Incidence and outcome of prone positioning following police use of force in a prospective, consecutive cohort of subjects

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 83-89

  Hall, Christine A ^a,b,c   McHale, Anne M D ^b   Kader, Adam S ^b   Stewart, Lauren C ^b   MacCarthy, Christopher S ^b   Fick, Gordon H ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b ROYAL JUBILEE HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Conducted energy weapon; Incidence; Outcome; Police; Prone; Use of force

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMORBIDITY; CUSTODY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LEGAL ASPECT; POLICE; SUDDEN DEATH;

ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION; CANADA; DEATH, SUDDEN; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; POLICE; PRONE POSITION; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84856249056     PISSN: 1752928X     EISSN: 18787487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2011.12.008     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. J.D. Howard, and D.T. Reay Positional asphyxia Ann Emerg Med 32 1 2005 117 118 Ref Type: Generic
2. D.T. Reay Death in custody Clin Lab Med 18 1 1998 1 22 (Pubitemid 28108510)
3. D.T. Reay Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport Am J Forensic Med Pathol 14 2 1993 170 171
4. D.T. Reay, C.L. Fligner, A.D. Stilwell, and J. Arnold Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport Am J Forensic Med Pathol 13 2 1992 90 97
5. M.D. Bell, V.J. Rao, C.V. Wetli, and R.N. Rodriguez Positional asphyxiation in adults. A series of 30 cases from the Dade and Broward County Florida Medical Examiner Offices from 1982 to 1990 Am J Forensic Med Pathol 13 2 1992 101 107
6. T.C. Chan, G.M. Vilke, and T. Neuman Reexamination of custody restraint position and positional asphyxia Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19 3 1998 201 205 (Pubitemid 28436374)
7. T.C. Chan, G.M. Vilke, and T. Neuman Restraint position and positional asphyxia Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21 1 2000 93
8. K. Glatter, and S.B. Karch Positional asphyxia: inadequate oxygen, or inadequate theory? Forensic Sci Int 141 2-3 2004 201 202 (Pubitemid 38446829)
9. S.B. Karch, and C.V. Wetli Agitated delirium versus positional asphyxia Ann Emerg Med 26 6 1995 760 761
10. E.A. Laposata Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport Am J Forensic Med Pathol 14 1 1993 86 87
11. L.B. Ross An analysis of in-custody deaths and positional asphyxiation Mar/Apr. 2-3-1996 Police Marksman Ref Type: Generic
12. D.T. Reay, and J.D. Howard Restraint position and positional asphyxia Am J Forensic Med Pathol 20 3 1999 300 301
13. Wilson L. Police prone restraint methods and taser related deaths. Police Misconduct and Civil Rights Law Report 2005; 8(1).
14. Amnesty International Library Amnesty International. Excessive and Lethal Force? Amnesty International's concerns about deaths and ill treatment involving police use of TASERs 11-3-2004 Ref Type: Internet Communication
15. M.S. Pollanen, D.A. Chiasson, J.T. Cairns, and J.G. Young Unexpected death related to restraint for excited delirium: a retrospective study of deaths in police custody and in the community CMAJ 158 12 1998 1603 1607 (Pubitemid 28306278)
16. Conner MG. In custody death: excited delirium, restraint asphyxia, positional asphyxia and in custody death syndromes: controversial theories that may explain why some children in treatment programs die when restrained. 4. Ref Type: Internet Communication.
17. A. Morrison, and D. Sadler Death of a psychiatric patient during physical restraint. Excited delirium-a case report Med Sci Law 41 1 2001 46 50 (Pubitemid 33594339)
18. R.L. O'Halloran, and L.V. Lewman Restraint asphyxiation in excited delirium Am J Forensic Med Pathol 14 4 1993 289 295 (Pubitemid 23348161)
19. S.J. Stratton, C. Rogers, K. Brickett, and G. Gruzinski Factors associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited delirium Am J Emerg Med 19 3 2001 187 191 (Pubitemid 32381017)
20. T.R. Braidwood Braidwood inquiry phase I report 2008 Ref Type: Report
21. A.A. Truscott Knee in the neck of excited delirium CMAJ 178 6 2008 669 670
22. International Association Chiefs of Police The Prone Restraint - still a bad idea vol. 10, no. 1 1998 National Law Enforcement Policy Center Ref Type: Report
23. R.L. O'Halloran, and J.G. Frank Asphyxial death during prone restraint revisited: a report of 21 cases Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21 1 2000 39 52 (Pubitemid 30151758)
24. R.W. Byard, R. Wick, and J.D. Gilbert Conditions and circumstances predisposing to death from positional asphyxia in adults J Forensic Leg Med 15 7 2008 415 419
25. S.A. Padosch, P.H. Schmidt, L.U. Kroner, and B. Madea Death due to positional asphyxia under severe alcoholisation: pathophysiologic and forensic considerations Forensic Sci Int 149 1 2005 67 73 (Pubitemid 40289085)
26. H.A. Macdonald Airline passenger dies after being sedated. Death may have been due to positional asphyxia BMJ 318 7196 1999 1491
27. J.A. Taylor, J.W. Krieger, D.T. Reay, R.L. Davis, R. Harruff, and L.K. Cheney Prone sleep position and the sudden infant death syndrome in King County, Washington: a case-control study J Pediatr 128 5 Pt 1 1996 626 630 (Pubitemid 26137719)
28. H.E. Emson Death in a restraint jacket from mechanical asphyxia CMAJ 151 7 1994 985 987 (Pubitemid 24331144)
29. D. Evans, J. Wood, and L. Lambert Patient injury and physical restraint devices: a systematic review J Adv Nurs 41 3 2003 274 282 (Pubitemid 37260250)
30. C.S. Hirsch Restraint asphyxiation Am J Forensic Med Pathol 15 3 1994 266
31. P.K. Lewin Death in a restraint jacket CMAJ 152 1 1995 14
32. C. Mohsenian, M.A. Verhoff, M. Risse, A. Heinemann, and K. Puschel Deaths due to mechanical restraint in institutions for care Z Gerontol Geriatr 36 4 2003 266 273
33. B. Paterson, P. Bradley, C. Stark, D. Saddler, D. Leadbetter, and D. Allen Deaths associated with restraint use in health and social care in the UK. The results of a preliminary survey J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 10 1 2003 3 15 (Pubitemid 37264960)
34. E.M. Sullivan-Marx Delirium and physical restraint in the hospitalized elderly Image J Nurs Sch 26 4 1994 295 300
35. Protection Advocacy Inc The lethal hazard of prone restraint: positional asphyxiation 2002 Oakland, California. Ref Type: Report
36. Queensland Courts Office of the Coroner Office of the State Coroner Findings of Inquest into the death of Tofia Josen Mataia 6334/08(03) 9-7-2010 Brisbane, Australia. Ref Type: Report
37. ACLU of Southern California. Pepper spray new questions: pepper spray update. 6-1-0995. Ref Type: Report
38. M.H. Allen, G.W. Currier, D. Carpenter, R.W. Ross, and J.P. Docherty Expert Consensus Panel for Behavioral Emergencies 2005. The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of behavioral emergencies 2005 J Psychiatr Pract 11 Suppl. 1 2005 5 108
39. D.L. Ross Factors associated with excited delirium deaths in police custody Mod Pathol 11 11 1998 1127 1137 (Pubitemid 28525021)
40. D.L. Ross Liability and wrongful in-custody deaths T. Chan, D.L. Ross, Sudden deaths in custody 1st ed. 2006 Humana press Totowa, New Jersey 173 202
41. T.C. Chan, T. Neuman, J. Clausen, J. Eisele, and G.M. Vilke Weight force during prone restraint and respiratory function Am J Forensic Med Pathol 25 3 2004 185 189 (Pubitemid 39129593)
42. B.A. Michalewicz, T.C. Chan, G.M. Vilke, S.S. Levy, T.S. Neuman, and F.W. Kolkhorst Ventilatory and metabolic demands during aggressive physical restraint in healthy adults J Forensic Sci 52 1 2007 171 175 (Pubitemid 46018440)
43. J.X. Tao, S. Qian, and M. Baldwin SUDEP, suspected positional airway obstruction, and hypoventilation in postictal coma Epilepsia 51 11 2010 2344 2347