Ecosystem disruptive algal blooms of the brown tide species, Aureococcus anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis

Harmful Algae

Volumn 14, Issue , 2012, Pages 36-45

  Gobler, Christopher J ^a   Sunda, William G ^b  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aureococcus, Aureoumbra, Brown tide, Algal blooms, Nutrients, Grazing

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; AUREOCOCCUS; AUREOCOCCUS ANOPHAGEFFERENS; AUREOUMBRA; AUREOUMBRA LAGUNENSIS; MOLLUSCA; PELAGOPHYCEAE;

EID: 84856099239     PISSN: 15689883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.013     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Agostoni M., Erdner D.L. Analysis of ammonium transporter and urease gene expression in Aureoumbra lagunensis. Harmful Algae 2011, 10:549-556.
2. Anderson D.M., Keafer B.A., Kulis D.M., Waters R.M., Nuzzi R. An immunofluorescent survey of the brown tide chrysophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens along the northeast coast of the United States. J. Plankton Res. 1993, 15:563-580.
3. Bailey J.C., Andersen R.A. Analysis of clonal cultures of the brown tide algae Aureococcus and Aureoumbra (Pelagophyceae) using 18S rRNA, rbcL, and rubisco spacer sequences. J. Phycol. 1999, 35:570-574.
4. Bersano J.G.F., Buskey E.J., Villareal T.A. Viability of the Texas brown tide alga, Aureoumbra lagunensis, in fecal pellets of the copepod Acartia tonsa. Plankton Biol. Ecol. 2002, 49:88-92.
5. Berg G.M., Repeta D.J., LaRoche J. Dissolved organic nitrogen hydrolysis rates in axenic cultures of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae): comparison with heterotrophic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68:401-404.
6. Berg G.M., Shrager J., Glöckner G., Arrigo K.R., Grossman A.R. Understanding nitrogen limitation in Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae) through cDNA and qRT-PCR analysis. J. Phycol. 2008, 44:1235-1249.
7. Bricelj V.M., Kuenstner S.H. Effects of the brown tide on the feeding physiology and growth of bay scallops and mussels. Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms 1989, 491-509. Springer, Berlin. E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, E.J. Carpenter (Eds.).
8. Bricelj V.M., MacQuarrie S.P., Schaffner R.A. Differential effects of Aureococcus anophagefferens isolates (brown tide) in unialgal and mixed suspensions on bivalve feeding. Mar. Biol. 2001, 139:605-615.
9. Bricelj V.M., MacQuarrie S.P. Effects of brown tide (Aureococcus anophagefferens) on hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria larvae and implications for benthic recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2007, 331:147-159.
10. Bricelj V.M., MacQuarrie S.P., Smolowitz R. Concentration-dependent effects of toxic and non-toxic isolates of the brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens on growth of juvenile bivalves. Mar. Ecol. Ser. Prog. 2004, 282:101-114.
11. Buskey E.J. How does eutrophication affect the role of grazers in harmful algal bloom dynamics?. Harmful Algae 2008, 8:152-157.
12. Buskey E.J., Hyatt C.J. Effects of the Texas (USA) brown tide alga on planktonic grazers. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1995, 126:285-292.
13. Buskey E.J., Stockwell D.A. Effects of a persistent brown tide on zooplankton populations in the Laguna Madre of south Texas. Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea 1993, 659-666. Elsevier, Amsterdam. T.J. Smayda, Y. Shimizu (Eds.).
14. Buskey E.J., Wysor B., Hyatt C. The role of hypersalinity in the persistence of the Texas 'brown tide' in the Laguna Madre. J. Plankton Res. 1998, 20:1553-1565.
15. Buskey E.J., Montagna P.A., Amos A.F., Whitledge T.E. Disruption of grazer populations as a contributing factor to the initiation of the Texas brown tide algal bloom. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42:1215-1222.
16. Buskey E.J., DeYoe H., Jochem F.J., Villareal T.A. Effects of mesozooplankton removal and ammonium addition on planktonic trophic structure during a bloom of the Texas 'brown tide': a mesocosm study. J. Plankton Res. 2003, 25:215-228.
17. Buskey E.J., Liu H.B., Collumb C., Bersano J.G.F. The decline and recovery of a persistent Texas brown tide algal bloom in the Laguna Madre (Texas, USA). Estuaries 2001, 24:337-346.
18. Buskey E.J., Stewart S., Peterson J., Collumb C. Current Status and Historical Trends of Brown Tide and Red Tide Phytoplankton Blooms in the Corpus Christi Bay Nat Estuary Progr Study Area 1996, Texas National Resource Conservation Commission, Austin, TX, 65 pp.
19. Caron D.A., Gobler C.J., Lonsdale D.J., Buck N.J., Cerrato R.M., Schaffner R.A., Rose J.M., Taylor G.T., Boissonneault K.R., Mehran R. Microbial herbivory on the brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens: results from natural ecosystems, mesocosms and laboratory experiments. Harmful Algae 2004, 3:439-457.
20. Cerrato R.M., Caron D.A., Lonsdale D.J., Rose J.M., Schaffner R.A. An experimental approach to examine the effect of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria on the development of blooms of the brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2004, 281:93-108.
21. Cosper E.M., Dennison W.C., Carpenter E.J., Bricelj V.M., Mitchell J.G., Kuenstner S.H., Colflesh D.C., Dewey M. Recurrent and persistent brown tide blooms perturb coastal marine ecosystem. Estuaries 1987, 10:284-290.
22. Cosper E.M., Dennison W., Milligan A. An examination of environmental factors important to initiating and sustaining brown tide blooms. Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms 1989, 317-340. Springer, Berlin. E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, E.J. Carpenter (Eds.).
23. Deonarine S.N., Gobler C.J., Lonsdale D.J., Caron D.A. The role of zooplankton in the occurrence of harmful brown tide blooms (Aureococcus anophagefferens) in US mid-Atlantic estuaries. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2006, 44:181-195.
24. DeYoe H.R., Suttle C.A. The inability of the Texas brown tide alga to use nitrate and the role of nitrogen in the initiation of a persistent bloom of this organism. J. Phycol. 1994, 30:800-806.
25. DeYoe H.R., Buskey E.J., Jochem F.J. Physiological responses of Aureococcus lagunensis and Synechococcus sp. to nitrogen addition in a mesocosm study. Harmful Algae 2007, 6:48-55.
26. DeYoe H.R., Chan A.M., Suttle C.A. Phylogeny of Aureococcus anophagefferens and a morphologically similar bloom-forming alga from Texas as determined by 18S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. J. Phycol. 1995, 31:413-418.
27. DeYoe H.R., Stockwell D.A., Bidigare R.R., Latasa M., Johnson P.W., Hargraves P.E., Suttle C.A. Description and characterization of the algal species Aureoumbra lagunensis gen. et sp. nov. and referral of Aureoumbra and Aureococcus to the Pelagophyceae. J. Phycol. 1997, 33:1042-1048.
28. Dzurica S., Lee C., Cosper E.M., Carpenter E.J. Role of environmental variables, specifically organic compounds and nutrients, in the growth of the chrysophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms 1989, 229-252. Springer, New York. E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, E.J. Carpenter (Eds.).
29. Frazier A.N.D., Rowe J.I.M., Rentz C., Gobler C.J., Wilhelm S.W. Bacterial lysis of Aureococcus anophagefferens CCMP 1784. J. Phycol. 2007, 43:461-465.
30. Gainey L.F., Shumway S.E. The physiological effect of Aureococcus anophagefferens (brown tide) on the lateral cilia of bivalve mollusks. Biol. Bull. 1991, 181:298-306.
31. Gallager S.M., Stoecker D.K., Bricelj V.M. Effects of the brown tide algae on growth, feeding physiology and locomotory behavior of scallop larvae (Argopecten irradians). Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms 1989, 511-542. Springer, Berlin. E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, E.J. Carpenter (Eds.).
32. Gastrich M.D., Anderson O.R., Cosper E.M. Viral-like particles (VLPS) in the alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae), during 1999-2000 brown tide blooms in Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Estuaries 2002, 25:938-943.
33. Gastrich M.D., Bell J.L., Gobler C.J., Anderson O.R., Wilhelm S.W. Viruses as potential regulators of regional brown tide blooms caused by the alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens: a comparison of bloom years 1999-2000 and 2002. Estuaries 2004, 27:112-119.
34. Giner J.L., Li X.Y., Boyer G.L. Sterol composition of Aureoumbra lagunensis, the Texas brown tide alga. Phytochemistry 2001, 57:787-789.
35. Glibert P.M., Wazniak C.E., Hall M.R., Sturgis B. Seasonal and interannual trends in nitrogen and brown tide in Maryland's coastal bays. Ecol. Appl. 2007, 17:S79-S87.
36. Gobler C.J., Sañudo-Wilhelmy S.A. Effects of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, inorganic nutrients, and iron additions on the growth of phytoplankton and bacteria during a brown tide bloom. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2001, 209:19-34.
37. Gobler C.J., Sañudo-Wilhelmy S.A. Temporal variability of groundwater seepage and brown tide blooms in a Long Island embayment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2001, 217:299-309.
38. Gobler C.J., Renaghan M.J., Buck N.J. Impacts of nutrients and grazing mortality on the abundance of Aureococcus anophagefferens during a New York brown tide bloom. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2002, 47:129-141.
39. Gobler C.J., Deonarine S., Leigh-Bell J., Gastrich M.D., Anderson O.R., Wilhelm S.W. Ecology of phytoplankton communities dominated by Aureococcus anophagefferens: the role of viruses, nutrients, and microzooplankton grazing. Harmful Algae 2004, 3:471-483.
40. Gobler C.J., Boneillo G.E., Debenham C., Caron D.A. Nutrient limitation, organic matter cycling, and plankton dynamics during an Aureococcus anophagefferens bloom in Great South Bay, NY. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2004, 35:31-43.
41. Gobler C.J., Downes Gastrich M., Anderson O.R., Wilhelm S.W. Ecological aspects of viral infection and lysis in the harmful brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2007, 47:25-36.
42. Gobler, C.J., 32 co-authors, 2011. Niche of harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens revealed through ecogenomics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 4352-4357.
43. Goericke R. Response of phytoplankton community structure and taxon-specific growth rates to seasonally varying physical forcing in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43:921-935.
44. Greenfield D.I., Lonsdale D.J. Mortality and growth of juvenile hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria during brown tide. Mar. Biol. 2002, 141:1045-1050.
45. Hairston N.G., Holtmeier C.L., Lampert W., Weider L.J., Post D.M., Fisher J.M., Caceres C.E., Gaedke U. Natural selection for grazer resistance to toxic cyanobacteria: evolution of phenotypic plasticity?. Evolution 2002, 55:2203-2214.
46. Hardy, C., 1976. A preliminary description of the Peconic Bay Estuary. Marine Science Research. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York. Special Report No. 76-4.
47. Harke M.J., Gobler C.J., Shumway S.E. Suspension feeding by the Atlantic slipper limpet (Crepidula fornicata) and the northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria) in the presence of cultured and wild populations of the harmful brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens. Harmful Algae 2011, 10:503-511.
48. Hattenrath-Lehmann T.K., Gobler C.J. Allelopathic inhibition of competing phytoplankton by North American strains of the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense: evidence from field experiments, laboratory experiments, and bloom events. Harmful Algae 2011, 11:106-116.
49. Heisler J.P., Glibert P.M., Burkholder J.A., Anderson D.M., Cochlan W., Dennison W., Dortch Q., Gobler C.J., Heil C., Humphries E., Lewitus A., Magnien R., Marshall H., Sellner S., Stockwell D., Stoecker D., Suddleson M. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: a scientific consensus. Harmful Algae 2008, 8:3-13.
50. Keller A.A., Rice R.L. Effects of nutrient enrichment on natural populations of the brown tide phytoplankton Aureococcus anophagefferens (Chrysophyceae). J. Phycol. 1989, 25:636-646.
51. Kraeuter J.N., Klinck J.M., Powell E.N., Hofmann E.E., Buckner S.C., Grizzle R.E., Bricelj V.M. Effects of the fishery on the northern quahog (=hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria L.) population in Great South Bay, New York: A modeling study. J. Shellfish Res. 2008, 27:653-666.
52. LaRoche J., Nuzzi R., Waters R., Wyman K., Falkowski P.G., Wallace D.W.R. Brown tide blooms in Long Island's coastal waters linked to interannual variability in groundwater flow. Glob. Change Biol. 1997, 3:397-410.
53. Liu H., Buskey E.J. The exopolymer secretions (EPS) layer surrounding Aureoumbra lagunensis cells affects growth, grazing, and behavior of protozoa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45:1187-1191.
54. Liu H., Laws E.A., Villareal T.A., Buskey E.J. Nutrient-limited growth of Aureoumbra lagunensis (Pelagophyceae), with implications for its capability to outgrow other phytoplankton species in phosphate-limited environments. J. Phycol. 2001, 37:500-508.
55. Lomas M.W., Glibert P.M., Berg G.M. Characterization of nitrogen uptake by natural populations of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Chrysophyceae) as a function of incubation duration, substrate concentration, light, and temperature. J. Phycol. 1996, 32:907-916.
56. Lomas M.W., Kana T.M., MacIntyre H.L., Cornwell J.C., Nuzzi R., Waters R. Interannual variability of Aureococcus anophagefferens in Quantuck Bay, Long Island: natural test of the DON hypothesis. Harmful Algae 2004, 3:389-402.
57. Lonsdale D.J., Cosper E.M., Kim W.-S., Doall M.H., Divadeenam A., Jonasdottir S.H. Food web interactions in the plankton of Long Island bays, with preliminary observations on brown tide effects. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1996, 134:247-263.
58. MacIntyre H.L., Lomas M.W., Cornwell J., Suggett D.J., Gobler C.J., Koch E.W., Kana T.M. Mediation of benthic-pelagic coupling by microphytobenthos: an energy- and material-based model for initiation of blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens. Harmful Algae 2004, 3:403-437.
59. Milligan K.L.D., Cosper E.M. Isolation of virus capable of lysing the brown tide microalga, Aureococcus anophagefferens. Science 1994, 266:805-807.
60. Milligan A.J., Cosper E.M. Growth and photosynthesis of the 'brown tide' microalga Aureococcus anophagefferens in subsaturating constant and fluctuating irradiance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1997, 153:67-75.
61. Mitra A., Flynn K. Promotion of harmful algal blooms by zooplankton predatory activity. Biol. Lett. 2006, 2:194-197.
62. Montagna P.A., Stockwell D.A., Kalke R.D. Dwarf surf clam Mulinea lateralis (Say, 1822) populations and feeding during the Texas brown tide. J. Shellfish Res. 1993, 12:833-842.
63. Muhlstein H.I., Villareal T.A. Organic and inorganic nutrient effects on growth rate-irradiance relationships in the Texas brown-tide alga Aureoumbra lagunensis (Pelagophyceae). J. Phycol. 2007, 43:1223-1226.
64. Mulholland M.R., Gobler C.J., Lee C. Peptide hydrolysis, amino acid oxidation, and nitrogen uptake in communities seasonally dominated by Aureococcus anophagefferens. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2002, 47:1094-1108.
65. Mulholland M.R., Boneillo G.E., Bernhardt P.W., Minor E.C. Comparison of nutrient and microbial dynamics over a seasonal cycle in a mid-atlantic coastal lagoon prone to Aureococcus anophagefferens (Brown Tide) Blooms. Estuaries Coasts 2009, 32:1176-1194.
66. Newell R.I.E., Tettelbach S.T., Gobler C.J., Kimmel D.G. Relationships between reproduction in suspension-feeding hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, and phytoplankton community structure. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2009, 387:179-196.
67. Nuzzi R., Waters R.A. Long-term perspective on the dynamics of brown tide blooms in Long Island coastal bays. Harmful Algae 2004, 3:279-293.
68. Olsen P.S. Development and distribution of a brown-water algal bloom in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey with perspective on resources and other red tides in the region. Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms 1989, 189-212. Springer, Berlin. E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, E.J. Carpenter (Eds.).
69. Ong H.C., Wilhelm S.W., Gobler C.J., Bullerjahn G., Jacobs M.A., Sims E.H., Gillett W.G., Zhou Y., Haugen E., Rocap G., Cattolico R.A. Analyses of the complete chloroplast genome sequences of two members of the Pelagophyceae: Aureococcus anophagefferens CCMP1984 and Aureoumbra lagunensis CCMP1507. J. Phycol. 2010, 46:602-615.
70. Onuf C.P. Seagrass responses to long-term light reduction by brown tide in upper Laguna Madre, Texas: distribution and biomass patterns. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1996, 138:219-231.
71. Padilla D.K., Doall M.H., Gobler C.J., Hartson A., O'Boyle K. Brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens, can affect growth but not survivorship of Mercenaria mercenaria larvae. Harmful Algae 2006, 5:736-748.
72. Popels L.C., Coyne K.J., Forbes R., Pustizzi F., Gobler C.J., Cary S.C., Hutchins D.A. The use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection and enumeration of the harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens in environmental samples along the United States east coast. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2003, 1:92-102.
73. Popels L.C., MacIntyre H.L., Warner M.E., Zhang Y.H., Hutchins D.A. Physiological responses during dark survival and recovery in Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae). J. Phycol. 2007, 43:32-42.
74. Porter K. Enhancement of algal growth and productivity by grazing zooplankton. Science 1976, 192:1332-1333.
75. Probyn T., Pitcher G., Pienaar R., Nuzzi R. Brown tides and mariculture in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Mar. Poll. Bull. 2001, 42:405-408.
76. Probyn T.A., Bernard S., Pitcher G.C., Pienaar R.N. Ecophysiological studies on Aureococcus anophagefferens blooms in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Harmful Algae 2010, 9:123-133.
77. Raven J.A., Kubler J.E. New light on the scaling of metabolic rate with the size of algae. J. Phycol. 2002, 38:11-16.
78. Robbins H.M., Bricelj V.M., Ward J.E. In vivo effects of brown tide on the feeding function of the gill of the Northern Quahog Mercenaria mercenaria (Bivalvia: Veneridae). Biol. Bull. 2010, 219:61-71.
79. Rowe J.M., Dunlap J.R., Gobler C.J., Downes Gastrich M., Anderson O.R., Wilhelm S.W. Isolation of a non-phage-like lytic virus infecting Aureococcus anophagefferens. J. Phycol. 2008, 44:71-76.
80. Sherr E.B., Sherr B.F. Significance of predation by protists in aquatic microbial food webs. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2002, 81:293-308.
81. Sieburth J.M., Johnson P.W., Hargraves P.E. Ultrastructure and ecology of Aureococcus anophagefferens gen. et sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae): the dominant picoplankter during a bloom in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, summer 1985. J. Phycol. 1988, 24:416-425.
82. Sieracki M.E., Gobler C.J., Cucci T., Their E., Hobson I. Pico- and nanoplankton dynamics during bloom initiation of Aureococcus in a Long Island, NY bay. Harmful Algae 2004, 3:459-470.
83. Smayda T.J. Complexity in the eutrophication-harmful algal bloom relationship, with comment on the importance of grazing. Harmful Algae 2008, 8:140-151.
84. Smith J.K., Lonsdale D.J., Gobler C.J., Caron D.A. Feeding behavior and development of Acartia tonsa nauplii on the brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens. J. Plankton Res. 2008, 30:937-950.
85. Sunda W.G., Graneli E., Gobler C.J. Positive feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem disruptive algal blooms. J. Phycol. 2006, 42:963-974.
86. Sunda W.G., Hardison D.R. Ammonium uptake and growth limitation in marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2007, 52:2496-2506.
87. Sunda W.G., Hardison D.R. Evolutionary tradeoffs among nutrient acquisition, cell size, and grazing defense in marine phytoplankton promote ecosystem stability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2010, 401:63-76.
88. Sunda, W.G., Shertzer, K. Modeling ecosystem disruptive algal blooms: Positive feedback mechanisms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., in press.
89. Tang, Y.Z., Gobler, C.J., 2010. Allelopathic effects of Cochlodinium polykrikoides isolates and blooms from the estuaries of Long Island, New York, USA on co-occurring phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 406, 19-31.
90. Tang Y.Z., Gobler C.J. Allelopathic effects of the green macroalgae, Ulva lactuca, on seven common harmful algal bloom species. Harmful Algae 2011, 10:480-488.
91. Taylor G.T., Gobler C.J., Sañudo-Wilhelmy S.A. Nitrogen speciation and concentrations of nitrogen as determinants of Brown Tide (Aureococcus anophagefferens, pelagophyceae) initiation: An experimental evaluation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2006, 312:67-83.
92. Trice T.M., Glibert P.M., Lea C., Van Heukelem L. HPLC pigment records provide evidence of past blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens in the Coastal Bays of Maryland and Virginia, USA. Harmful Algae 2004, 3:295-304.
93. Villareal T.A., Chirichella T., Buskey E.J. Regional distribution of the Texas Brown Tide (Aureoumbra lagunensis) in the Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae. 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conser. Comm., FL Inst. Oceanogr., 2004, 374-376. IOC-UNESCO, St. Petersburg. K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas, G.A. Vargo (Eds.).
94. Ward L.A., Montagna P.A., Kalke R.D., Buskey E.J. Sublethal effects of Texas brown tide on Streblospio benedicti (Polychaeta) larvae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2000, 248:121-129.
95. Wilson R. Aspects of tidal and subtidal flushing within the Peconic Bays Estuary. Proc. Brown Tide Summit, NYSGI-W-95-001 1995, 53-56. New York Sea Grant Inst., NY. A. McElroy (Ed.).
96. Wurch L., Haley S., Orchard E., Gobler C.J., Dhyrman S.D. Nutrient-regulated transcriptional responses in the brown tide forming alga Aureococcus anophagefferens. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 13:468-481.
97. Yentsch C.S., Phinney D.A., Shapiro L.P. Absorption and fluorescent characteristics of the brown tide chrysophyte: its role on light reduction in coastal marine environments. Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and other Unusual Blooms 1989, 77-83. Springer, Berlin. E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, E.J. Carpenter (Eds.).