Chemical immobilization of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with ketamine-medetomidine mixture and reversal with atipamezole

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 122-130

  Robert, Karine ^a   Garant, Dany ^a   Pelletier, Fanie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Immobilization; Ketamine; Medetomidine; Procyon lotor; Raccoon

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; PROCYON; PROCYON LOTOR;

EID: 84856065422     PISSN: 00903558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-48.1.122     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. BALLARD, W., & R. TOBEY. 1981. Decreased calf production of moose immobilized with anectine administered from helicopter. Wildlife Society Bulletin 9: 207-209.
2. BECK, C. 1976. VetalarH (ketamine hydrochloride), a unique cataleptoid anesthetic agent for multispecies usage. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 7: 11-38.
3. BELANT, J. 2004. Field immobilization of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with telazol and xylazine. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40: 787.
4. BERT, B., I. HARTJE, J. P. VOIGT, G. ARNDT, H. F. ULBRICH, H. FINK, & P. HAUFF. 2008. Repeated anaesthesia with isoflurane and xylazine/ levomethadone/fenpipramide premedication in female Beagle dogs: Influence on general health and wellbeing. Laboratory Animals 42: 473-482.
5. CATTET, M., J. BOULANGER, G. STENHOUSE, R. A. POWELL, & M. J. REYNOLDS-HOGLAND. 2008. An evaluation of long-term capture effects in Ursids: implications for wildlife welfare and research. Journal of Mammalogy 89: 973-990.
6. CLINE, D. R., D. B. SINIFF, & A. W. ERICKSON. 1969. Immobilizing and collecting blood from Antarctic seals. Journal of Wildlife Management 33: 138-144.
7. CLUTTON, R., & L. DUGGAN. 1986. Saffan anesthesia in the raccoon: A preliminary report. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 17: 91-99.
8. CÔTÉ, S. D, M. FESTA-BIANCHET, & F. FOURNIER. 1998. Life-history effects of chemical immobilization and radiocollars on mountain goats. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 745-752.
9. DEMATTEIS, A., A. MENZANO, G. CANAVESE, P. MENEGUZ, & L. ROSSI. 2009. Anaesthesia of free-ranging northern chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) with xylazine/ketamine and reversal with atipamezole. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55: 567-573.
10. DZIALAK, M. R., T. L. SERFASS, & T. L. BLANKENSHIP. 2001. Reversible chemical restraint of fishers with medetomidine-ketamine and atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Management 65: 157-163.
11. EVANS, R. 2002. Raccoons and relatives (Carnivora, Procyonidae). In Zoological restraint and anesthesia, D. Heard (ed.). International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca, New York, 8 pp.
12. FASSOULAKI, A., R. FARINOTTI, J. MANTZ, & J. DESMONTS. 1994. Does tolerance develop to the anaesthetic effects of propofol in rats? British Journal of Anaesthesia 72: 127-128.
13. FIELD, I. C., C. MCMAHON, H. BURTON, C. BRADSHAW, & J. HARRINIGTON. 2002. Effects of age, size and condition of elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on their intravenous anaesthesia with tiletamine and zolazepam. Veterinary Record 151: 235-240.
14. FLETCHER, Q. E., & R. BOONSTRA. 2006. Impact of live trapping on the stress response of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Journal of Zoology 270: 473-478.
15. GANNON, W., & R. SIKES. 2007. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 809-823.
16. GEHRT, S. D. 2003. Raccoon Procyon lotor and allies. In Wild mammals of North America: Biology, management and conservation, G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson and J. A. Chapman (eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 611-635.
17. GREGG, D., & L. OLSON. 1975. The use of ketamine hydrochloride as an anesthetic for raccoons. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11: 335-337.
18. HARPER, J. M., & S. N. AUSTAD. 2001. Effect of capture and season on fecal glucocorticoid levels in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and redbacked voles (Clethrionomys gapperi). General and Comparative Endocrinology 123: 337-344.
19. HEDENQVIST, P., J. ROUGHAN, & P. FLECKNELL. 2000. Effects of repeated anaesthesia with ketamine/medetomidine and of pre-anaesthetic administration of buprenorphine in rats. Laboratory Animals 34: 207-211.
20. HOILIEN, J., & D. OATES. 1981. Tranquilizer use in wildlife damage control. In Great Plains wildlife damage control workshop proceedings. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, pp. 71-77.
21. JALANKA, H., & B. ROEKEN. 1990. The use of medetomidine, medetomidine-ketamine combinations, and atipamezole in nondomestic mammals: A review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21: 259-282.
22. JORGENSON, J., J. SAMSON, & M. FESTA-BIANCHET. 1990. Field immobilization of bighorn sheep with xylazine hydrochloride and antagonism with idazoxan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26: 522-527.
23. KING, R., R. LAPID, A. EPSTEIN, T. BDOLAHA-BRAM, & Y. SHILO. 2008. Field anesthesia of golden jackals (Canis aureus) with the use of medetomidine- ketamine or medetomidine-midazolam with atipamezole reversal. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39: 576-581.
24. KREEGER, T., J. ARNEMO, & J. RAATH. 2002. Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization, 3rd Edition. Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, 432 pp.
25. LEWANDOWSKI, A. H., C. J. BONAR, & S. E. EVANS. 2002. Tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine anesthesia of captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33: 332-336.
26. LYNN, S. E., & A. J. PORTER. 2008. Trapping initiates stress response in breeding and nonbreeding house sparrows Passer domesticus: Implications for using unmonitored traps in field studies. Journal of Avian Biology 39: 87-94.
27. MCLEAN, R. G. 1975. Raccoon rabies. In The natural history of rabies, G. M. Baer (ed.). Academic Press, Inc., New York, New York, pp. 53-77.
28. MECH, L. D., D. M. BARNES, & J. R. TESTER. 1968. Seasonal weight changes, mortality, and population structure of raccoons in Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 49: 63-73.
29. NORMENT, J., C. ELLIOTT, & P. COSTELLO. 1994. Another look at chemical immobilization of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with ketamine hydrochloride. Journal ofWildlife Diseases 30: 541-544.
30. OOSTHUIZEN, W. C., P. C. CROSS, J. A. BOWERS, C. HAY, M. R. EBINGER, P. BUSS, M. HOFMEYR, & E. Z. CAMERON. 2009. Effects of chemical immobilization on survival of African buffalo in the Kruger National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 149-153.
31. PELLETIER, F., J. T. HOGG, & M. FESTA-BIANCHET. 2004. Effect of chemical immobilization on social status of bighorn rams. Animal Behaviour 67: 1163-1165.
32. PITT, J., S. LARIVIÈRE, & F. MESSIER. 2006. Efficacy of ZoletilH for field immobilization of raccoons. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 1045-1048.
33. PITT, J., S. LARIVIÈRE, & F. MESSIER. 2008. Survival and body condition of raccoons at the edge of the range. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 389-395.
34. POOLE, K. G., G. MOWAT, & B. G. SLOUGH. 1993. Chemical immobilization of lynx. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21: 136-140.
35. R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM. 2009. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2,630 pp.
36. ROSATTE, R., R. TINLINE, D. JOHNSTON, A. JACKSON, & W. WUNNER. 2007. Rabies control in wild carnivores. In Rabies, 2nd Edition, A. Jackson and W. Wunner (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 595-634.
37. ROSCOE, D. E. 1993. Epizootiology of canine distemper in New Jersey raccoons. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29: 390-395.
38. ROUGHTON, R. 1975. Xylazine as an immobilizing agent for captive white-tailed deer. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 167: 574-576.
39. SAMELIUS, G., S. LARIVIERE, & R. T. ALISAUSKAS. 2003. Immobilization of arctic foxes with tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (ZoletilH). Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 192-196.
40. SARAUX, C., C. LE BOHEC, J. M. DURANT, V. A. VIBLANC, M. GAUTHIER-CLERC, D. BEAUNE, Y.-H. PARK, N. G. YOCCOZ, N. C. STENSETH, & Y. LE MAHO. 2011. Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change. Nature 469: 203-206.
41. SHILO, Y., R. LAPID, R. KING, T. BDOLAH-ABRAM, & A. EPSTEIN. 2010. Immobilization of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with medetomidine-ketamine or medetomidine-midazolam and antagonism with atipamezole. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 41: 28-34.
42. STORMS, T. N., J. SCHUMACHER, N. ZAGAYA, D. A. OSBORN, K. V. MILLER, & E. C. RAMSAY. 2005. Determination and evaluation of an optimal dosage of carfentanil and xylazine for the immobilization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41: 559-568.
43. THIL, M. A., & R. GROSCOLAS. 2002. Field immobilization of king penguins with tiletamine- zolazepam. Journal of Field Ornithology 73: 308-317.
44. TRAVAINI, A., P. FERRERAS, M. DELIBES, & J. J. ALDAMA. 1992. Xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride immobilization of free-living red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Spain. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28: 507-509.
45. WEST, G., D. J. HEARD, & N. CAULKETT. 2007. Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia, 1st Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, 656 pp.
46. WHEATLEY, K. E., C. J. A. BRADSHAW, R. G. HARCOURT, L. S. DAVIS, & M. A. HINDELL. 2006. Chemical immobilization of adult female Weddell seals with tiletamine and zolazepam: Effects of age, condition and stage of lactation. BMC Veterinary Research 2: 1-8.
47. ZEVELOFF, S. I. 2002. Raccoons: A natural history. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 200 pp. Submitted for publication 11 April 2011. Accepted 24 August 2011.