Virus contamination from operation and maintenance events in small drinking water distribution systems

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 799-812

  Lambertini, Elisabetta ^a   Spencer, Susan K ^b,c   Kieke Jr , Burney A ^b   Loge, Frank J ^a   Borchardt, Mark A ^b,c  

^a University of California   (United States)

^b MARSHFIELD CLINIC   (United States)

^c AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Community water system; Distribution system; Drinking water; Virus

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; GROUND WATER; TAP WATER;

DISINFECTION; DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM; DRINKING WATER; INSTALLATION; MAINTENANCE; OPERATIONS TECHNOLOGY; PIPELINE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VIRUS; WATER POLLUTION; WELL WATER;

ARTICLE; DISINFECTION; ENTERIC VIRUS; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VIRAL CONTAMINATION; VIRUS DETECTION; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

ENTEROVIRUS; HUMANS; SANITARY ENGINEERING; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER SUPPLY; WISCONSIN;

EID: 84856055052     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2011.018     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Ando, T., Monroe, S. S., Gentsch, J. R., Jin, Q., Lewis, D. C. & Glass, R. I. 1995 Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription-PCR and southern hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33 (1), 64-71. (Pubitemid 24382400)
2. Ashbolt, N. J., Grabow, W. O. K. & Snozzi, M. 2001 Indicators of microbial water quality. In: Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health (L. Fewtrell & J. Bartram, eds.). World Health Organization (WHO). Published by IWA Publishing, London, UK.
3. Barbeau, B., Gauthier, V., Julienne, K. & Carriere, A. 2005 Dead-end flushing of a distribution system: short and long-term effects on water quality. J. Water Supply Res. T. 54 (6), 371-383. (Pubitemid 41512954)
4. Besner, M. C., Gauthier, V., Trepanier, M., Martel, K. & Prevost, M. 2007 Assessing the effect of distribution system O&M on water quality. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 99 (11), 77-91.
5. Besner, M. C., Lavoie, J., Morissette, C., Payment, P. & Prevost, M. 2008 Effect of water main repairs on water quality. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 100 (7), 95-109.
6. Besner,M.C., Broseus, R., Lavoie, J.,DiGiovanni,G., Payment, P.& Prevost, M. 2010 Pressure monitoring and characterization of external sources of contamination at the site of the payment drinking water epidemiological studies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (1), 269-277.
7. Borchardt, M. A., Haas, N. L. & Hunt, R. J. 2004 Vulnerability of drinking-water wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to enteric-virus contamination from surface water contributions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (10), 5937-5946. (Pubitemid 39471839)
8. Boulos, P. F., Karney, B. W., Wood, D. J. & Lingireddy, S. 2005Hydraulic transient guidelines for protecting water distribution systems. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 97 (5), 111-124. (Pubitemid 40737746)
9. Craun, G. F., Craun, M. F., Calderon, R. L. & Beach, M. J. 2006Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States. J. Water Health 4 (Supplement 2), 19-30. (Pubitemid 44165052)
10. Cromeans, T., Narayanan, J., Jung, K., Ko, G., Wait, D. & Sobsey, M. 2005 Development of Molecular Methods to Detect Infectious Viruses in Water. Report No. 90995F. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO.
11. De Leon, R., Shieh, C., Baric, R. S. &Sobsey, M. D. 1990 Detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus in environmental samples by gene probes and polymerase chain reaction. In Proceedings of the American Water Works AssociationWater Quality and Technology Conference. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, pp. 833-853.
12. Eischeid, A. C., Meyer, J. N. & Linden, K. G. 2009 UV disinfection of adenoviruses: molecular indications of DNA damage efficiency. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.75, 23-28.
13. Gauthier, V., Gerard, B., Portal, J. M., Block, J. C. & Gatel, D. 1999Organic matter as loose deposits in a drinking water distribution system. Water Res. 33 (4), 1014-1026. (Pubitemid 29077985)
14. Geldreich, E. E., Fox, K. R., Goodrich, J. A., Rice, E. W., Clark, R. M. & Swerdlow, D. L. 1992 Searching for a water-supply connection in the Carbool, Missouri disease outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Water Res. 26 (8), 1127-1137.
15. Gentsch, J. R., Glass, R. I., Woods, P., Gouvea, V., Gorziglia, M., Flores, J., Das, B. K. & Bhan, M. K. 1992 Identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 (6), 1365-1373.
16. Gullick, R.W., LeChevallier, M.W., Svindland, R. C. & Friedman, M. J. 2004 Occurrence of transient low and negative pressures in distribution systems. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 96 (11), 52-66.
17. Haas, C. N. 1998 Development of Disinfection Guidelines for the Installation and Replacement of Water Mains. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver CO.
18. Haas, C. N., Gupta, M., Burlingame, G. A., Chitluru, R. B. & Pipes, W. O. 1999 Bacterial levels of new mains. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 91 (5), 78-84.
19. Hunter, P. R., Chalmers, R. M., Hughes, S. & Syed, Q. 2005 Self-reported diarrhea in a control group: a strong association with reporting of low-pressure events in tap water. Clin. Infect.Dis. 40 (4), E32-E34.
20. Jothikumar, N., Lowther, J. A., Hensihlwood, K., Lees, D. N., Hill, V. R. & Vinje, J. 2005 Rapid and sensitive detection of noroviruses by using TaqMan-based one-step reverse transcription-PCR assays and application to naturally contaminated shellfish samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (4), 1870-1875. (Pubitemid 40546106)
21. Karim, M. R., Abbaszadegan, M. & LeChevallier, M. 2003Potential for pathogen intrusion during pressure transients. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 95 (5), 134-146.
22. Kirmeyer, G., Richards, W. & Smith, C. D. 1994 An Assessment of Water Distribution Systems and Associated Research Needs. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO.
23. Kirmeyer, G. J., Friedman, M., Martel, K., Howie, D., LeChevallier, M., Abbaszadegan, M., Karim, M., Funk, J. & Harbour, J. 2001Pathogen Intrusion into the Distribution System. American Water Works Association Research Foundation and the American Water Works Association. Denver, CO.
24. Lambertini, E., Spencer, S. K., Bertz, P.D., Loge, F. J., Kieke, B. A.& Borchardt, M. A. 2008 Concentration of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and noroviruses from drinking water by use of glass wool filters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (10), 2990-2996. (Pubitemid 351747001)
25. LeChevallier, M.W., Gullick, R.W., Karim, M. R., Friedman, M. & Funk, J. E. 2003 The potential for health risk from intrusion of contaminants into distribution systems during pressure transients. J. Water Health 1, 3-14.
26. Lehtola, M. J., Nissinen, T. K., Miettinen, I. T., Martikainen, P. J. & Vartiainen, T. 2004 Removal of soft deposits from the distribution system improves the drinking water quality. Water Res. 38 (3), 601-610. (Pubitemid 38068232)
27. Liang, J. L., Dziuban, E. J., Craun, G. F., Hill, V., Moore, M. R., Gelting, R. J., Calderon, R. L., Beach, M. J. & Roy, S. L. 2006Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking-United States, 2003-2004. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 55 (SS12), 31-58.
28. Marterl, K. D., Kirmeyer, G. J., Noran, P. F., Kirby, L., Lund, T.W., Anderson, J. L., Medhurst, R. & Caprara, M. 2005 Preventing water quality deterioration in finished water storage facilities. In: Water Quality in the Distribution System (W. C. Lauer, ed.). American Water Works Association, Denver. CO.
29. Missouri Department of Natural Resources 2006 Microbial Contamination of Water Storage Tanks. Publ. 172. Available from: http://www.dnr.mo.gov/pubs/ pub172.pdf (accessed March 2010).
30. Monpoeho, S., Dehee, A., Mignotte, B., Schwartzbrod, L., Marechal, V., Nicolas, J. C., Billaudel, S. & Ferre, V. 2000Quantification of enterovirus RNA in sludge samples using single tube real-time RT-PCR. Biotechniques 29 (1), 88-93. (Pubitemid 30439421)
31. National Research Council 2006 Drinking Water Distribution Systems Assessing and Reducing Risks. The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
32. Nygård, K., Wahl, E., Krogh, T., Tveit, O. A., Bohleng, E., Tverdal, A. & Aavitsland, P. 2007 Breaks and maintenance work in the water distribution systems and gastrointestinal illness: a cohort study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 36 (4), 873-880. (Pubitemid 47394157)
33. Payment, P., Siemiatycki, J., Richardson, L., Renaud, G., Franco, E. & Prevost, M. 1997 A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 7 (1), 5-31. (Pubitemid 27119754)
34. Schwab, K. J., DeLeon, R. & Sobsey, M. D. 1995 Concentration and purification of beef extract mock eluates from water samples for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus and Norwalk virus by reverse transcription PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (2), 531-537.
35. Simonet, J. & Gantzer, C. 2006 Inactivation of poliovirus 1 and F-specific RNA phages and degradation of their genomes by UV irradiation at 254 nanometers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 7671-7677. (Pubitemid 44927671)
36. Storey, M. V. & Ashbolt, N. J. 2003 Enteric virions and microbial biofilms - a secondary source of public health concern? Water Sci. Technol. 48 (3), 97-104. (Pubitemid 37168137)
37. Süß, J., Volz, S., Obst, U. & Schwartz, T. 2009 Application of molecular biology concept for the detection of DNA damage and repair during UV disinfection. Water Res. 43, 3705-3716.
38. Tafuri, A. N. 2000 Locating leaks with acoustic technology. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 92 (7), 57-66.
39. Tinker, S. C., Moe, C. L., Klein, M., Flanders, W. D., Uber, J., Amirtharajah, A., Singer, P. & Tolbert, P. E. 2009 Drinking water residence time in distribution networks and emergency department visits for gastrointestinal illness in Metro Atlanta, Georgia. J. Water Health 7 (2), 332-343.
40. US Environmental Protection Agency 2001 Potential Contamination Due to Cross-Connections and Backflow andthe Associated Health Risks. Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ safewater/disinfection/tcr/regulation-revisions.html (accessed March 2010).
41. US Environmental Protection Agency 2006 National primary drinking water regulations. Ground water rule; final rule. Fed. Regist. 71 (216), 65574-65660.
42. US Environmental Protection Agency 2009 FACTOIDS: Drinking Water and Ground Water Statistics for 2009. EPA 816-K-09-004, November 2009. Available from: www.epa.gov/safewater/data (accessed March 2010).
43. Vitanage, D., Pamminger, F. & Vourtsanis, T. 2004 Maintenance and survey of distribution systems. In: World Health Organization. Safe Piped Water: Managing Microbial Water Quality in Piped Distribution Systems (R. Ainsworth, ed.). IWA Publishing, London, UK.
44. Yates, M. V., Malley, J., Rochelle, P. & Hoffman, R. 2006 Effect of adenovirus resistance on UV disinfection requirements: a report on the state of adenovirus science. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 98 (6), 93-106.
45. Yoder, J., Roberts, V., Craun, G. F., Hill, V., Hicks, L., Alexander, N. T., Radke, V., Calderon, R. L., Hlavsa, M. C., Beach, M. J. & Roy, S. L. 2008 Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking - United States, 2005-2006. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 57 (SS09) 39-62.