메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 289-299

Determining the relative importance of the mechanisms of behavior change within Alcoholics Anonymous: a multiple mediator analysis

Author keywords

Addiction; Alcohol dependence; Alcoholics anonymous; Alcoholism; Depression; Self help groups; Social network; Spirituality

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFTERCARE; ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS; ALCOHOLISM; AMBULATORY CARE; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MULTICENTER STUDY; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; RELIGION; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STATISTICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84855967422     PISSN: 09652140     EISSN: 13600443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03593.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (176)

References (63)
  • 2
    • 84945654249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Babor T. F., Caetano R., Casswell S., Edwards G., Giesbrecht N., Graham K. etal. Oxford: Oxford University Press;
    • Babor T. F., Caetano R., Casswell S., Edwards G., Giesbrecht N., Graham K. etal. Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity-Research and Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010.
    • (2010) Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity-Research and Public Policy
  • 4
    • 84855954357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updating Estimates of the Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States: Estimates, Update Methods, and Data. Report prepared by The Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
    • Harwood H. Updating Estimates of the Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States: Estimates, Update Methods, and Data. Report prepared by The Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2000.
    • (2000)
    • Harwood, H.1
  • 5
    • 48749115948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutual-help groups
    • O'Donohue W., Cunningham J. A., editors. New York, NY: Elsevier
    • Kelly J. F., Yeterian J. D. Mutual-help groups. O'Donohue W., Cunningham J. A., editors. Evidence-Based Adjunctive Treatments. New York, NY: Elsevier; 2008, p. 61-106.
    • (2008) Evidence-Based Adjunctive Treatments , pp. 61-106
    • Kelly, J.F.1    Yeterian, J.D.2
  • 6
    • 11144356404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: toward evidence-based practice and policy
    • Discussion 9-65.
    • Humphreys K., Wing S., McCarty D., Chappel J., Gallant L., Haberle B. etal. Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: toward evidence-based practice and policy. J Subst Abuse Treat 2004; 26: 151-8. Discussion 9-65.
    • (2004) J Subst Abuse Treat , vol.26 , pp. 151-158
    • Humphreys, K.1    Wing, S.2    McCarty, D.3    Chappel, J.4    Gallant, L.5    Haberle, B.6
  • 7
    • 84855934575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The NSDUH Report: participation in self-help groups for alcohol and illicit drug use: 2006 and 2007. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies;
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The NSDUH Report: participation in self-help groups for alcohol and illicit drug use: 2006 and 2007. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies; 2008.
    • (2008)
  • 8
    • 69749118750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcoholics Anonymous. New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services;
    • Alcoholics Anonymous. 2007 Membership Survey: A Snapshot of A.A. Membership. New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services; 2008.
    • (2008) 2007 Membership Survey: A Snapshot of A.A. Membership
  • 9
    • 0027450539 scopus 로고
    • Alcoholics Anonymous, other 12-Step movements and psychotherapy in the US population, 1990
    • Room R., Greenfield T. Alcoholics Anonymous, other 12-Step movements and psychotherapy in the US population, 1990. Addiction 1993; 88: 555-62.
    • (1993) Addiction , vol.88 , pp. 555-562
    • Room, R.1    Greenfield, T.2
  • 10
    • 0028952391 scopus 로고
    • Trends in the treatment of alcohol problems in the US general population, 1979 through 1990
    • Weisner C., Greenfield T., Room R. Trends in the treatment of alcohol problems in the US general population, 1979 through 1990. Am J Public Health 1995; 85: 55-60.
    • (1995) Am J Public Health , vol.85 , pp. 55-60
    • Weisner, C.1    Greenfield, T.2    Room, R.3
  • 12
    • 84855954356 scopus 로고
    • Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: opportunities and alternatives.
    • McCrady B., Miller W. R. Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: opportunities and alternatives. 1993.
    • (1993)
    • McCrady, B.1    Miller, W.R.2
  • 13
    • 33750099349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programmes for alcohol dependence
    • CD005032.
    • Ferri M., Amato L., Davoli M. Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programmes for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD005032.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.3
    • Ferri, M.1    Amato, L.2    Davoli, M.3
  • 14
    • 33845893590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encouraging posttreatment self-help group involvement to reduce demand for continuing care services: two-year clinical and utilization outcomes
    • Humphreys K., Moos R. H. Encouraging posttreatment self-help group involvement to reduce demand for continuing care services: two-year clinical and utilization outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31: 64-8.
    • (2007) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.31 , pp. 64-68
    • Humphreys, K.1    Moos, R.H.2
  • 16
    • 33744501821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: a 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals
    • Moos R. H., Moos B. S. Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: a 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals. J Clin Psychol 2006; 62: 735-50.
    • (2006) J Clin Psychol , vol.62 , pp. 735-750
    • Moos, R.H.1    Moos, B.S.2
  • 17
  • 18
    • 69349089728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of making Alcoholics Anonymous easier: a group format 12-step facilitation approach
    • Kaskutas L. A., Subbaraman M. S., Witbrodt J., Zemore S. E. Effectiveness of making Alcoholics Anonymous easier: a group format 12-step facilitation approach. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009; 37: 228-39.
    • (2009) J Subst Abuse Treat , vol.37 , pp. 228-239
    • Kaskutas, L.A.1    Subbaraman, M.S.2    Witbrodt, J.3    Zemore, S.E.4
  • 19
    • 64049109483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing network support for drinking: network support project 2-year follow-up
    • Litt M. D., Kadden R. M., Kabela-Cormier E., Petry N. M. Changing network support for drinking: network support project 2-year follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009; 77: 229-42.
    • (2009) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.77 , pp. 229-242
    • Litt, M.D.1    Kadden, R.M.2    Kabela-Cormier, E.3    Petry, N.M.4
  • 20
    • 0027712403 scopus 로고
    • Project MATCH
    • Project MATCH Research Group. (Matching Alcoholism Treatment to Client Heterogeneity): rationale and methods for a multisite clinical trial matching patients to alcoholism treatment. ;: -.
    • Project MATCH Research Group. Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatment to Client Heterogeneity): rationale and methods for a multisite clinical trial matching patients to alcoholism treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 1130-45.
    • (1993) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.17 , pp. 1130-1145
  • 21
    • 33645990626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive referral to 12-Step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes
    • Timko C., Debenedetti A., Billow R. Intensive referral to 12-Step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes. Addiction 2006; 101: 678-88.
    • (2006) Addiction , vol.101 , pp. 678-688
    • Timko, C.1    Debenedetti, A.2    Billow, R.3
  • 22
    • 59849100916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitating involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous during out-patient treatment: a randomized clinical trial
    • Walitzer K. S., Dermen K. H., Barrick C. Facilitating involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous during out-patient treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Addiction 2009; 104: 391-401.
    • (2009) Addiction , vol.104 , pp. 391-401
    • Walitzer, K.S.1    Dermen, K.H.2    Barrick, C.3
  • 23
    • 0035036650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce demand for health care? A quasi-experimental study
    • Humphreys K., Moos R. Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce demand for health care? A quasi-experimental study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 711-6.
    • (2001) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.25 , pp. 711-716
    • Humphreys, K.1    Moos, R.2
  • 24
    • 69749087409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do people recover from alcohol dependence? A systematic review of the mechanisms of behavior change within Alcoholics Anonmyous (AA)
    • Kelly J. F., Magill M., Stout R. L. How do people recover from alcohol dependence? A systematic review of the mechanisms of behavior change within Alcoholics Anonmyous (AA). Addict Res Theory 2009; 17: 236-59.
    • (2009) Addict Res Theory , vol.17 , pp. 236-259
    • Kelly, J.F.1    Magill, M.2    Stout, R.L.3
  • 25
    • 0041364663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The persistent influence of social networks and alcoholics anonymous on abstinence
    • Bond J., Kaskutas L. A., Weisner C. The persistent influence of social networks and alcoholics anonymous on abstinence. J Stud Alcohol 2003; 64: 579-88.
    • (2003) J Stud Alcohol , vol.64 , pp. 579-588
    • Bond, J.1    Kaskutas, L.A.2    Weisner, C.3
  • 26
    • 0033030193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do enhanced friendship networks and active coping mediate the effect of self-help groups on substance abuse?
    • Humphreys K., Mankowski E. S., Moos R. H., Finney J. W. Do enhanced friendship networks and active coping mediate the effect of self-help groups on substance abuse? Ann Behav Med 1999; 21: 54-60.
    • (1999) Ann Behav Med , vol.21 , pp. 54-60
    • Humphreys, K.1    Mankowski, E.S.2    Moos, R.H.3    Finney, J.W.4
  • 27
    • 0036303649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social networks as mediators of the effect of Alcoholics Anonymous
    • Kaskutas L. A., Bond J., Humphreys K. Social networks as mediators of the effect of Alcoholics Anonymous. Addiction 2002; 97: 891-900.
    • (2002) Addiction , vol.97 , pp. 891-900
    • Kaskutas, L.A.1    Bond, J.2    Humphreys, K.3
  • 28
    • 79952708399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of Alcoholics Anonymous in mobilizing adaptive social network changes: a prospective lagged mediational analysis
    • Kelly J. F., Stout R. L., Magill M., Tonigan J. S. The role of Alcoholics Anonymous in mobilizing adaptive social network changes: a prospective lagged mediational analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 114: 119-26.
    • (2011) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.114 , pp. 119-126
    • Kelly, J.F.1    Stout, R.L.2    Magill, M.3    Tonigan, J.S.4
  • 29
    • 0033674664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multivariate process model of adolescent 12-step attendance and substance use outcome following inpatient treatment
    • Kelly J. F., Myers M. G., Brown S. A. A multivariate process model of adolescent 12-step attendance and substance use outcome following inpatient treatment. Psychol Addict Behav 2000; 14: 376-89.
    • (2000) Psychol Addict Behav , vol.14 , pp. 376-389
    • Kelly, J.F.1    Myers, M.G.2    Brown, S.A.3
  • 30
    • 0035989904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do adolescents affiliate with 12-step groups? A multivariate process model of effects
    • Kelly J. F., Myers M. G., Brown S. A. Do adolescents affiliate with 12-step groups? A multivariate process model of effects. J Stud Alcohol 2002; 63: 293-304.
    • (2002) J Stud Alcohol , vol.63 , pp. 293-304
    • Kelly, J.F.1    Myers, M.G.2    Brown, S.A.3
  • 31
    • 0030761285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous after treatment: a study of its therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action
    • Morgenstern J., Labouvie E., McCrady B. S., Kahler C. W., Frey R. M. Affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous after treatment: a study of its therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997; 65: 768-77.
    • (1997) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.65 , pp. 768-777
    • Morgenstern, J.1    Labouvie, E.2    McCrady, B.S.3    Kahler, C.W.4    Frey, R.M.5
  • 33
    • 84855935558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism. New York: AA World Services;
    • Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism. New York: AA World Services; 2001.
    • (2001)
  • 34
    • 77949344833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of behavior change in alcoholics anonymous: does Alcoholics Anonymous lead to better alcohol use outcomes by reducing depression symptoms?
    • Kelly J. F., Stout R. L., Magill M., Tonigan J. S., Pagano M. E. Mechanisms of behavior change in alcoholics anonymous: does Alcoholics Anonymous lead to better alcohol use outcomes by reducing depression symptoms? Addiction 2010; 105: 626-36.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 626-636
    • Kelly, J.F.1    Stout, R.L.2    Magill, M.3    Tonigan, J.S.4    Pagano, M.E.5
  • 35
    • 79951934905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spirituality in recovery: a lagged mediational analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous' principal theoretical mechanism of behavior change
    • Kelly J. F., Stout R. L., Magill M., Tonigan J. S., Pagano M. E. Spirituality in recovery: a lagged mediational analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous' principal theoretical mechanism of behavior change. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 35: 454-63.
    • (2010) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.35 , pp. 454-463
    • Kelly, J.F.1    Stout, R.L.2    Magill, M.3    Tonigan, J.S.4    Pagano, M.E.5
  • 36
    • 34548790122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for spiritual change in the benefits of 12-step involvement
    • Zenmore S. E. A role for spiritual change in the benefits of 12-step involvement. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31: 76S-9S.
    • (2007) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.31
    • Zenmore, S.E.1
  • 37
    • 0344082105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: methodological issues and research recommendations
    • Kazdin A. E., Nock M. K. Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: methodological issues and research recommendations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2003; 44: 1116-29.
    • (2003) J Child Psychol Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 1116-1129
    • Kazdin, A.E.1    Nock, M.K.2
  • 38
    • 0027760799 scopus 로고
    • The process of treatment selection among previously untreated help-seeking problem drinkers
    • Timko C., Finney J. W., Moos R. H., Moos B. S., Steinbaum D. P. The process of treatment selection among previously untreated help-seeking problem drinkers. J Subst Abuse 1993; 5: 203-20.
    • (1993) J Subst Abuse , vol.5 , pp. 203-220
    • Timko, C.1    Finney, J.W.2    Moos, R.H.3    Moos, B.S.4    Steinbaum, D.P.5
  • 41
    • 8044253999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes
    • Project MATCH Research Group.
    • Project MATCH Research Group. Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. J Stud Alcohol 1997; 58: 7-29.
    • (1997) J Stud Alcohol , vol.58 , pp. 7-29
  • 42
    • 0028556218 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of drinking behavior using the Form 90 family of instruments
    • Miller W. R., Del Boca F. K. Measurement of drinking behavior using the Form 90 family of instruments. J Stud Alcohol Suppl 1994; 12: 112-8.
    • (1994) J Stud Alcohol Suppl , vol.12 , pp. 112-118
    • Miller, W.R.1    Del Boca, F.K.2
  • 44
    • 0029950204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measure of religious background and behavior for use in behavior change research
    • Connors G. J., Tonigan J. S., Miller W. R. Measure of religious background and behavior for use in behavior change research. Psychol Addict Behav 1996; 10: 90-6.
    • (1996) Psychol Addict Behav , vol.10 , pp. 90-96
    • Connors, G.J.1    Tonigan, J.S.2    Miller, W.R.3
  • 45
    • 84855950027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing and contrasting mediation or indirect effects in SEM: an analytic approach and its implementation. 73rd Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society; Durham, NC, July.
    • Yung Y.-F. Testing and contrasting mediation or indirect effects in SEM: an analytic approach and its implementation. 73rd Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society; Durham, NC, July2008.
    • (2008)
    • Yung, Y.-F.1
  • 47
    • 0023838259 scopus 로고
    • Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation
    • Beck A. T., Steer R. A., Garbin M. G. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 1988; 8: 77-100.
    • (1988) Clin Psychol Rev , vol.8 , pp. 77-100
    • Beck, A.T.1    Steer, R.A.2    Garbin, M.G.3
  • 49
    • 0002037905 scopus 로고
    • Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models
    • Leinhart S., editor. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
    • Sobell M. E. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. Leinhart S., editor. Sociological Methodology 1982. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1982, p. 290-312.
    • (1982) Sociological Methodology 1982 , pp. 290-312
    • Sobell, M.E.1
  • 50
    • 84936184409 scopus 로고
    • Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure models
    • Tuma N., editor. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association
    • Sobel M. E. Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure models. Tuma N., editor. Sociological Methodology 1986. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association; 1986, p. 159-86.
    • (1986) Sociological Methodology 1986 , pp. 159-186
    • Sobel, M.E.1
  • 52
    • 44949168308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models
    • Preacher K. J., Hayes A. F. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods 2008; 40: 879-91.
    • (2008) Behav Res Methods , vol.40 , pp. 879-891
    • Preacher, K.J.1    Hayes, A.F.2
  • 53
    • 3042811867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods
    • MacKinnon D. P., Lockwood C. M., Williams J. Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behav Res 2004; 39: 99-128.
    • (2004) Multivariate Behav Res , vol.39 , pp. 99-128
    • MacKinnon, D.P.1    Lockwood, C.M.2    Williams, J.3
  • 54
    • 84855934573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo Method for Assessing Mediation: An Interactive Tool for Creating Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects [Computer Software ]. Available at: (accessed June 2008).
    • Selig J. P., Preacher K. J. Monte Carlo Method for Assessing Mediation: An Interactive Tool for Creating Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects [Computer Software ]. 2008 Available at: (accessed June 2008).
    • (2008)
    • Selig, J.P.1    Preacher, K.J.2
  • 55
    • 85047673373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missing data: our view of the state of the art
    • Schafer J. L., Graham J. W. Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods 2002; 7: 147-77.
    • (2002) Psychol Methods , vol.7 , pp. 147-177
    • Schafer, J.L.1    Graham, J.W.2
  • 56
    • 34547170053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years
    • Christakis N. A., Fowler J. H. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 370-9.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 370-379
    • Christakis, N.A.1    Fowler, J.H.2
  • 57
    • 44249122799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network
    • Christakis N. A., Fowler J. H. The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2249-58.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 2249-2258
    • Christakis, N.A.1    Fowler, J.H.2
  • 58
    • 0036159445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine self-administration
    • Morgan D., Grant K. A., Gage H. D., Mach R. H., Kaplan J. R., Prioleau O. etal. Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine self-administration. Nat Neurosci 2002; 5: 169-74.
    • (2002) Nat Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 169-174
    • Morgan, D.1    Grant, K.A.2    Gage, H.D.3    Mach, R.H.4    Kaplan, J.R.5    Prioleau, O.6
  • 60
    • 58149387739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study
    • Fowler J. H., Christakis N. A. Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ 2008; 337: a2338.
    • (2008) BMJ , vol.337
    • Fowler, J.H.1    Christakis, N.A.2
  • 61
    • 0003548496 scopus 로고
    • Alcoholics Anonymous. New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services;
    • Alcoholics Anonymous. Living Sober. New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services; 1975.
    • (1975) Living Sober
  • 62
    • 84855954355 scopus 로고
    • Alcoholics Anonymous Grapevine. New York; Alcoholics Anonymous Grapevine Inc.;
    • Alcoholics Anonymous Grapevine. The Bill W.-Carl Jung Letters. New York; Alcoholics Anonymous Grapevine Inc.; 1968.
    • (1968) The Bill W.-Carl Jung Letters
  • 63
    • 0003619159 scopus 로고
    • Alcoholics Anonymous. New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services;
    • Alcoholics Anonymous. Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions. New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services; 1953.
    • (1953) Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.