Evaluation of tremolite asbestos exposures associated with the use of commercial products

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 119-146

  Finley, Brent L ^a   Pierce, Jennifer S ^a   Phelka, Amanda D ^a   Adams, Rebecca E ^a   Paustenbach, Dennis J ^a   Thuett, Kerry A ^a   Barlow, Christy A ^a  

^a CARDNO CHEMRISK   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphibole; Asbestos; Chrysotile; Cleavage fragments; Effect level; Exposure assessment; Joint compound; Mesothelioma; Risk assessment; Talc; Thetford chrysotile mines; Tremolite; Vermiculite

Indexed keywords

AMOSITE; ASBESTOS; CHRYSOTILE; CROCIDOLITE; TALC; TREMOLITE; VERMICULITE;

CANCER RISK; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONCENTRATION PROCESS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; AIR; ANALYTIC METHOD; EXHAUST GAS; FIBER; LUNG; MESOTHELIOMA; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOIL; STANDARD;

ALUMINUM SILICATES; ANIMALS; ASBESTOS, AMPHIBOLE; ASBESTOS, SERPENTINE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MESOTHELIOMA; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT; TALC; TOXICITY TESTS;

EID: 84856193137     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: 15476898     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.636028     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. ACGIH. (2001). Chronology of the ACGIH TLVs for asbestos. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
2. Addison J, Davies LS. (1990). Analysis of amphibole asbestos in chrysotile and other minerals. Ann Occup Hyg 34:159-175. (Pubitemid 20182132)
3. Addison J, McConnell EE. (2008). A review of carcinogenicity studies of asbestos and non-asbestos tremolite and other amphiboles. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:S187-S199.
4. Amandus HE, Wheeler R. (1987). The morbidity and mortality of vermiculite miners and millers exposed to tremolite-actinolite: Part II. Mortality. Am J Ind Med 11:15-26. (Pubitemid 17001263)
5. Anderson AE, Gealer RL, McCune RC, Sprys JW. (1973). Asbestos emissions from brake dynamometer tests. In SAE Paper No. 730549. New York, NY: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
6. Atkinson GR, Rose D, Thomas K, Jones D, Chatfield EJ, Going JE. (1982). Collection, analysis, and characterization of vermiculite samples for fiber content and asbestos contamination, edited by U.S.Environmental Protection Agency: Midwest Research Institute.
7. ATS. (1990). American Thoracic Society. Health effects of tremolite. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, June 1990. Am Rev Respir Dis 142:1453-1458.
8. ATSDR. (2001). Toxicological profile for asbestos, edited by US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), P. H. S., Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).
9. ATSDR. (2008). Summary report: Exposure to asbestos-containing vermiculite from Libby, Montana, at 28 processing sites in the United States, edited by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
10. Aust AE, Cook PM, Dodson RF. (2011). Morphological and chemical mechanisms of elongated mineral particle toxicities. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:40-75.
11. Bandli BR, Gunter ME. (2006). A review of scientific literature examining the mining history, geology, mineralogy, and amphibole asbestos health effects of the Rainy Creek igneous complex, Libby, Montana, USA. Inhal Toxicol 18:949-962. (Pubitemid 44272886)
12. Barlow CA, Barrett TF, Shukla A, Mossman BT, Lounsbury KM. (2007). Asbestos-mediated CREB phosphorylation is regulated by protein kinase A and extracellular signal-regulated kinases=. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292:L1361-L1369. (Pubitemid 47077353)
13. Bégin R, Gauthier JJ, Desmeules M, Ostiguy G. (1992). Work-related mesothelioma in Québec, 1967-1990. Am J Ind Med 22:531-542.
14. Berger H, Oesper RE. (1963). Fibers: Classification, standardization, disintegration. In Asbestos Fundamentals - origin, properties, mining, processing, utilization. New York: Chemical Publishing Company, Inc.
15. Berman DW, Crump KS. (2003). Final draft: Technical support document for a protocol to assess asbestos-related risk. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
16. Berman DW, Crump KS. (2008a). A meta-analysis of asbestos-related cancer risk that addresses fiber size and mineral type. Crit Rev Toxicol 38 Suppl 1:49-73.
17. Berman DW, Crump KS. (2008b). Update of potency factors for asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma. Crit Rev Toxicol 38 Suppl 1:1-47.
18. Bernstein DM, Hoskins JA. (2006). The health effects of chrysotile: Current perspective based upon recent data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 45:252-264. (Pubitemid 44066626)
19. Blake CL, Dotson GS, Harbison RD. (2006). Assessment of airborne asbestos exposure during the servicing and handling of automobile asbestos-containing gaskets. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 45:214-222.
20. Blake CL, Dotson GS, Harbison RD. (2008). Evaluation of asbestos exposure within the automotive repair industry: A study involving removal of asbestos-containing body sealants and drive clutch replacement. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:324-331.
21. Blake CL, Johnson GT, Harbison RD. (2009). Airborne asbestos exposure during light aircraft brake replacement. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 54:242-246.
22. Blake CL, Van Orden DR, Banasik M, Harbison RD. (2003). Airborne asbestos concentration from brake changing does not exceed permissible exposure limit. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 38:58-70. (Pubitemid 36870871)
23. Blount AM. (1991). Amphibole content of cosmetic and pharmaceutical talcs. Environ Health Perspect 94:225-230.
24. Broaddus VC, Everitt JI, Black B, Kane AB. (2011). Non-neoplastic and neoplastic pleural endpoints following fiber exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:153-178.
25. Brorby GP, Sheehan PJ, Berman DW, Greene JF, Holm SE. (2008). Re-creation of historical chrysotile-containing joint compounds. Inhal Toxicol 20:1043-1053.
26. Browne K. (2000). Chrysotile: Thresholds of risk. Paper read at International Seminar on Safety in the Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: Basis for Scientifically-Based Regulatory Action, at Havana, Cuba.
27. Butnor KJ, Sporn TA, Roggli VL. (2003). Exposure to brake dust and malignant mesothelioma: A study of 10 cases with mineral fiber analyses. Ann Occup Hyg 47:325-330. (Pubitemid 36713353)
28. Campbell WJ, Steel EB, Virta RL, Eisner MH. (1979). Relationship of mineral habit to size characteristics for tremolite cleavage fragments and fibers, edited by U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations: U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
29. Carey ML. (1988). Occupational tenure in 1987: Many workers have remained in their fields. Monthly Labor Review October 1988:3-12.
30. Case BW. (1994). Biological indicators of chrysotile exposure. Ann Occup Hyg 38:503-18, 410. (Pubitemid 24274604)
31. Case BW, Abraham JL, Meeker G, Pooley FD, Pinkerton KE. (2011). Applying definitions of "asbestos" to environmental and "lowdose" exposure levels and health effects, particularly malignant mesothelioma. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:3-39.
32. Cha S, Carter P, Bradow RL. (1983). Simulation of automobile brake wear dynamics and estimation of emissions, SAE Paper no. 831036. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
33. Chesson J, Hatfield J, Schultz B, Dutrow E, Blake J. (1990). Airborne asbestos in public buildings. Environ Res 51:100-107. (Pubitemid 20104200)
34. Chissick SS. (1985). Asbestos. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. London, United Kingdom.
35. Chrysotile Institute. (1981). Canadian chyrostile asbestos classification.
36. Churg A. (1988). Chrysotile, tremolite, and malignant mesothelioma in man. Chest 93:621-628.
37. Churg A, Wiggs B. (1986). Fiber size and number in workers exposed to processed chrysotile asbestos, chrysotile miners, and the general population. Am J Ind Med 9:143-152. (Pubitemid 16123583)
38. Coggiola M, Bosio D, Pira E, Piolatto PG, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Michelazzi M, Bacaloni A. (2003). An update of a mortality study of talc miners and millers in Italy. Am J Ind Med 44:63-69. (Pubitemid 36859335)
39. Cohen HJ, Van Orden DR. (2008). Asbestos exposures of mechanics performing clutch service on motor vehicles. J Occup Environ Hyg 5:148-156.
40. Comba P, Gianfagna A, Paoletti L. (2003). Pleural mesothelioma cases in Biancavilla are related to a new fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole. Arch Environ Health 58:229-232. (Pubitemid 37444880)
41. Constantopoulos SH, Goudevenos JA, Saratzis N, Langer AM, Selikoff IJ, Moutsopoulos HM. (1985). Metsovo lung: Pleural calcification and restrictive lung function in northwestern Greece. Environmental exposure to mineral fiber as etiology. Environ Res 38:319-331. (Pubitemid 16207612)
42. Constantopoulos SH, Saratzis NA, Kontogiannis D, Karantanas A, Goudevenos JA, Katsiotis P. (1987). Tremolite whitewashing and pleural calcifications. Chest 92:709-712. (Pubitemid 18000576)
43. CPSC. (1977). Respirable free-form asbestos. Proposed Rulemaking. Federal Register 42:38782-38791.
44. Cossette M, Delvaux P. (1979). Technical evaluation of chrysotile asbestos ore bodies. Short Course in Mineralogical Techniques of Asbestos Determination 4:79-109.
45. CPSC. (1988). Consumer Product Safety Commission. Briefing package of the CPSC Office of the Secretary on a petition to ban play sand with non-asbestiform tremolite, edited by U.S. Product Safety Commission.
46. Cralley LJ, Cooper WC, Lainhart WS, Brown MC. (1968). Research on health effects of asbestos. J Occup Med 10:38-41.
47. Crane DT. (2000). Background information regarding the analysis of industrial talcs, edited by U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration: OSHA. Cyprus. (Date Unknown). Documentation from Cyprus Industrial Minerals documenting the asbestos content of their Montana and California talcs.
48. Davis JM, Addison J, Bolton RE, Donaldson K, Jones AD, Miller BG. (1985). Inhalation studies on the effects of tremolite and brucite dust in rats. Carcinogenesis 6:667-674. (Pubitemid 15064163)
49. Davis JM, Addison J, McIntosh C, Miller BG, Niven K. (1991). Variations in the carcinogenicity of tremolite dust samples of differing morphology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 643:473-490.
50. Davis JM, Beckett ST, Bolton RE, Donaldson K. (1980). A comparison of the pathological effects in rats of the UICC reference samples of amosite and chrysotile with those of amosite and chrysotile collected from the factory environment. IARC Sci Publ 30:285-292.
51. Emri S, Demir A, Dogan M, Akay H, Bozkurt B, Carbone M, Baris I. (2002). Lung diseases due to environmental exposures to erionite and asbestos in Turkey. Toxicol Lett 127:251-257. (Pubitemid 34618510)
52. EMSL Analytical, Inc. (2010). Test and Laboratory Report: Asbestos analysis of bulk materials via EPA 600/R-93/116 Method using polarized light microscopy. Chemrisk Project 10976-001.
53. San Francisco, CA. Ewing WM, Hays SM, Hatfield R, Longo WE, Millette JR. (2010). Zonolite attic insulation exposure studies. Int J Occup Environ Health 16:279-290.
54. Filio JM, Sugiyama K, Saito F, Waseda Y. (1994). A study on talc ground by tumbling and planetary ball mills. Powder Technology 78:121-127.
55. Finkelstein MM. (2008). Asbestos fibre concentrations in the lungs of brake workers: Another look. Ann Occup Hyg 52:455-461.
56. Finley BL, Richter RO, Mowat FS, Mlynarek S, Paustenbach DJ, Warmerdam JM, Sheehan PJ. (2007). Cumulative asbestos exposure for US automobile mechanics involved in brake repair (circa 1950s-2000). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17:644-655. (Pubitemid 350126887)
57. Fischbein A, Rohl AN, Langer AM, Selikoff IJ. (1979). Drywall construction and asbestos exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40:402-407. (Pubitemid 9187574)
58. Frank AL, Dodson RF, Williams MG. (1997). Lack of Tremolite in UICC Reference Chrysotile and the Implications for Carcinogenicity. Ann Occup Hyg 41:287-292.
59. Gamble J, Greife A, Hancock J. (1982). An epidemiologicalindustrial hygiene study of talc workers. Ann Occup Hyg 26: 841-859. (Pubitemid 13232279)
60. Gamble JF, Gibbs GW. (2008). An evaluation of the risks of lung cancer and mesothelioma from exposure to amphibole cleavage fragments. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:S154-S186.
61. Gibbs GW. (1971). Qualitative Aspects of Dust Exposure in the Quebec Asbestos Mining and Milling Industry. Montreal, Canada: McGill University.
62. Gibbs GW. (2001). Health effects associated with mining and milling of chrysotile asbestos in Quebec and the role of tremolite. Can Min Spec 5:165-175.
63. Gibbs GW, Lachance M. (1972). Dust exposure in the chrysotile asbestos mines and mills of Quebec. Arch Environ Health 24:189-197.
64. Goodman M, Teta MJ, Hessel PA, Garabrant DH, Craven VA, Scrafford CG, Kelsh MA. (2004). Mesothelioma and lung cancer among motor vehicle mechanics: A meta-analysis. Ann Occup Hyg 48:309-326. (Pubitemid 38843546)
65. Graham J, Graham R. (1967). Ovarian cancer and asbestos. Environ Res 1:115-128.
66. Green FH, Harley R, Vallyathan V, Althouse R, Fick G, Dement J, Mitha R, Pooley F. (1997). Exposure and mineralogical correlates of pulmonary fibrosis in chrysotile asbestos workers. Occup Environ Med 54:549-559. (Pubitemid 27374982)
67. Grieger GR. (1976). Letter with attachments from G.R. Grieger (Walter McCrone Associates) to V. Zeitz (Windsor Minerals Company) noting the absence of amphiboles in 21 samples of industrial grade talc supplied by Windsor Minerals, April 26, 1976.
68. Gunter ME, Sanchez MS, Williams TJ. (2007). Characterization of chrysotile samples for the presence of amphiboles: The Carey Canadian deposit, Southeastern Quebec, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist 45:263-280. (Pubitemid 46851936)
69. Hamer DH, Rolle FR, Schelz JP. (1976). Characterization of talc and associated minerals. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 37:296-304.
70. Harris KE, Bunker KL, Hoch R, Lee RJ. (2007). The Database Solution to Particle-by-Particle Analysis of Mixed Mineral Dusts. Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(Supple S02):1726-1727.
71. Hasanoglu HC, Gokirmak M, Baysal T, Yildirim Z, Koksal N, Onal Y. (2003). Environmental exposure to asbestos in eastern Turkey. Arch Environ Health 58:144-150. (Pubitemid 37214636)
72. Hatch D. (1970). Possible alternatives to asbestos as a friction material. Ann Occup Hyg 13:25-29.
73. Hesterberg TW, Hart GA, Chevalier J, Miiller WC, Hamilton RD, Bauer J, Thevenaz P. (1998). The importance of fiber biopersistence and lung dose in determining the chronic inhalation effects of X607, RCF1, and chrysotile asbestos in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 153:68-82. (Pubitemid 28563891)
74. Hodgson AA. (1979). Chemistry and physics of asbestos. In Asbestos Vol. I: Properties, Applications, and Hazards. Michaels, L., and Chissick, S. S. (eds). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
75. Hodgson JT, Darnton A. (2000). The quantitative risks of mesothelioma and lung cancer in relation to asbestos exposure. Ann Occup Hyg 44:565-601.
76. Huang SX, Jaurand MC, Kamp DW, Whysner J, Hei TK. (2011). Role of mutagenicity in asbestos fiber-induced carcinogenicity and other diseases. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:179-245.
77. IARC. (1987). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Talc. In IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: Silica and Some Silicates, edited by IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
78. IARC. (2010). Carbon Black, Titanium Dioxide, and Talc. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
79. Ilgren EB. (2004). The Biology of Cleavage Fragments: A Brief Synthesis and Analysis of Current Knowledge. Indoor and Built Environment 13:343-356. (Pubitemid 39440838)
80. ISO. (1995). SO 10312 Ambient air - Determination of asbestos fibres. In Direct-transfer transmission electron microscopy method, First Edition: International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
81. ISO. (1999). Ambient air - Determination of asbestos fibres - Indirecttransfer transmission electron microscopy method - ISO 13794. In International Organization for Standardization.
82. Jaurand MC, Bignon J, Sebastien P, Goni J. (1977). Leaching of chrysotile asbestos in human lungs. Correlation with in vitro studies using rabbit alveolar macrophages. Environ Res 14:245-254. (Pubitemid 8203727)
83. Jiang GC, Madl AK, Ingmundson KJ, Murbach DM, Fehling KA, Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL. (2008). A study of airborne chrysotile concentrations associated with handling, unpacking, and repacking boxes of automobile clutch discs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51:87-97.
84. Jolicoeur CR, Alary JF, Sokov A. (1992). Asbestos. In Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Howe-Grant, M. (ed). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
85. Kauffer E, Vigneron JC, Fabriè S, Billon-Galland MA, Brochard P. (1996). The use of a new static device based on the collection of the thoracic fraction for the assessment of the airborne concentration of asbestos fibres by transmission electron microscopy. Ann Occup Hyg 40:311-319.
86. Kominsky JR, Freyberg RW. (1991). Asbestos Fiber Reentrainment During Dry Vacuuming and Wet Cleaning of Asbestos-Contaminated Carpet, edited by EPA.
87. Krause JB. (1977). Mineralogical characterization of cosmetic talc products. J Toxicol Environ Health 2:1223-1226. (Pubitemid 8113904)
88. Lajoie P, Dion C, Drouin L, Dufresne A, Levesque B, Perrault G, Prud'homme H, Roberge L, Simard R, Turcot A, Tardif J-M. (2003). Asbestos fibres in indoor and outdoor air, the situtation in Quebec: Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sub-Committee on Exposure Measurement.
89. Langer AM, Nolan RP. (1987). The properties of chrysotile asbestos as eeterminants of biological activity: Variations in cohort experience and disease spectra as related to mineral properties. In Accomplishments in Oncology. J.C., Wagner, M. (ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
90. Langer AM, Wolff MS, Rohl AN, Selikoff IJ. (1978). Variation of properties of chrysotile asbestos subjected to milling. J Toxicol Environ Health 4:173-188. (Pubitemid 8301956)
91. Larson TC, Antao VC, Bove FJ. (2010). Vermiculite worker mortality: Estimated effects of occupational exposure to Libby amphibole. J Occup Environ Med 52:555-560.
92. Leake B, Woolley A, Arps D, Birch W, Gilbert M, Grice J, et al. (1997). Nomenclature of the amphiboles: Report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Amer Miner 82:1019-1037. (Pubitemid 127568303)
93. Lee DH, Selikoff IJ. (1979). Historical background to the asbestos problem. Environ Res 18:300-314. (Pubitemid 9189652)
94. Liddell FD, McDonald AD, McDonald JC. (1998). Dust exposure and lung cancer in Quebec chrysotile miners and millers. Ann Occup Hyg 42:7-20.
95. Liddell FD, Thomas DC, Gibbs GW, McDonald JC. (1984). Fibre exposure and mortality from pneumoconiosis, respiratory and abdominal malignancies in chrysotile production in Quebec, 1926-75. Ann Acad Med Singap 13:340-344.
96. Longo WE, Hatfield RL, Mount MD, Paskel SS. (2005). Occupational Exposure to Asbestos-Containing Gaskets During Air Conditioning Compressor Remanufacturing Study (unpublished), edited by MAS Materials Analytical Services.
97. Suwanee, GA. Lynch JR. (1968). Brake lining decomposition products. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 18:824-826.
98. Madl AK, Scott LL, Murbach DM, Fehling KA, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ. (2008). Exposure to chrysotile asbestos associated with unpacking and repacking boxes of automobile brake pads and shoes. Ann Occup Hyg 52:463-479.
99. Mangold C, Clark K, Madl A, Paustenbach D. (2006). An exposure study of bystanders and workers during the installation and removal of asbestos gaskets and packing. J Occup Environ Hyg 3:87-98.
100. Manning CB, Vallyathan V, Mossman BT. (2002). Diseases caused by asbestos: Mechanisms of injury and disease development. Int Immunopharmacol 2:191-200. (Pubitemid 34075410)
101. MAS. (1997). Kaiser Gypsum Joint Compound Work Practice Simulation Demonstration. Suwanee, GA: Materials Analytical Services (MAS).
102. MAS. (2000). Mixing, applying, sanding & cleanup of asbestos containing joint system cement (Bestwall): Materials Analytical Services (MAS).
103. MAS. (2003a). Kaiser Gypsum Finishing Compound Work Practice Study. DRAFT. Suwanee, GA: Materials Analytical Services (MAS).
104. MAS. (2003b). U-G-L Joint Cement Analysis. Suwanee, GA: Materials Analytical Services (MAS).
105. McConnell EE, Rutter HA, Ulland BM, Moore JA. (1983). Chronic effects of dietary exposure to amosite asbestos and tremolite in F344 rats. Environ Health Perspect 53:27-44. (Pubitemid 14162035)
106. McDonald AD, Case BW, Churg A, Dufresne A, Gibbs GW, Sébastien P, McDonald JC. (1997). Mesothelioma in Quebec chrysotile miners and millers: Epidemiology and aetiology. Ann Occup Hyg 41:707-719.
107. McDonald JC, Harris J, Armstrong B. (2004). Mortality in a cohort of vermiculite miners exposed to fibrous amphibole in Libby, Montana. Occup Environ Med 61:363-366. (Pubitemid 39214553)
108. McDonald JC, McDonald AD. (1997). Chrysotile, tremolite and carcinogenicity. Ann Occup Hyg 41:699-705.
109. McDonald JC, McDonald AD, Hughes JM. (1999). Chrysotile, tremolite and fibrogenicity. Ann Occup Hyg 43:439-442. (Pubitemid 29474039)
110. McDonald JC, Sébastien P, McDonald AD, Case B. (1989). Epidemiological observations on mesothelioma and their implications for nonoccupational exposure. IARC Sci Publ 90:420-427.
111. Meeker GP, Bern AM, Brownfield IK, Lowers HA, Sutley SJ, Hoefen TM, Vance JS. (2003). The Composition and Morphology of Amphiboles from the Rainy Creek Complex, Near Libby, Montana. American Mineralogist 88:1955-1969. (Pubitemid 38098172)
112. Metintas M, Ozdemir N, Hillerdal G, Uçgun I, Metintas S, Baykul C, Elbek O, Mutlu S, Kolsuz M. (1999). Environmental asbestos exposure and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Respir Med 93:349-355. (Pubitemid 29209882)
113. Millette JR. (2008a). Analysis of Chrysler brake for asbestos. Report of Results MVA7380, edited by MVA Scientific Consultants.
114. Millette JR. (2008b). Analysis of Ford & Delco brakes for asbestos. Report of Results MVA7040, edited by MVA Scientific Consultants.
115. Millette JR. (2008c). Analysis of Ford brakes for asbestos. Report of Results MVA7380, edited by MVA Scientific Consultants.
116. Millette JR. (2008d). Analysis of General Motors brakes for asbestos. Report of Results MVA7380, edited by MVA Scientific Consultants.
117. Millette JR. (2008e). Analysis of Mercedes Brake Parts for Asbestos, edited by MVA Scientific Consultants.
118. Millette JR. (2008f). Fiber release during the sanding of brakes. Report of Results MVA7040 edited by MVA Scientific Consultants.
119. Millette JR, Boltin WR, Clark PJ, Brackett KA. (2000). Proposed ASTM method for the determination of asbestos in air by TEM and information of interfering fibers. In Advances in Environmental Measurement Methods for Asbestos. Beard, M. E., and Rood, H. L. (eds): American Society for Testing and Materials.
120. Mossman BT. (2008). Assessment of the pathogenic potential of asbestiform vs. nonasbestiform particulates (cleavage fragments) in in vitro (cell or organ culture) models and bioassays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:S200-S203.
121. Mossman BT, Lippmann M, Hesterberg TW, Kelsey KT, Barchowsky A, Bonner JC. (2011). Pulmonary endpoints (lung carcinomas and asbestosis) following inhalation exposure to asbestos. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:76-121.
122. Mossman BT, Bignon J, Corn M, Seaton A, Gee JB. (1990). Asbestos: Scientific developments and implications for public policy. Science 247:294-301. (Pubitemid 20046453)
123. Mossman BT, Churg A. (1998). Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of asbestosis and silicosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1666-1680.
124. Mukherjee AK, Rajmohan HR, Dave SK, Rajan BK, Kakde Y, Rao SR. (1992). An environmental survey in chrysotile asbestos milling processes in India. Am J Ind Med 22:543-551.
125. Mulhausen JR, Damiano J. (1998). A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupation Exposures. Fairfax, Va: AIHA Press.
126. Muscat JE, Huncharek MS. (2008). Perineal talc use and ovarian cancer: A critical review. Eur J Cancer Prev 17:139-146. (Pubitemid 351301625)
127. Mutsaers SE. (2004). The mesothelial cell. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:9-16. (Pubitemid 37338468)
128. National Research Council. (1984). Asbestiform Fibers: Nonoccupational Health Risks. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council (NRC), Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers.
129. NATLSCO. (1973). National Loss Control Service Corporation. Industrial hygiene survey for U.S. Gypsum Company.
130. Nicholson WJ. (1986). Airborne Asbestos Health Assessment Update. Research Triangle Park, NC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
131. Nicholson WJ, Selikoff IJ, Seidman H, Lilis R, Formby P. (1979). Longterm mortality experience of chrysotile miners and millers in Thetford Mines, Quebec. Ann N Y Acad Sci 330:11-21. (Pubitemid 11223547)
132. NIOSH. (1994a). NIOSH Method 7400: Asbestos and other fibers by phase contrast microscopy. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
133. NIOSH. (1994b). NIOSH Method 9002: Asbestos bulk by polarized light microscopy (PLM). NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. DHHS Publication No. 94-113. Washington, DC:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
134. NIOSH. (2009). NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS). Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Updated May 25, 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/surveillance/NOMS/method.html.
135. NIOSH. (2010). Draft-NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin, Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research Version 4. Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
136. NIOSH. (2011). Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research. Publication No. 2011-159. Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
137. NRC. (1984). Asbestiform Fibers: Nonoccupational Health Risks: Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers. Washington D.C. National Research Counsel.
138. NTP. (1990). NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tremolite (CAS No. 14567-73-8) in F344/N Rats (Feed Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 277:1-183.
139. Oberdörster G. (1994). Macrophage-associated responses to chrysotile. Ann Occup Hyg 38:601-15, 421. (Pubitemid 24274615)
140. OSHA. (1992). 29 CFR Parts 1910 and 1926, Occupational exposure to asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite; Final rule. 57 FR 24310-24331. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). September 14, 1992.
141. OSHA. (1997). Asbestos in Air. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Laborand Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
142. Osman E, Hasan B, Meral U, Ercan A, Mehmet T, Nazan B, Ayhan O, Erhan E, Oner D. (2007). Recent discovery of an old disease: Malignant pleural mesothelioma in a village in south-east Turkey. Respirology 12:448-451. (Pubitemid 47164761)
143. Pang TWS, Schonfeld FA, Nazar MA. (1987). The determination of tremolite asbestos in talc powder samples. Ann Occup Hyg 31:219-225. (Pubitemid 18018199)
144. Paoletti L, Caiazza S, Donelli G, Pocchiari F. (1984). Evaluation by electron microscopy techniques of asbestos contamination in industrial, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical talcs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 4:222-235. (Pubitemid 14047922)
145. Paustenbach DJ, Madl AK, Donovan E, Clark K, Fehling K, Lee TC. (2006). Chrysotile asbestos exposure associated with removal of automobile exhaust systems (ca. 1945-1975) by mechanics: Results of a simulation study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16:156-171.
146. Paustenbach DJ, Richter RO, Finley BL, Sheehan PJ. (2003). An evaluation of the historical exposures of mechanics to asbestos in brake dust. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 18:786-804. (Pubitemid 37205732)
147. Perry A. (2004). A discussion of asbestos detection techniques for air and soil. Washington, D.C.: Prepared for USEPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
148. Peto J. (1981). Trends in Mesothelioma Incidence in the United States and the Forecast Epidemic Due to Asbestos Exposure During World War II. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California.
149. Peto J, Seidman H, Selikoff IJ. (1982). Mesothelioma mortality in asbestos workers: Implications for models of carcinogenesis and risk assessment. Br J Cancer 45:124-135. (Pubitemid 12207760)
150. Pfizer. (1977a). Letter for J.P. Bartels (Pfizer) to W.E. Ousterman (Kaiser Gypsum) documenting the percentage of tremolite in their California CP talcs.
151. Pfizer. (1977b). Letter for J.P. Bartels (Pfizer) to W.E. Ousterman (Kaiser Gypsum) identifying the percentage of tremolite in their Montana and California grade talcs.
152. Pierce JS, McKinley MA, Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL. (2008). An evaluation of reported no-effect chrysotile asbestos exposures for lung cancer and mesothelioma. Crit Rev Toxicol 38:191-214. (Pubitemid 351347977)
153. Pooley FD. (1976). An examination of the fibrous mineral content of asbestos lung tissue from the Canadian chrysotile mining industry. Environ Res 12:281-298. (Pubitemid 8010291)
154. Pooley FD, Rowlands N. (1975). Chemical and physical properties of British talc powders. Inhaled Part 4 Pt 2:639-646.
155. Pundsack F. (1955). The Properties of Asbestos. I. The Colloidal and Surface Chemistry of Chrysotile. J Phys Chem 59:892-895.
156. R.J., Lee Group. (2004). Observations During Inspection of Manual Transmissions.
157. Monroeville, PA. Ramanathan AL, Subramanian V. (2001). Present status of asbestos mining and related health problems in India-a survey. Ind Health 39:309-315. (Pubitemid 33035587)
158. Rees D, du Toit RSJ, Rendall REG, Sittert GCH, Rama DBK. (1992). Tremolite in southern African chrysotile. S Afr J Sci 88:468-469. (Pubitemid 23389965)
159. Reeves AL, Puro HE, Smith RG. (1974). Inhalation carcinogenesis from various forms of asbestos. Environ Res 8:178-202.
160. Rhodes HB, Spencer GJ. (1977). Airborne fiber counts in a consumer spackling and drywall replacement installation project. Union Carbide Corporation, July 12, 1977.
161. Rhodes HB, Ingalls BL. (1976). Asbestos and silica dust in the drywall industry, Part II. Gypsum Drywall Contractors International. Drywall 22:8-11, 30-31.
162. Roberts DR, Zumwalde RD. (1982). Industrial hygiene summary report of asbestos exposure assessment for brake mechanics: Industrial Hygiene Section, Industry-wide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Occupations, and Field Studies, National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health (NIOSH).
163. Robledo R, Mossman B. (1999). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of asbestos-induced fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 180:158-166. (Pubitemid 29297192)
164. Rödelsperger K. (1987). Asbestos Fiber dust hazard from automobile brakes [Abestfasersaub-Gefahrdung durch Kraftfahrzeugbremsen]. Giessen: Justus Liebeg University.
165. Rödelsperger K, Jahn H, Brückel B, Manke J, Paur R, Woitowitz HJ. (1986). Asbestos dust exposure during brake repair. Am J Ind Med 10:63-72. (Pubitemid 16100661)
166. Roggli VL, Brody AR. (1984). Changes in numbers and dimensions of chrysotile asbestos fibers in lungs of rats following short-term exposure. Exp Lung Res 7:133-147. (Pubitemid 15170981)
167. Roggli VL, Oury TD, Sporn TA. (2004). Pathology of Asbestos - Associated Diseases, Second Edition. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
168. Roggli VL, Sporn TA, Case BW, Butnor KJ. (2009). Comments on Asbestos fibre concentrations in the lungs of brake workers: Another look. Ann Occup Hyg 53:191; author reply 192-191; author reply 193.
169. Roggli VL, Vollmer RT, Butnor KJ, Sporn TA. (2002). Tremolite and mesothelioma. Ann Occup Hyg 46:447-453. (Pubitemid 36554312)
170. Rohl A. (1975). Letter with attachments from Arthur N. Rohl (Environmental Sciences Laboratory) to S. Frank Raftery (International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades) regarding an analysis of drywall taping compounds for asbestos., August 11, 1975.
171. Rohl AN, Langer AM, Selikoff IJ, Nicholson WJ. (1975). Exposure to asbestos in the use of consumer spackling, patching, and taping compounds. Science 189:551-553.
172. Rohl AN, Langer AM, Selikoff IJ, Tordini A, Klimentidis R, Bowes DR, Skinner DL. (1976). Consumer talcums and powders: Mineral and chemical
173. Rowlands N, Gibbs GW, McDonald AD. (1982). Asbestos fibres in the lungs of chrysotile miners and millers-a preliminary report. Ann Occup Hyg 26:411-415. (Pubitemid 13232244)
174. Sahu AP, Dogra RK, Shanker R, Zaidi SH. (1975). Fibrogenic response in murine lungs to asbestos. Exp Pathol (Jena) 11:21-24.
175. Sebastien P, Begin R, Case BW, McDonald JC. (1986a). Inhalation of Chrysotile Dust. Accomplishments in Oncology 1:19-29.
176. Sebastien P, Plourde M, Robb R, Ross M, Nadon B, Wupruk T. (1986b). Ambient air asbestos survey in Quebec mining towns. Part II: Main Study, Service CEP. (ed): Environment Canada.
177. Selçuk ZT, Cöplü L, Emri S, Kalyoncu AF, Sahin AA, Baris YI. (1992). Malignant pleural mesothelioma due to environmental mineral fiber exposure in Turkey. Analysis of 135 cases. Chest 102:790-796.
178. Sheehy JW, Cooper TC, O'Brien DM, McGlothlin JD, Froehlich PA. (1989). Control of asbestos exposure during brake drum service. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services (DHHS), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
179. Shukla A, Gulumian M, Hei TK, Kamp D, Rahman Q, Mossman BT. (2003a). Multiple roles of oxidants in the pathogenesis of asbestosinduced diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 34:1117-1129. (Pubitemid 36423362)
180. Shukla A, Jung M, Stern M, Fukagawa NK, Taatjes DJ, Sawyer D, Van Houten B, Mossman BT. (2003b). Asbestos induces mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction linked to the development of apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285:L1018-L1025. (Pubitemid 37310091)
181. Skinner HCW, Ross M, Frondel C. (1988). Asbestos and Other Fibrous Materials: Mineralogy, Crystal Chemistry and Health Effects, edited by Oxford University Press.
182. Smith WE, Hubert DA, Sobel HJ, Marquet E. (1979). Biologic tests of tremolite in hamsters. In Dusts and Disease. Dement, R. L. a. J. M. (eds). Park Forest South, IL: Pathotox Publishers, Inc.
183. Soriano M, Melgosa M, Sanchez-Maranon M, Delgado G, Gamiz E, Delgado R. (1998). Whiteness of talcum powders as a quality index for pharmaceutical uses. Color Research and Application 23:178-185. (Pubitemid 128572858)
184. Stanton MF, Layard M, Tegeris A, Miller E, May M, Morgan E, Smith A. (1981). Relation of particle dimension to carcinogenicity in amphibole asbestoses and other fibrous minerals. J Natl Cancer Inst 67:965-975. (Pubitemid 12252082)
185. Timbrell V, Rendall R. (1971). Preparation of the UICC Standard Reference Samples of Asbestos. Powder Tech 5:279-287.
186. USEPA. (1985). US Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings, edited by Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances: US Environmental Protection Agency.
187. USEPA. (1987). Federal Register Subpart E - Asbestos-containing materials in schools.
188. USEPA. (1995). Emission factor documentation for AP-42 Section 11.26 Talc Processing. Final Report, edited by Office of Air Quality Standards: Emission Factor Inventory Group.
189. USEPA. (2000). Sampling and analysis of consumer garden products that contain vermiculite, edited by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
190. USEPA. (2004). Research Method for Sampling and Analysis of Fibrous Amphibole in Vermiculite Attic Insulation edited by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
191. USGS. (2002). Asbestos: Geology, mineralogy, mining, and uses. Open-File Report 02-149: US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey.
192. USGS. (2010). 2009 Minerals Yearbook: Talc and Pyrophyllite [Advance Release]: US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey.
193. Van Gosen BS, Lowers HA, Sutley SJ, Gent CA. (2004). Using the geologic setting of talc deposits as an indicator of amphibole asbestos content. Vol. 45. Berlin, ALLEMAGNE: Springer.
194. Van Orden DR. (2009). Brake Pad Testing, edited by RJ Lee Group.
195. Veblen D, Wylie A. (1993). Mineralogy of Amphiboles and 1: 1 Layer Silicates. Reviews in Mineralogy 28:61-137.
196. Verma DK, Clark NE. (1995). Relationships between phase contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results of samples from occupational exposure to airborne Chrysotile asbestos. Vol. 56. Fairfax, VA, ETATS-UNIS: American Industrial Hygiene Association.
197. Verma DK, Middleton CG. (1980). Occupational exposure to asbestos in the drywall taping process. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41:264-269. (Pubitemid 10098970)
198. Viallat JR, Boutin C, Steinbauer J, Gaudichet A, Dufour G. (1991). Pleural effects of environmental asbestos pollution in Corsica. Ann N Y Acad Sci 643:438-443.
199. Virta RL. (2000). Asbestos, edited by Mineral Yearbook: U.S. Geological Survey.
200. Virta RL. (2002). Asbestos: Geology, mineralogy, mining, and uses, edited by Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological Survey.
201. Virta RL. (2005). Mineral commodity profiles: Asbestos. USGS Circular 1255-KK, edited by US Geological Survey (USGS).
202. Vu VT. (1993). Regulatory Approaches to Reduce Human Health Risks Associated With Exposures to Mineral Fibers. In Health Effects of Mineral Dusts. Guthrie Jr. G. D. and Mossman, B. T. (ed). Washington DC: Mineralogical Society of America.
203. Wagner JC, Chamberlain M, Brown RC, Berry G, Pooley FD, Davies R, Griffiths DM. (1982). Biological effects of tremolite. Br J Cancer 45:352-360. (Pubitemid 12122303)
204. Weir FW, Tolar G, Meraz LB. (2001). Characterization of vehicular brake service personnel exposure to airborne asbestos and particulate. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 16:1139-1146. (Pubitemid 34033276)
205. Wergeland E, Andersen A, Baerheim A. (1990). Morbidity and mortality in talc-exposed workers. Am J Ind Med 17:505-513. (Pubitemid 20157479)
206. Whitehouse AC. (2004). Asbestos-related pleural disease due to tremolite associated with progressive loss of lung function: Serial observations in 123 miners, family members, and residents of Libby, Montana. Am J Ind Med 46:219-225. (Pubitemid 39180817)
207. Wild P, Leodolter K, Réfrégier M, Schmidt H, Zidek T, Haidinger G. (2002). A cohort mortality and nested case-control study of French and Austrian talc workers. Occup Environ Med 59:98-105. (Pubitemid 34146240)
208. Williams-Jones A, Normand C, Clark J, Vali H, Martin R. (2001). Controls of Amphibole Formation in Chrysotile Deposits: Evidence From the Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec. The Health Effects of Chrysotile Asbestos: Contribution of Science to Risk-Management Decisions 5:89-104.
209. Williams RL, Muhlbaier JL. (1982). Asbestos brake emissions. Environ Res 29:70-82. (Pubitemid 13204690)
210. Wylie AG, Bailey KF, Kelse JW, Lee RJ. (1993). The importance of width in asbestos fiber carcinogenicity and its implications for public policy. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 54:239-252. (Pubitemid 23137537)
211. Wylie AG, Virta RL, Russek E. (1985). Characterizing and Discriminating Airborne Amphibole Cleavage Fragments and Amosite Fibers: Implications for the NIOSH Method. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 46:197-201. (Pubitemid 15087772)
212. Yazicioglu S, Ilçayto R, Balci K, Sayli BS, Yorulmaz B. (1980). Pleural calcification, pleural mesotheliomas, and bronchial cancers caused by tremolite dust. Thorax 35:564-569. (Pubitemid 10055760)
213. Zazenski R, Ashton WH, Briggs D, Chudkowski M, Kelse JW, MacEachern L, McCarthy EF, Nordhauser MA, Roddy MT, Teetsel NM. (1995). Talc: Occurrence, characterization, and consumer applications. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 21:218-229.
214. Zoltai T. (1979). Abestiform and acicular mineral fragments. In Health Hazards of Asbestos Exposure. Selikoff, I. J., and Hammond, E. C. (eds). New York, NY: The New York Academy of Sciences.