systematic reviews. BMJ 2004;328:1010-12.
24. Dixon-Woods M. How can systematic review incorporate qualitative research? ESRC end of award report. Swindon: Economic and Social Research Council; 2005.
25. Yin RK. Case studies research: design and methods. 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1989.
26. Yin RK, Yates D. Street-level governments: assessing decentralization and urban services. Lexington, MA: Lexington books; 1975.
27. Yin RK, Heald KA, Vogel M. Tinkering with the system: technological innovations in state and local services. Lexington, MA: Lexington books; 1997.
28. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Sterne JAC. Meta-analysis: is moving the goal post the answer? (Letter). Lancet 1998;351:1517.
29. Roberts KA, Dixon-Woods M, Fitzpatrick R, Abrams KR, Jones DR. Factors affecting uptake of childhood immunisation: a Bayesian synthesis of qualitative and quantitative evidence. Lancet 2002;360:1596-9.
30. Miles MB, Huberman AM. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded source book. 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1994.
31. McNaughton DB. A synthesis of qualitative home visiting research. Public Health Nurs 2000;17:405-16.
32. Finfgeld DL. Self-resolution of drug and alcohol problems: a synthesis of qualitative findings. J Addict Nurs 2000;12:65-72.
33. NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD). Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness: CRD's guidance for those carrying out or commissioning reviews. 2nd edn. York: CRD, University of York; 2001.
34. Popay J, Roberts H, Sowden A, Petticrew M, Arai L, Rodgers M, et al. Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews. Swindon: Economic and Social Research Council; 2006.
35. Bloor M, MacIntosh J. Surveillance and concealment: a comparison of client resistance in therapeutic communities and health visiting. In: Cunningham-Burleys S, McKeganey N, editors. Medical sociology. London: Routledge; 1990. pp. 159-81.
36. Heaton J. Secondary analysis of qualitative data. Soc Res Update 1998;22:1-7.
37. Hinds PS, Vogel RJ, Clarke-Steffen L. The possibilities and pitfalls of doing a secondary analysis of a qualitative data set. Qual Health Res 1997;7:408-24.
38. Thorne S. Secondary analysis in qualitative research: issues and implications. In: Morse JM, editor. Qualitative research methods. London: Sage; 1994. pp. 263-79.
39. Turner S. Sociological explanation as translation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1980.
40. Glaser B, Strauss A. The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine; 1967.
41. Marshall C. Appropriate criteria of trustworthiness and goodness for qualitative research on education organizations. Qual Quant 1985;19:353-73.
42. Paterson BL, Thorne SE, Canam C, Jillings C. Meta-study of qualitative health research: a practical guide to meta-analysis and synthesis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd; 2001.
43. Finfgeld DL. Metasynthesis: the state of the art-so far. Qual Health Res 2003;13:893-904.
44. Feder GS, Hutson M, Ramsay J, Taket AR. Women exposed to intimate partner violence: expectations and experiences when they encounter health care professionals: a meta-analysis of qualitative studies. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:22-37.
45. Smith LK, Pope C, Botha JL. Delay in presentation of cancer: a synthesis of qualitative research on cancer patients' help-seeking experiences. Lancet 2005;366:825-31.
46. Walter FM, Emery J, Braithwaite D, Marteau TM. Lay understanding of familial risk of common chronic diseases: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Ann Fam Med 2004;2:583-94.
47. Attree P. Parenting support in the context of poverty: a meta-synthesis of the qualitative evidence. Health Soc Care Community 2005;13:330-7.
48. Barroso J, Sandelowski M. Substance abuse in HIV-positive women. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2004;15:48-59.
49. Barroso J, Powell-Cope GM. Metasynthesis of qualitative research on living with HIV infection. Qual Health Res 2000;10:340-53.
50. Beck CT. Mothering multiples: a meta-synthesis of qualitative research. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2002;27:214-21.
51. Beck CT. Postpartum depression: a metasynthesis. Qual Health Res 2002;12:453-72.
52. Carroll SM. Nonvocal ventilated patients perceptions of being understood. West J Nurs Res 2004;26:85-103.
53. Clemmens D. Adolescent motherhood: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2003;28:93-9.
54. Coffey JS. Parenting a child with chronic illness: a metasynthesis. Pediatr Nurs 2006;32:51-9.
55. Coffman MJ. Cultural caring in nursing practice: a meta-synthesis of qualitative research. J Cult Divers 2004;11:100-9.
56. Evans D, FitzGerald M. The experience of physical restraint: a systematic review of qualitative research. Contemp Nurse 2002;13:126-35.
57. Finfgeld-Connett D. Clarification of social support. Image J Nurs Sch 2005;37:4-9.
58. Finfgeld-Connett D. Meta-synthesis of presence in nursing. J Adv Nurs 2006;55:708-14.
59. Goodman JH. Becoming an involved father of an infant. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2005;34:190-200.
60. Howell D, Brazil K. Reaching common ground: a patient-family-based conceptual framework of quality EOL care. J Palliat Care 2005;21:19-26.
61. Jensen LA, Allen MN. A synthesis of qualitative research on wellness-illness. Qual Health Res 1994;14:349-69.
62. Kärkkäinen O, Bondas T, Eriksson K. Documentation of individualized patient care: a qualitative metasynthesis. Nurs Ethics 2005;12:123-32.
63. Kennedy HP, Rousseau AL, Low LK. An exploratory metasynthesis of midwifery practice in the United States. Midwifery 2003;19:203-14.
64. Kylma J. Despair and hopelessness in the context of HIV-a meta-synthesis on qualitative research findings. J Clin Nurs 2005;14:813-21.
65. Kylma J. Dynamics of hope in adults living with HIV/AIDS: a substantive theory. J Adv Nurs 2005;52:620-30.
66. Lefler LL, Bondy KN. Women's delay in seeking treatment with myocardial infarction: a meta-synthesis. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2004;19:251-68.
67. Meadows-Oliver M. Mothering in public: a meta synthesis of homeless women with children living in shelters. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2003;8:130-6.
68. Nelson AM. Transition to motherhood. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2003;32:465-77.
69. Nelson AM. A metasynthesis: mothering other-than-normal children. Qual Health Res 2002;12:515-30.
70. Paterson BL, Thorne S, Dewis M. Adapting to and managing diabetes. Image J Nurs Sch 1998;30:57-62.
71. Roux G, Dingsor E, Bush HA. Inner strength in women: metasynthesis of qualitative findings in theory development. J Theor Construct Test 2002;6:86-93.
72. Sandelowski M, Lambe C, Barroso J. Stigma in HIV-positive women. J Nurs Scholarsh 2004;36:122-8.
73. Sandelowski M, Barroso J. The travesty of choosing after positive prenatal diagnosis. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2005;34:307-18.
74. Sherwood GD. Meta-synthesis of qualitative analysis of caring: defining a therapeutic model of nursing. Adv Pract Nurse 1997;3:32-42.
75. Steeman E, de Casterlé BD, Godderis J, Grypdonck M. Living with early-stage dementia: a review of qualitative studies. J Adv Nurs 2006;54:722-38.
76. Swartz MK. Parenting preterm infants: a meta-synthesis. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2005;31:115-20.
77. Varcoe C, Rodney P, McCormick J. Health care relationships in context: an analysis of three ethnographies. Qual Health Res 2003;13:957-73.
78. Werner JS, Wendler, MC, McCormick J, Paulus-Smith S, Jackson C, Nie J, et al. Human response outcomes influenced by nursing care. Int J Hum Caring 2002;6:15-23.
79. Paterson B, Canam C, Joachim G, Thorne S. Embedded assumptions in qualitative studies of fatigue. West J Nurs Res 2003;25:119-33.
80. Paterson BL. The shifting perspectives model of chronic illness. J Nurs Scholarsh 2001;33:21-6.
81. Thorne S, Paterson B. Shifting images of chronic illness. Image J Nurs Sch 1998;30:173-8.
82. Dixon-Woods M, Cavers D, Agarwal S, Annandale E, Arthur A, Harvey J, et al. Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups. BMC Med Res Methodol 2006;6:35.
83. Popay J, Rogers A, Williams G. Rationale and standards for the systematic review of qualitative literature in health services research. Qual Health Res 1998;8:341-51.
84. Seale C. The quality of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1999.
85. Mays N, Pope C. Assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ 2000;330:50-2.
86. Burns N. Standards for qualitative research. Nurs Sci Q 1989;2:44-52.
87. Suikkala A, Leino-Kilpi H. Nursing student-patient relationships: a review of the literature from 1984 to 1998. J Adv Nurs 2001;33:42-50.
88. Finfgeld DL. Empowerment of individuals with enduring mental health problems: perspectives from concept analysis and qualitative findings. Adv Nurs Sci 2004;27:44-52.
89. Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for theory construction in nursing. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1995.
90. Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of qualitative research. Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998.
91. Sandelowski M, Barroso J. Classifying the findings in qualitative studies. Qual Health Res 2003;13:905-23.
92. Cooper H. Synthesizing research. 3rd edn. London: Sage; 1998.
93. Curtis M, Lubkin I. What is chronicity? Chronic illness: impact and interventions. 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 1990. pp. 2-20.
94. Roberts CA, Burke SO. Nursing research: a quantitative and qualitative approach. Boston, MA: Jones & Bartlett; 1989.
95. Sherwood G. Meta-synthesis: merging qualitative studies to develop nursing knowledge. Int J Hum Caring 1999;3:37-42.
96. Evans D. Systematic review of interpretative research: interpretative data synthesis of processed data. Aust J Adv Nurs 2003;20:22-6.
97. Sandelowski M, Barosso J. Reading qualitative studies (Article 5). Int J Qual Meth 2002;1:1-47.
98. Loomis ME, Wood DJ. Cure: the potential outcome of nursing care. Image J Nurs Sch 1983;15:4-7.
99. Ritzer G. Meta-theorizing in sociology. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books; 1991.
100. Zhao S. Meta-theory, meta-method, meta-data-analysis: what, why, and how? Sociol Perspect 1991;34:377-90.
101. Thorne S, Paterson B, Acorn S, Canam C, Joachim G, Jillings C. Chronic illness experience: insights from a metastudy. Qual Health Res 2002;12:437-52.
102. Dixon-Woods M, Kirk D, Agarwal S, Annandale E, Arthur T, Harvey J, et al. Vulnerable groups and access to health care: a critical interpretive review. Report for the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and organisation R&D (NCCSDO). 2005.
103. Dixon-Woods M, Agarwal S, Jones D, Young B, Sutton A. Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: a review of possible methods. J Health Serv Res Policy 2005;10:45-53.
104. Kearney MH. Truthful Self-Nurturing: A grounded formal theory of women's addiction recovery. Qual Health Res 1998;8:495-512.
105. Finfgeld DL. Courage as a process of pushing beyond the struggle. Qual Health Res 1999;9:803-14.
106. Pawson R. Evidence-based policy: the promise of 'realist synthesis'. Evaluation 2002;8:340-58.
107. Dixon-Woods M, Fitzpatrick R. Qualitative research in systematic reviews has establised a place for itself. BMJ 2001;323:765-6.
108. Evans D. Database searches for qualitative research. J Med Libr Assoc 2002;90:290-3.
109. Popay J, Roen K. Synthesis of evidence from research using diverse study designs: a preliminary review of methodological work. A report for the Social Care Institute of Excellence, UK. 2003.
110. McDonald S, Lefebvre C, Antes G, Galandi D, Gøtzsche P, Hammarquist C, et al. The contribution of handsearching European general health care journals to the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Eval Health Prof 2002;25:65-75.
111. Murphy L, Reinsch S, Najm W, Dickerson V, Seffinger M, Adams A, et al. Searching biomedical databases on complementary medicine: the use of controlled vocabulary among authors, indexers and investigators. BMC Complement Altern Med 2003;3:3.
112. Petticrew M, Roberts H. How to find the studies: the literature search. Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006. pp. 79-124.
113. Matthews EJ, Edwards AGK, Barker J, Bloor M, Covey J, Hood K, et al. Efficient literature searching in diffuse topics: lessons from a systematic review of research on communicating risk to patients in primary care. Health Libr Rev 1999;16:112-20.
114. Shaw R, Booth A, Sutton A, Miller T, Smith J, Young B, et al. Finding qualitative research: an evaluation of search strategies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2004;4:5.
115. Grayson L, Gomersall A. A difficult business: finding the evidence for social science reviews. ESRC UK Centre for Evidence Based Policy and Practice. Working paper 19. 1: 21; 2003.
116. Arluke A. judging drugs: patient's conceptions of therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of arthritis. Hum Organ 1980;39:84-8.
117. Trostle JA, Hauser WA, Susser IS. The logic of noncompliance: Management of epilepsy from the patient's point of view. Cult Med Psychiatry 1983;7:35-56.
118. Conrad P. The meaning of medications: another look at compliance. Soc Sci Med 1985;20:29-37.
119. Erwin J, Peters B. Treatment issues for HIV+ Africans in London. Soc Sci Med 1999;49:1519-28.
120. Booth A. Cochrane or cock-eyed? How should we conduct systematic reviews of qualitative research? Paper presented at the Qualitative Evidence-based Practice Conference, Taking a Critical Stance. Coventry University, 14-16 May 2001.
121. Khan K, ter Riet G, Popay J, Nixon J, Kleijen J. Study quality assessment. CRD report number 4. Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness. 2nd edn. York: NHS Centre for reviews and dissemination; 2001.
122. Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage Publications; 1985.
123. Guba EG, Lincoln YS. Fourth generation evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1989.
124. Cook TD, Campbell DT. Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field testing. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin (Academic); 1979.
125. Kirk J, Miller ML. Reliability and validity in qualitative research. London: Sage Publications; 1986.
126. Hammersley M. What's wrong with ethnography? London: Routledge; 1992.
127. Mays N, Pope C. Quality in qualitative health research. Qualitative research in health care. London: BMJ Books; 1999.
128. Blaxter M. Criteria for the evaluation of qualitative research papers. Medical Sociology News 1996;22:68-71.
129. Reid M, Armstrong D. Guidelines on evaluating qualitative research proposals in health services research. Produced for the Cancer Research Campaign Education and Psychosocial Research Commitee; 1998.
130. Elliott R, Fischer CT, Rennie DL. Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. Br J Clin Psychol 1999;38:215-29.
131. Boulton M, Fitzpatrick R, Swinburn C. Qualitative research in health care: II. A structured review and evaluation of studies. J Eval Clin Pract 1996;2:171-9.
132. Yardley L. Dilemmas in qualitative health research. Psychol Health 2000;15:215-28.
133. Hunter JF, Schmidt F, Jackson G. Meta analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1982.
134. Morgan M. Perceptions and use of anti-hypertensive drugs among cultural groups. In: Williams SJ, Calnan M, editors. Modern medicine. Lay perspectives and experiences. London: UCL Press; 1996. pp. 95-116.
135. Van Wissen K, Litchfield M, Maling T. Living with high blood pressure. J Adv Nurs 1998;27:567-74.
136. Johnson MJ, Williams M, Marshall ES. Adherent and non-adherent medication-taking in elderly hypertensive patients. Clin Nurs Res 1999;8:318-35.
137. Svensson S, Kjellgren KI, Ahlner J, Saljo R. Reasons for adherence with antihypertensive medication. Int J Cardiol 2000;76:157-63.
138. Wiener CL. The burden of rheumatoid arthritis: tolerating the uncertainty. Soc Sci Med 1975;9:97-104.
139. Locker D. Disability and disadvantage: the consequences of chronic illness. London: Tavistock Publications; 1983.
140. Bury M. Chronic illness as biographical disruption. Sociol Health Illness 1982;4:167-82.
141. Williams G. The genesis of chronic illness: narrative re-construction. Sociol Health Illness 1984;6:175-200.
142. Siegel K, Gorey E. HIV-infected women: barriers to AZT use. Soc Sci Med 1997;45:15-22.
143. Stone VE, Clarke J. HIV/AIDS patients' perspectives on adhering to regimens containing protease inhibitors. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13:586-93.
144. Erlen JA, Mellors MP. Adherence to combination therapy in persons living with HIV: balancing the hardships and the blessings. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 1999;10:75-84.
145. Halkitis PN, Kirton C. Self-strategies as means of enhancing adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapies: a Rogerian approach. J New York State Nurses Assoc 1999;30:22-7.
146. Proctor VE, Tesfa A, Tompkins DC. Barriers to adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy as expressed by people living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDs 1999;13:535-44.
147. Siegel K, Schrimshaw EW, Dean L. Symptom interpretation and medication adherence among late middle age and older HIV infected adults. J Health Psychol 1999;4:247-57.
148. Siegel K, Schrimshaw EW, Raveis VH. Accounts for non-adherence to antiviral combination therapies among older HIV-infected adults. Psychol Health Med 2000;5:29-42.
149. McDonald K, Bartos M, Rosenthal D. Australian women living with HIV/AIDS are more sceptical than men about antiretroviral treatment. AIDS Care 2001;13:15-26.
150. Murphy DA, Johnston Roberts KJ, Martin DJ, Marelich W, Hoffman D. Barriers to antiretroviral adherence among HIV-infected adults. AIDS Patient Care STDs 2000;14:47-58.
151. Johnston Roberts KJ, Mann T. Barriers to antiretroviral medication adherence in HIVinfected women. AIDS Care 2000;12:377-86.
152. Barton Laws M, Wilson IB. Taking antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: learning from patients' stories. J Gen Intern Med 2000;15:848-58.
153. Kaljee LM, Beardsley R. Psychotropic drugs and concepts of compliance in a rural mental health clinic. Med Anthropol Q 1992;6:271-87.
154. North D, Davis P, Powell A. Patient responses to benzodiazepine medication: a typology of adaptive repertoires developed by long term users. Sociol Health Illness 1995;17:632-50.
155. Barter G, Cormack M. The long-term use of benzodiazepines: patients' views, accounts and experiences. Fam Pract 1996;13:491-7.
156. Rogers A, Day JC, Williams B, Randall F, Wood P, Healy D, et al. The meaning and management of neuroleptic medicaiton: a study of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Soc Sci Med 1998;47:1313-23.
157. Angermeyer MC, Loffler W, Muller P, Schulze B, Priebe S. Patients' and relatives' assessment of clozapine treatment. Psychol Med 2001;31:509-17.
158. Usher K. Taking neuroleptic medications as the treatment for schizophrenia: a phenomenological study. Aust N Z J Ment Health Nurs 2001;10:145-55.
159. Boath EH, Blenkinsopp A. The rise and rise of proton pump inhibitor drugs: patients' perspectives. Soc Sci Med 1997;45:1571-9.
160. Pollock K, Grime J. Strategies for reducing the prescribing of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): patient self-regulation of treatment may be an under-exploited resource. Soc Sci Med 2000;51:1827-39.
161. Adams S, Pill R, Jones A. Medication, chronic illness and identity: the perspective of people with asthma. Soc Sci Med 1997;45:189-201.
162. Prout A, Hayes L, Gelder L. Medicines and the maintenance of ordinariness in the household management of childhood asthma. Sociol Health Illness 1999;21:137-62.
163. Buston KM, Wood SF. Non-compliance amongst adolescents with asthma: listening to what they tell us about self-management. Fam Pract 2000;17:134-8.
164. Walsh S, Hagan T, Gamsu D. Rescuer and rescued: applying a cognitive analytic perspective to explore the 'mismanagement' of asthma. Br J Med Psychol 2000;73:151-68.
165. Pradel FG. Asthma self-management: the perspective of children. Patient Educ Counsel 2001;45:199-209.
166. Donovan JL, Blake DR. Patient non-compliance: deviance or reasoned decision-making? Soc Sci Med 1992;34:507-13.
167. Dowell JS, Snadden D, Dunbar J. Rapid prescribing change, how do patients respond? Soc Sci Med 1996;43:1543-9.
168. Ersek M, Miller B, Du Pen A. Factors hindering patients' use of medications for cancer pain. Cancer Pract 1999;7:226-32.
169. Atkin K, Ahmad WIU. Pumping iron: compliance with chelation therapy among young people who have thalassaemia major. Sociol Health Illness 2000;22:500-24.
170. Smith F, Francis S, Rowley E. Group interviews with people taking long-term medication: comparing the perspectives of people with arthritis, respiratory diseases and mental health problems. Int J Pharm Pract 2000;8:88-96.
171. Roberson MHB. The meaning of complicance: patient perspectives. Qual Health Res 1992;2:7-26.
172. Britten N. Lay views of drugs and medicines: orthodox and unorthodox accounts. In: Williams S, Calnan M, editors. Modern medicine. Lay perspectives and experiences. London: UCL Press; 1996. pp. 48-73.
173. Dowell J, Hudson H. A qualitative study of medication-taking behaviour in primary care. Fam Pract 1997;14:369-75.
174. Watson J, Mitchell T. Older women, medication use and nursing care. Int J Nurs Pract 1998;4:189-96.
175. Lumme-Sandt K, Hervonen A, Jylha M. Interpretative repertoires of medication among the oldest-old. Soc Sci Med 2000;50:1843-50.
176. Stenström CH, Bergman B, Dahlgren LO. Everyday life with rheumatoid arthritis: a phenomenographic study. Physiother Theor Pract 1993;9:235-43.
177. Shaul MP. From early twinges to mastery: the process of adjustment in living with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res 1995;8:290-7.
178. Williams GH, Wood PHN. Coming to terms with chronic illness: the negotiation of autonomy in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Disabil Stud 1988;10:128-33.
179. Donovan JL, Blake DR. Qualitative study of interpretation of reassurance among patients attending rheumatology clinics: 'just a touch of arthritis, doctor?'. BMJ 2000;320:541-4.
180. Edwards J, Mulherin D, Ryan S, Jester R. The experience of patients with rheumatoid arthritis admitted to hospital. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:1-7.
181. De Vellis RF, Patterson CC. Do people with rheumatoid arthritis develop illness-related schemas? Arthritis Care Res 1997;10:78-88.
182. Barlow JH, Cullen LA. Does arthritis influence perceived ability to fulfil a parenting role? Perceptions of mothers, fathers and grandparents. Patient Educ Counsel 1999;37:141-51.
183. World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies. Geneva: WHO Publications; 2003.
184. Carter S, Taylor D, Levenson R. A question of choice-compliance in medicine-taking. A preliminary report. London: The Medicines Partnership; 2003.
185. Harrison A. Getting the right medicines? Putting public interests at the heart of health related research. London: Kings's Fund; 2003.
186. BMJ 2003;327(7419).
187. Pharmaceut J 2003;271(7270).
188. Horne R. Concordance, adherence and compliance in medicine taking. Report for the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation R & D (NCCSDO). 2005.
189. McDonald HP, Garg AX, Haynes RB. Interventions to enhance patient adherence to medication prescriptions. JAMA 2002;288:2868-79.
190. Vermeire E, Hearnshaw H, Van Royen P, Denekens J. Patient adherence to treatment: three decades of research. A comprehensive review. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:331-42.
191. Blaxter M, Britten N. Lay beliefs about drugs and medicines and the implications for community pharmacy. Produced fot the Pharmacy Practice Research Resource Centre at the University of Manchester. 1996.
192. Marinker M. From compliance to concordance: achieveing shared goals in medicine taking. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; 1997.
193. Cornwell J. Hard-earned lives: accounts of health and illness from East London. London: Tavistock; 1984.
194. Trostle JA. Medical compliance as an ideology. Soc Sci Med 1988;27:1299-308.
195. Prior L. Belief, knowledge and expertise: the emergence of the lay expert in medical sociology. Sociol Health Illn 2003;25:41-57.
196. Epstein S. The construction of lay expertise: AIDS activism and the forging of credibility in the reform of clinical trials. Sci Technol Human Values 1995;20:408-37.
197. Johannessen T, Petersen H, Kristensen P, Fosstvedt D. The controlled single subject trial. Scand J Prim Health Care 1991;9:17-21.
198. Connor S. Glaxo Chief: our drugs do not work on most patients. Independent, 8 December 2003, p. 1.
199. Smith R. The drugs don't work. BMJ 2003;327. URL: www.bmj.com/content/327/7428/0.9short.
200. Wynne HA, Long A. Patient awareness of the adverse effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;42:253-6.
201. Herxheimer A. Many NSAID users who bleed don't know when to stop. BMJ 1998;316:492.
202. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1998;279:1200-5.
203. Eaton L. Adverse reactions to drugs increase. BMJ 2002;324:8.
204. Medawar C, Herxheimer A. A comparison of adverse drug reaction report from professionals and users, relating to risk of dependence and suicidal behaviour with paroxetine. Int J Risk Saf Med 2004;16:5-9.
205. Medawar C, Herxheimer A, Bell A, Jofre S. Paroxetine, Panorama and user reporting of ADRs: consumer intelligence matters in clinical practice and post-marketing drug surveillance. Int J Risk Saf Med 2002;15:161-9.
206. Heath I. A wolf in sheep's clothing: a critical look at the ethics of drug taking. BMJ 2003;327:856-8.
207. Elwyn G, Edwards A, Britten N. 'Doing prescribing': how doctors can be more effective. BMJ 2003;327:864-7.
208. Weiss M, Britten N. What is concordance? Pharmaceut J 2003;271:493.
209. Cox K, Stevenson F, Britten N, Dundar Y. A systematic review of communication between patients and health care professionals about medicine taking and prescribing. London: GKT Concordance Unit, King's College; 2004.
210. Blenkinsopp A, Bond C, Britten N, Feely M, George C, Green P, et al. From compliance to concordance: achieving shared goals in medicine taking. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; 1997.
211. Eisenberg DM, Kessler RC, Foster C, Norlock FE, Calkins DR, Delbanco TL. Unconventional medicine in the United States. N Engl J Med 1993;328:246-52.
212. Rogers A, Pilgrim D. A sociology of mental health and illness. 3rd edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2005.
213. Chalmers I. What do I want from health research and researchers when I am a patient? BMJ 1995;310:1315-18.
214. Tallon D, Chard JA, Dieppe PA. Relation between agendas of the research community and the research consumer. Lancet 2000;355:2037-40.
215. Horrobin DF. Modern biomedical research: an internally self-consistent universe with little contact with medical reality? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003;2:151-4.
216. Bury M. Meanings at risk: the experience of arthritis. In: Anderson R, Bury M, editors. Living with chronic illness: the experiences of patients and their families. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd; 1988. pp. 89-116.
217. Donovan JL, Blake DR, Fleming WG. The patient is not a blank sheet: lay beliefs and their relevance to patient education. Br J Rheumatol 1989;28:58-61.
218. Donovan J. Patient education and the consultation: the importance of lay beliefs. Ann Rheum Dis 1991;50:418-21.
219. Bjørner JB, Hansen IR. Reumatoid artrit og samliv. En kvalitativ undersogelse [Rheumatoid arthritis and partner relationships: a qualitative study]. Nordisk Sexologi 1993;11:101-11.
220. Rice GE, Young LH. A folk model of arthritis. Health Val 1994;18:15-27.
221. Pinder R. Bringing back the body without the blame?: the experience of ill and disabled people at work. Sociol Health Illness 1995;17:605-31.
222. Brown S, Williams A. Women's experiences of rheumatoid arthritis. J Adv Nurs 1995;21:695-701.
223. Dildy SP. Suffering in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Appl Nurs Res 1996;9:177-83.
224. Ryan S. Living with rheumatoid arthritis: a phenomenological exploration. Nurs Stand 1996;10:45-8.
225. Moss P. Negotiating spaces in home environments: older women living with arthritis. Soc Sci Med 1997;45:23-33.
226. Rao JK, Arick R, Mihaliak K, Weinberger M. Using focus groups to understand arthritis patients' perceptions about unconventional therapy. Arthritis Care Res 1998;11:253-60.
227. Williams B, Barlow JH. Falling out with my shadow: lay perceptions of the body in the context of arthritis. In: Nettleton S, Watson J, editors. The body in everyday life. London: Routledge; 1998. pp. 125-41.
228. Archenholtz B, Burckhardt CS, Segesten K. Quality of life of women with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis: domains of importance and dissatisfaction. Qual Life Res 1999;8:411-16.
229. Stephens M, Yoshida KK. Independence and autonomy among people with rheumatoid arthritis. Can J Rehabil 1999;12:229-43.
230. Lambert BL, Butin DN. Arthritis care: comparison of physicians' and patients' views. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;30:100-10.
231. Gilworth G, Woodhouse A, Tennant A, Chamberlain MA. The impact of rheumatoid arthritis in the workplace. Int J Ther Rehabil 2001;8:342-7.
232. Grant M. Mothers with arthritis, child care and occupational therapy: insight through case studies. Br J Occup Ther 2001;64:322-9.
233. McPherson KM, Brander P, Taylor WJ, McNaughton HK. Living with arthritis-what is important? Disabil Rehabil 2001;23:706-21.
234. Brown R. A poetic for sociology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1977.
235. Martin G. Language, truth and poetry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1975.
236. House ER. Coherence and credibility: the aesthetics of evaluation. Educ Eval Pol Anal 1979;1:5-17.
237. Doyle LH. Synthesis through meta-ethnography: paradoxes, enhancements, and possibilities. Qual Res 2003;3:321-44.
238. Stewart A, Sandercock J, Bryan S, Hyde C, Barton PM, Fry-Smith A, et al. The clinical and cost-effectiveness of riluzole for motor neuron disease: a rapid and systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2001;5.
239. Barbour RS, Barbour M. Evaluating and synthesizing qualitative research: the need to develop a distinctive approach. J Eval Clin Pract 2003;9:179-86.