Long-term effects of fire, livestock herbivory removal, and weather variability in texas semiarid savanna

Rangeland Ecology and Management

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 21-30

  Taylor, Charles A ^a   Twidwell, Dirac ^b   Garza, Nick E ^a   Rosser, Colin ^a   Hoffman, James K ^b   Brooks, Terry D ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

grass; live oak; occurrence; structure; woody plants

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE VARIATION; DECIDUOUS TREE; GRASS; HERB; LIVESTOCK; LONG-TERM CHANGE; OVERSTORY; OVERTOPPING; PLANT COMMUNITY; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTION; RANGELAND; SAVANNA; SEMIARID REGION; WEATHER MODIFICATION; WOODY PLANT;

TEXAS; UNITED STATES;

CACTACEAE; JUNIPERUS; JUNIPERUS ASHEI; JUNIPERUS PINCHOTII; NOLINA MICROCARPA; NOLINA TEXANA; OPUNTIA; POACEAE; PROSOPIS GLANDULOSA; QUERCUS VIRGINIANA; SCHIZACHYRIUM; SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM; XANTHORRHOEA;

EID: 84856040354     PISSN: 15507424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2111/REM-D-10-00124.1     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. ALLEN, R. B., J. B. WILSON, AND C. R. MASON. 1995. Vegetation change following exclusion of grazing animals in depleted grassland, Central Otago, New Zealand. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:615-626. (Pubitemid 3009058)
2. ANDERSON, M. J. 2001. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology 26:32-46. (Pubitemid 33719668)
3. ANDERSON, M. J. 2005. PERMANOVA: a FORTRAN computer program to calculate a distance-based multivariate analysis for a linear model. Auckland, New Zealand: Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, New Zealand. 24 p.
4. ANDERSON, M. J., AND J. ROBINSON. 2001. Permutation tests for linear models. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics 43:75-88.
5. ANDERSON, M. J., AND J. ROBINSON. 2003. Generalised discriminant analysis based on distances. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics 45:301-318. (Pubitemid 37023230)
6. ANDERSON, M. J., AND T. J. WILLIS. 2003. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates: a useful method of constrained ordination for ecology. Ecology 84:511-525. (Pubitemid 36893087)
7. APPEL, D. N. 1995. The oak wilt enigma: perspectives from Texas. Annual Review of Phytopathology 33:103-118. (Pubitemid 3000108)
8. ARCHER, S. 1995. Tree-grass dynamics in a Prosopsis-thorn scrub savanna parkland: reconstructing the past and predicting the future. Ecoscience 2:83-99. (Pubitemid 26449140)
9. ARCHER, S., C. J. SCIFRES, C. R. BASSHAM, AND R. MAGGIO. 1988. Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecological Monographs 58:111-127. (Pubitemid 19319715)
10. ARCHIBALD, S., W. J. BOND, W. D. STOCK, AND D. H. K. FAIRBANKS. 2005. Shaping the landscape: fire-grazer interactions in an African savanna. Ecological Applications 15:96-109. (Pubitemid 40263571)
11. BACHELET, D., R. P. NEILSON, J. M. LENIHAN, AND R. J. DRAPEK. 2001. Climate change effects on vegetation distribution and carbon budget in the United States. Ecosystems 4:164-185. (Pubitemid 32516204)
12. BELSKY, A. J. 1992. Effects of grazing, competition, disturbance and fire on species composition and diversity in grassland communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:187-200.
13. BIONDINI, M. E., B. D. PATTON, AND P. E. NYREN. 1998. Grazing intensity and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed-grass prairie, USA. Ecological Applications 8:469-479. (Pubitemid 28209623)
14. 4 grasslands and savannas? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39:641-659.
15. 2- controlled mechanism of woody plant invasion in grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biology 6:865-869. (Pubitemid 32978591)
16. 2 and fire in promoting the spread of grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biology 9:973-982. (Pubitemid 36941473)
17. BOND, W. J., AND B. W. VAN WILGEN. 1996. Fire and plants. London, United Kingdom: Chapman and Hall. 263 p.
18. BRIGGS, J. M., A. K. KNAPP, J. M. BLAIR, J. L. HEISLER, G. A. HOCH, M. S. LETT, AND J. K. MCCARRON. 2005. An ecosystem in transition: causes and consequences of the conversion of mesic grassland to shrubland. Bioscience 55:243-254. (Pubitemid 40383774)
19. BROOK, B. W., AND D. M. J. S. BOWMAN. 2006. Postcards from the past: charting the landscape-scale conversion of tropical Australian savanna to closed forest during the 20th century. Landscape Ecology 21:1253-1266. (Pubitemid 44496940)
20. FLOYD, D. A., AND J. E. ANDERSON. 1987. A comparison of three methods for estimating plant cover. Journal of Ecology 75:221-228.
21. FREEMAN, D. B. 1992. Prickly pear menace in eastern Australia 1880-1940. Geographical Review 82:413-429.
22. FROST, C. C. 1998. Presettlement fire frequency regimes of the United States: a first approximation. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings 20:70-81.
23. FUHLENDORF, S. D., S. R. ARCHER, F. E. SMEINS, D. M. ENGLE, AND C. A. TAYLOR, JR. 2008. The combined influence of grazing, fire, and herbaceous productivity on tree-grass interactions. In: O. W. Van Auken ED. Western North American Juniperus communities: a dynamic vegetation type. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag. p. 219-238.
24. FUHLENDORF, S. D., D. D. BRISKE, AND F. E. SMEINS. 2001. Herbaceous vegetation change in variable rangeland environments: the relative contribution of grazing and climatic variability. Applied Vegetation Science 4:177-188. (Pubitemid 34054265)
25. FUHLENDORF, S. D., AND F. E. SMEINS. 1997. Long-term vegetation dynamics mediated by herbivores, weather and fire in a Juniperus-Quercus savanna. Journal of Vegetation Science 8:819-828. (Pubitemid 28091470)
26. FUHLENDORF, S. D., AND F. E. SMEINS. 1998. The influence of soil depth on plant species response to grazing within a semiarid savanna. Plant Ecology 138:89-96. (Pubitemid 28460961)
27. FUHLENDORF, S. D., F. E. SMEINS, AND W. E. GRANT. 1996. Simulation of a fire-sensitive ecological threshold: a case study of Ashe juniper on the Edwards Plateau of Texas, USA. Ecological Modelling 90:245-255.
28. FULE, P. Z., D. C. LAUGHLIN, AND W. W. COVINGTON. 2005. Pine-oak forest dynamics five years after ecological restoration treatments, Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 218:129-145. (Pubitemid 41433410)
29. HATCH, S. L., K. N. GHADI, AND L. E. BROWN. 1990. Checklist of the vascular plants of Texas. College Station, TX, USA: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station MP-1655. 158 p.
30. HIGGINS, S. I., W. J. BOND, E. C. FEBRUARY, A. BRONN, D. I. W. EUSTON-BROWN, B. ENSLIN, N. GOVENDER, L. RADEMAN, S. O'REGAN, A. L. F. POTGIETER, S. SCHEITER, R. SOWRY, L. TROLLOPE, AND W. S. W. TROLLOPE. 2007. Effects of four decades of fire manipulation on woody vegetation structure in savanna. Ecology 88:1119-1125. (Pubitemid 351345242)
31. HIGGINS, S. I., W. J. BOND, AND S. W. TROLLOPE. 2000. Fire, resprouting and variability: a recipe for grass-tree coexistence in savanna. Journal of Ecology 88:213-229. (Pubitemid 30236624)
32. HINKELMANN, K., AND O. KEMPTHORNE. 2008. Design and analysis of experiments: introduction to experimental design. Vol 1. New York, NY, USA: Wiley. 631 p.
33. HOBBS, R. J., AND H. A. MOONEY. 1986. Community changes following shrub invasion of grasslands. Oecologia 70:508-513.
34. HOLDO, R. M., R. D. HOLT, AND J. M. FRYXELL. 2009. Grazers, browsers, and fire influence the extent and spatial pattern of tree cover in the Serengeti. Ecological Applications 19:95-109.
35. JOHNSON, P. S. 1993. Perspectives on the ecology and silviculture of oak dominated forests in the central and eastern states. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, General Technical Report, NC-153. St. Paul, MN, USA: North Central Forest Experiment Station. 28 p.
36. JUZWIK, J., T. C. HARRINGTON, W. L. MACDONALD, AND D. N. APPEL. 2008. The origin of Ceratocystis fagacearum, the oak wilt fungus. Annual Review of Phytopathology 46:13-26.
37. KNAPP, E. E., AND J. E. KEELEY. 2006. Heterogeneity in fire severity within early season and late season prescribed burns in a mixed-conifer forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15:37-45. (Pubitemid 43357072)
38. KOCH, K. A., G. L. QUIRAM, AND R. C. VENETTE. 2010. A review of oak wilt management: a summary of treatment options and their efficacy. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 9:1-8.
39. KREUTER, U. P., M. R. TAYS, AND J. R. CONNER. 2004. Landowner willingness to participate in a Texas brush reduction program. Journal of Range Management 57:230-237. (Pubitemid 40441215)
40. KUCHLER, A. W. 1964. Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. New York, NY, USA: American Geographic Society. 116 p.
41. LOTTER, W. D., AND J. H. HOFFMANN. 1998. Integrated management plan for the control of Opuntia stricta in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 41:63-68. (Pubitemid 28504501)
42. MCARDLE, B. H., AND M. J. ANDERSON. 2001. Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance based redundancy analysis. Ecology 82:290-297. (Pubitemid 32106404)
43. MCCUNE, B., AND J. B. GRACE. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. Gleneden Beach, OR, USA: MjM Software Design. 304 p.
44. MERRILL, L. B., AND J. L. SCHUSTER. 1978. Grazing management practices affect livestock losses from poisonous plants. Journal of Range Management 31:351-354.
45. MILCHUNAS, D. G., W. K. LAUENROTH, P. L. CHAPMAN, AND M. K. KAZEMPOUR. 1989. Effects of grazing, topography, and precipitation on the structure of a semiarid grassland. Vegetatio 80:11-23. (Pubitemid 20418554)
46. O'CONNOR, T. G. 1994. Composition and population responses of an African savanna grassland to rainfall and grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology 31:155-171.
47. O'CONNOR, T. G., AND P. W. ROUX. 1995. Vegetation changes (1949-71) in a semiarid, grassy dwarf shrubland in the Karoo, South Africa: influence of rainfall variability and grazing by sheep. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:612-626.
48. OLENICK, K. L., U. P. KREUTER, AND J. R. CONNER. 2004. Texas landowner perceptions regarding ecosystem services and cost-share land management programs. Ecological Economics 57:337-345.
49. PALMER, W. C. 1965. Meteorological drought. Research paper no. 45. Washington, DC, USA: US Weather Bureau. 58 p.
50. ROQUES, K. G., T. G. O'CONNOR, AND A. R. WATKINSON. 2001. Dynamics of shrub encroachment in an African savanna: relative influences of fire and herbivory, rainfall and density dependence. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:268-280. (Pubitemid 32459222)
51. SANKARAN, M., N. P. HANAN, R. J. SCHOLES, J. RATNAM, D. J. AUGUSTINE, B. S. CADE, J. GIGNOUX, S. I. HIGGINS, X. LE ROUX, F. LUDWIG, J. ARDO, F. BANYIKWA, A. BRONN, G. BUCINI, K. K. CAYLOR, M. B. COUGHENOUR, A. DIOUF, W. EKAYA, C. J. FERAL, E. C. FEBRUARY, P. G. H. FROST, P. HIERNAUX, H. HRABAR, K. L. METZGER, H. H. T. PRINS, S. RINGROSE, W. SEA, J. TEWS, J. WORDEN, AND N. ZAMBATIS. 2005. Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature 438:846-849. (Pubitemid 41753065)
52. SANKARAN, M., J. RATNAM, AND N. P. HANAN. 2004. Tree-grass coexistence in savannas revisited-insights from an examination of assumptions and mechanisms invoked in existing models. Ecology Letters 7:480-490. (Pubitemid 38693390)
53. SAVADOGO, P., D. TIVEAU, L. SAWADOGO, AND M. TIGABU. 2008. Herbaceous species responses to long-term effects of prescribed fire, grazing and selective tree cutting in the savanna woodlands of West Africa. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10:179-195.
54. SCHOLES, R. J., AND S. R. ARCHER. 1997. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28:517-544. (Pubitemid 28012302)
55. SCHOLES, R. J., AND B. H. WALKER. 1993. An African savanna: synthesis of the Nylsvley Study. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 320 p.
56. SILVA, J. F., A. ZAMBRANO, AND M. R. FARINAS. 2001. Increase in the woody component of seasonal savannas under different fire regimes in Calabozo, Venezuela. Journal of Biogeography 28:977-983. (Pubitemid 33141599)
57. SLOCUM, M. G., W. J. PLATT, AND H. C. COOLEY. 2003. Effects of differences in prescribed fire regimes on patchiness and intensity of fires in subtropical savannas of Everglades National Park, Florida. Restoration Ecology 11:91-102. (Pubitemid 36522257)
58. SMEINS, F. E., T. W. TAYLOR, AND L. B. MERRILL. 1976. Vegetation of a 25-year exclosure on the Edwards Plateau, Texas. Journal of Range Management 29:24-29.
59. STAVER, A. C., W. J. BOND, W. D. STOCK, S. J. VAN RENSBURG, AND M. S. WALDRAM. 2009. Browsing and fire interact to suppress tree density in an African savanna. Ecological Applications 19:1909-1919.
60. TAYLOR, C. A., AND M. M. KOTHMANN. 1990. Diet composition of Angora goats in a short-duration grazing system. Journal of Range Management 43:123-126.
61. TAYLOR, C. A., AND M. H. RALPHS. 1992. Reducing livestock losses from poisonous plants through grazing management. Journal of Range Management 45:9-12.
62. THAXTON, J. M., AND W. J. PLATT. 2006. Small-scale fuel variation alters fire intensity and shrub abundance in a pine savanna. Ecology 87:1331-1337.
63. TROLLOPE, W. S. W. 1974. The role of fire in preventing bush encroachment in the Eastern Cape. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of South Africa 9:67-72.
64. TROLLOPE, W. S. W., F. O. HOBSON, J. E. DANCKWERTS, AND J. P. VAN NIEKERK. 1989. Encroachment and control of undesirable plants. In: J. E. Danckwerts and W. R. Teague EDS. Veld management in the Eastern Cape. Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Agriculture and Water Supply. p. 73-89.
65. TWIDWELL, D., S. D. FUHLENDORF, D. M. ENGLE, AND C. A. TAYLOR, JR. 2009. Surface fuel sampling strategies: linking fuel measurements and fire effects. Rangeland Ecology & Management 62:223-229.
66. VAN AUKEN, O. W. 2000. Shrub invasions of North American semiarid grasslands. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:197-215. (Pubitemid 32122400)
67. VAN LANGEVELDE, F., C. VAN DE VIJVER, L. KUMAR, J. VAN DE KOPPEL, N. DE RIDDER, J. VAN ANDEL, A. K. SKIDMORE, J. W. HEARNE, L. STROOSNIJDER, W. J. BOND, H. H. T. PRINS, AND M. RIETKERK. 2003. The effects of fire and herbivory on the stability of savanna ecosystems. Ecology 84:337-350. (Pubitemid 36893071)
68. VAN VEGTEN, J. A. 1983. Thornbrush invasion in a savanna ecosystem in eastern Botswana. Vegetatio 56:3-7. (Pubitemid 15274580)
69. WALKER, B. H. 1988. Autecology, synecology, climate and livestock as agents of rangeland dynamics. Australian Rangeland Journal 10:69-75.
70. WESTOBY, M. 1980. Elements of a theory of vegetation dynamics in arid rangelands. Israel Journal of Botany 28:169-194.
71. WIEDENFELD, C. C., AND J. D. MCANDREW. 1968. Soil survey of Sutton County, Texas. Washington, DC, USA: Soil Conservation Service, US Government Printing Office. 33 p.
72. WRIGHT, H. A., AND J. O. KLEMMEDSON. 1965. Effect of fire on bunchgrasses of the sagebrush-grass region in southern Idaho. Ecology 46:680-688.