Lead levels in powders of Surma (Kohl) used in Kerman

Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 167-174

  Malakootian, M ^a   Pourshaaban Mazandarany, M ^a   Hossaini, H ^a  

^a KERMAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Kerman city; Kohl; Lead Poisoning; Ocular disorders

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856324140     PISSN: 10239510     EISSN: 20082843     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2001; pp827-33.
2. DeMichele S.J. Nutrition of Lead. Comp Biochem Physiol 1984; 78A (3): 401-8.
3. New York City Department of Health. Lead poisoning prevention program. New cases of childhood lead poisoning. New York, New York City Department of Health, 1998.
4. US Department of Housing and Urban Development Protect children from the dangers of lead. Washington, 2002; HUD No. 02-022.
5. Al-Saleh I, Khalil M. A, Taylor A. Lead, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and hematological parameters in normal maternal and umbilical cord blood from subjects of the Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Arch Environ Health 1995; 50(1): 66-73.
6. Rothenberg S. J, Schnaas L, Salgado-Valladares M, Casanueva E, Geller A. M, Hundell H. K, et al. Increased ERG a-and bwave amplitudes in 7-to 10-year-old children resulting from prenatal lead exposure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 2036-44.
7. WHO. Environmental Health Criteria for lead. World Health Organization Task Group, 1977, ISBN 924154063X.
8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Kohl, Kajal, Al-Kahl, or Surma: By Any Name, Beware of Lead Poisoning. CFSAN/Office of Cosmetics and Colors, U.S., 2006.
9. Hardy A, Walton R, Vaishnav R. Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Cairo. Int J Environ Health Res 2004; 14(1):83-91.
10. Dwivedi R.S. Lead Exposure alters the drug metabolic activity and the homeostasis of essential metal ions in the lenticular system of the rat. Environ Pollut 1996; 94(1): 61-6.
11. Cekic O. Effect of cigarette smoking on copper, lead and cadmium accumulation in human lens. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82(2): 186-8.
12. Darke J.C. Lead tests raise red flag for lipsticks hazardous levels found in one third of market samples. The New York Times Company, 2007.
13. Smith D. R, Flegal A.R. Lead in the biosphere: recent trends. Ambio 1995; 24(1): 21-3.
14. Ali AR, Smales O. R, Aslam M. Surma and lead poisoning. Br Med J 1978; 2(6142): 915-6.
15. Bruyneel M, Caluwe J. P, des Grottes J. M, Collart F. Use of kohl and severe lead poisoning in Brussels. Rev Med Brux 2002; 23(6): 519-22.
16. Healy M. A, Harrison P. G, Aslam M, Davis S. S, Wilson C.G. Lead sulphide and traditional preparations: Routes for ingestion and solubility and reactions in gastric fluid. J Clin Pharm 1982; 7(3):169-73.
17. Moghraby S. A, Abdullah MA, Karrar O, Akiel AS, Shawaf TA, Majid YA. Lead consentrations in maternal and cord blood in women users of surma eye cosmetics. AnnTrop Paediatr 1989; 9(1): 49-53.
18. Sprinkle R.V. Leaded eye cosmetics: a cultural cause of elevated lead levels in children. J Fam Pract 1995; 40(4): 358-62.
19. Moyer T. P, Nixon D. N, Ash K.O. Filter paper lead testing. Clin Chem Ash 1999; 45: 2055-6.
20. Campbell J. R, Moss M. E, Raubertas R.F. The association between caries and childhood lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108(11):1099-102.
21. Gemmel A, Tavares M, Alperin S, Soncini J, Daniel D, Dunn J, et al. Blood lead level and dental caries in school-age children. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110(10): A 625-A630.
22. Omar M, Ibrahim M, Hala A, Yehia M, Battah F. Teeth and blood lead levels in Egyptian school children: relationship to health effects. J Appl Toxicol 2001; 21(4): 349-52.
23. Alkhawajah A.M. kohl use in Saudi Arabia: extent of use and possible lead toxicity. Trop Geograph Med 1992; 44: 373-7.
24. Parry C, Eaton J. Kohl: A lead-hazardous eye make up from the third world to the first world. Environ Health Perspect 1991; 94: 121-3.
25. Al-Kaff A, Al-Rajhi A, Tabbora K, El-Yazigi A. Kohl-the traditional eyeliner: use and analysis. Ann Saudi Med 1993; 13(1):26-30.
26. Al-Hazzaa S.A. F, Krahn P.M. Kohl: a hazardous eyeliner. Int Ophthalmol 1995; 19(2): 83-8.
27. Al-Ashban R. M, Aslam M, Shah A.H. Kohl (surma): a toxic traditional eye cosmetic study in Saudi Arabia. Public Health 2004; 118(4): 292-8.
28. Hardy A. D, Walton R. I, Myers K. A, Vaishnav R. Availability and chemical composition of traditional eye cosmetics (kohls) used in the United Arab Emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah. J Cosmet Sci 2006; 57(2): 107-25.
29. Jallad K. N, Hedderich H.G. Characterization of a hazardous eyeliner (kohl) by confocal Raman microscopy. J Hazard Mater 2005; 124(1-3): 236-40.
30. Lekouch N, Sedki A, Nejmeddine A, Gamon S. Lead and traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia. Science of the Total Environment 2001; 280(1-3): 39-43.
31. Nir A, Tamir A, Nelnik N, Iancu T.C. Is eye cosmetic a source of lead poisoning? Isr J Med Sci 1992; 28(7): 417-21.
32. Rahbar M. H, White F, Agboatwalla M, Hozhbari S, Luby S. Factors associated with elevated blood lead concentrations in children in Karachi, Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002; 80(10): 769-75.
33. Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, A poison kiss. Available at: www.safecosmetics.org, 2007.
34. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Eye cosmetics safety. Office of Cosmetics and Colors. Fact Sheet, Available at: www.cfsan.fda.gov, 2001.
35. Norom I. C, Osibanjo O, Eleke C. Evaluation of Human Exposure to Lead and Cadmium from Some Local Nigerian Medicinal Preparations. Applied Science 2006; 6(14): 2907-11.
36. Hardy A. D, Vaishnav R, Al-Kharusi S.S. Z, Sutherland H. H, Worthing M.A. Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Oman. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 60(3): 223-34.
37. Madany I. M, Akhter M.S. Lead levels in some eye cosmetics used in Bahrain. J Environ Sci Health Part A Environ Sci Engin 1992; A27 (6): 1541-7.