메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 804, Issue , 2012, Pages 481-499

Modelling the evolution of mutualistic symbioses

Author keywords

Adaptive dynamics; Biological markets; Cooperative bargaining; Game theory; Inclusive fitness; Mutualism; Population genetics; Symbiosis

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COMPUTER PROGRAM; EVOLUTION; GAME; GENETICS; MATHEMATICAL PHENOMENA; POPULATION GENETICS; SYMBIOSIS;

EID: 84855870178     PISSN: 10643745     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-361-5_24     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 33750621178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of mitochondria by intracellular enslavement of a photosynthetic purple bacterium
    • DOI 10.1098/rspb.2006.3531
    • Cavalier-Smith T. (2006) Origin of mitochondria by intracellular enslavement of a photosynthetic purple bacterium. Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci, 273:1943-1952. (Pubitemid 46939933)
    • (2006) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , vol.273 , Issue.1596 , pp. 1943-1952
    • Cavalier-Smith, T.1
  • 3
    • 58349101981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The puzzle of plastid evolution
    • Archibald JM. (2009) The puzzle of plastid evolution. Curr Biol, 19:R81-R88.
    • (2009) Curr Biol , vol.19
    • Archibald, J.M.1
  • 4
    • 0035839062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1061457
    • Heckman DS, Geiser DM, Eidell BR, Stauffer RL, Kardos NL, Hedges SB. (2001) Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants. Science, 293:1129-1133. (Pubitemid 32758092)
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , Issue.5532 , pp. 1129-1133
    • Heckman, D.S.1    Geiser, D.M.2    Eidell, B.R.3    Stauffer, R.L.4    Kardos, N.L.5    Hedges, S.B.6
  • 5
    • 34247388789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen fixation in eukaryotes: New models for symbiosis
    • Kneip C, Lockhart P, Voß C, Maier U. (2007) Nitrogen fixation in eukaryotes: new models for symbiosis. BMC Evol Biol, 7:55.
    • (2007) BMC Evol Biol , vol.7 , pp. 55
    • Kneip, C.1    Lockhart, P.2    Voß, C.3    Maier, U.4
  • 6
    • 39449118068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning how to live together: Genomic insights into prokaryote-animal symbioses
    • DOI 10.1038/nrg2319, PII NRG2319
    • Moya A, Peretó J, Gil R, Latorre A. (2008) Learning how to live together: genomic insights into prokaryote-animal symbioses. Nat Rev Genet, 9:218-229. (Pubitemid 351271802)
    • (2008) Nature Reviews Genetics , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 218-229
    • Moya, A.1    Pereto, J.2    Gil, R.3    Latorre, A.4
  • 7
    • 33750003359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symbiosis
    • DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.019, PII S0960982206022123
    • Moran NA. (2006) Symbiosis. Curr Biol, 16: R866-R871. (Pubitemid 44573826)
    • (2006) Current Biology , vol.16 , Issue.20
    • Moran, N.A.1
  • 9
    • 33847019914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social semantics: Altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection
    • West SA, Griffin AS, Gardner A. (2007) Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection. J Evol Biol, 20:415-432.
    • (2007) J Evol Biol , vol.20 , pp. 415-432
    • West, S.A.1    Griffin, A.S.2    Gardner, A.3
  • 10
    • 0035209206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dangerous liaisons: The ecology of private interest and common good
    • van Baalen M, Jansen VAA. (2001) Dangerous liaisons: the ecology of private interest and common good. Oikos, 95:211-224. (Pubitemid 33145773)
    • (2001) Oikos , vol.95 , Issue.2 , pp. 211-224
    • Van Baalen, M.1    Jansen, V.A.A.2
  • 11
    • 42749098867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation and enslavement in endosymbiont-host associations
    • Frean MR, Abraham ER. (2004) Adaptation and enslavement in endosymbiont-host associations. Phys Rev E, 69:051913.
    • (2004) Phys Rev e , vol.69 , pp. 051913
    • Frean, M.R.1    Abraham, E.R.2
  • 12
    • 0014413249 scopus 로고
    • The tragedy of the commons
    • Hardin G. (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162:1243-1248.
    • (1968) Science , vol.162 , pp. 1243-1248
    • Hardin, G.1
  • 13
    • 70349446753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species-specific structural and functional diversity of bacterial communities in lichen symbioses
    • Grube M, Cardinale M, de Castro JV, Mueller H, Berg G. (2009) Species-specific structural and functional diversity of bacterial communities in lichen symbioses. ISME J, 3:1105-1115.
    • (2009) ISME J , vol.3 , pp. 1105-1115
    • Grube, M.1    Cardinale, M.2    De Castro, J.V.3    Mueller, H.4    Berg, G.5
  • 14
    • 58349107468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The microbial dimension in insect nutritional ecology
    • Douglas AE. (2009) The microbial dimension in insect nutritional ecology. Funct Ecol, 23:38-47.
    • (2009) Funct Ecol , vol.23 , pp. 38-47
    • Douglas, A.E.1
  • 16
    • 4344568725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The winnowing: Establishing the squid-vibrio symbiosis
    • Nyholm SV, McFall-Ngai M. (2004) The winnowing: establishing the squid-vibrio symbiosis. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2:632-642.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.2 , pp. 632-642
    • Nyholm, S.V.1    McFall-Ngai, M.2
  • 17
    • 77249155344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facultative symbionts in aphids and the horizontal transfer of ecologically important traits
    • Oliver KM, Degnan PH, Burke GR, Moran NA. (2010) Facultative symbionts in aphids and the horizontal transfer of ecologically important traits. Annu Rev Entomol, 55:247-266.
    • (2010) Annu Rev Entomol , vol.55 , pp. 247-266
    • Oliver, K.M.1    Degnan, P.H.2    Burke, G.R.3    Moran, N.A.4
  • 18
    • 37649023694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel genomic evolution and metabolic interdependence in an ancient symbiosis
    • McCutcheon JP, Moran NA. (2007) Parallel genomic evolution and metabolic interdependence in an ancient symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104:19392-19397.
    • (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.104 , pp. 19392-19397
    • McCutcheon, J.P.1    Moran, N.A.2
  • 21
    • 67649973877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The symbiosis interactome: A computational approach reveals novel components, functional interactions and modules in Sinorhizobium meliloti
    • Rodriguez-Llorente I, Caviedes MA, Dary M, Palomares AJ, Cánovas FM, Peregrín-Alvarez JM. (2009) The symbiosis interactome: a computational approach reveals novel components, functional interactions and modules in Sinorhizobium meliloti. BMC Syst Biol, 3:63.
    • (2009) BMC Syst Biol , vol.3 , pp. 63
    • Rodriguez-Llorente, I.1    Caviedes, M.A.2    Dary, M.3    Palomares, A.J.4    Cánovas, F.M.5    Peregrín-Alvarez, J.M.6
  • 22
    • 0028164795 scopus 로고
    • Biological markets: Supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating
    • DOI 10.1007/s002650050063
    • Noë R, Hammerstein P. (1994) Biological markets: supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating. Behav Ecol Sociobiol, 35:1-11. (Pubitemid 2115768)
    • (1994) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Noe, R.1    Hammerstein, P.2
  • 23
    • 41049083079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sanctions and mutualism stability: Why do rhizobia fix nitrogen?
    • DOI 10.1098/rspb.2001.1878
    • West SA, Kiers ET, Simms EL, Denison RF. (2002) Sanctions and mutualism stability: why do rhizobia fix nitrogen? Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci, 269:685-694. (Pubitemid 34407375)
    • (2002) Education Economics , vol.269 , Issue.1492 , pp. 685-694
    • West, S.A.1    Kiers, E.T.2    Simms, E.L.3    Denison, R.F.4
  • 24
    • 0028162161 scopus 로고
    • Genetics of mutualism: The evolution of altruism between species
    • DOI 10.1006/jtbi.1994.1200
    • Frank SA. (1994) Genetics of mutualism: the evolution of altruism between species. J Theor Biol, 170:393-400. (Pubitemid 24339403)
    • (1994) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.170 , Issue.4 , pp. 393-400
    • Frank, S.A.1
  • 26
    • 0002414229 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of reciprocal altruism
    • Trivers RL. (1971) Evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q Rev Biol, 46:35-57.
    • (1971) Q Rev Biol , vol.46 , pp. 35-57
    • Trivers, R.L.1
  • 27
    • 0019480612 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of cooperation
    • Axelrod R, Hamilton WD. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211:1390-1396. (Pubitemid 11107890)
    • (1981) Science , vol.211 , Issue.4489 , pp. 1390-1396
    • Axelrod, R.1    Hamilton, W.D.2
  • 29
    • 20744435030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Models of cooperation based on the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Snowdrift game
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00773.x
    • Doebeli M, Hauert C. (2005) Models of cooperation based on the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Snowdrift game. Ecol Lett, 8:748-766. (Pubitemid 40850024)
    • (2005) Ecology Letters , vol.8 , Issue.7 , pp. 748-766
    • Doebeli, M.1    Hauert, C.2
  • 30
    • 7444220125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary origin of cooperators and defectors
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1101456
    • Doebeli M, Hauert C, Killingback T. (2004) The evolutionary origin of cooperators and defectors. Science, 306:859-862. (Pubitemid 39446992)
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , Issue.5697 , pp. 859-862
    • Doebeli, M.1    Hauert, C.2    Killingback, T.3
  • 31
    • 0031852784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specialization and resource trade: Biological markets as a model of mutualisms
    • Schwartz MW, Hoeksema JD. (1998) Specialization and resource trade: biological markets as a model of mutualisms. Ecology, 79:1029-1038. (Pubitemid 28378711)
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , Issue.3 , pp. 1029-1038
    • Schwartz, M.W.1    Hoeksema, J.D.2
  • 32
    • 0000291018 scopus 로고
    • The bargaining problem
    • Nash JF. (1950) The bargaining problem. Econometrica, 18:155-162.
    • (1950) Econometrica , vol.18 , pp. 155-162
    • Nash, J.F.1
  • 33
    • 0001058478 scopus 로고
    • Two-person cooperative games
    • Nash JF. (1953) Two-person cooperative games. Econometrica, 21:128-140.
    • (1953) Econometrica , vol.21 , pp. 128-140
    • Nash, J.F.1
  • 34
    • 38949111058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extra-pair parentage: A new theory based on transactions in a cooperative game
    • Akçay E, Roughgarden J. (2007) Extra-pair parentage: a new theory based on transactions in a cooperative game. Evol Ecol Res, 9:1223-1243. (Pubitemid 351224310)
    • (2007) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.9 , Issue.8 , pp. 1223-1243
    • Akcay, E.1    Roughgarden, J.2
  • 36
    • 60849120753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stabilizing mechanisms in a legume-rhizobium mutualism
    • Heath KD, Tiffin P. (2009) Stabilizing mechanisms in a legume-rhizobium mutualism. Evolution, 63:652-662.
    • (2009) Evolution , vol.63 , pp. 652-662
    • Heath, K.D.1    Tiffin, P.2
  • 38
    • 42049119427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutualism, market effects and partner control
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01505.x
    • Johnstone RA, Bshary R. (2008) Mutualism, market effects and partner control. J Evol Biol, 21:879-888. (Pubitemid 351521533)
    • (2008) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 879-888
    • Johnstone, R.A.1    Bshary, R.2
  • 39
    • 0036742084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From parasitism to mutualism: Partner control in asymmetric interactions
    • Johnstone RA, Bshary R. (2002) From parasitism to mutualism: partner control in asymmetric interactions. Ecol Lett, 5:634-639.
    • (2002) Ecol Lett , vol.5 , pp. 634-639
    • Johnstone, R.A.1    Bshary, R.2
  • 40
  • 41
    • 0029693807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamical theory of coevolution: A derivation from stochastic ecological processes
    • Dieckmann U, Law R. (1996) The dynamical theory of coevolution: a derivation from stochastic ecological processes. J Math Biol, 34:579-612. (Pubitemid 126768843)
    • (1996) Journal of Mathematical Biology , vol.34 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 579-612
    • Dieckmann, U.1    Law, R.2
  • 42
    • 0041930120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cheating and the evolutionary stability of mutualisms
    • DOI 10.1098/rspb.2001.1900
    • Ferrière R, Bronstein JL, Rinaldi S, Law R, Gauduchon M. (2002) Cheating and the evolutionary stability of mutualisms. Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci, 269:773-780. (Pubitemid 34478348)
    • (2002) Education Economics , vol.269 , Issue.1493 , pp. 773-780
    • Ferriere, R.1    Bronstein, J.L.2    Rinaldi, S.3    Law, R.4    Gauduchon, M.5
  • 44
    • 0032493465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symbiosis through exploitation and the merger of lineages in evolution
    • DOI 10.1098/rspb.1998.0426
    • Law R, Dieckmann U. (1998) Symbiosis through exploitation and the merger of lineages in evolution. Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci, 265:1245-1253. (Pubitemid 28340107)
    • (1998) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , vol.265 , Issue.1402 , pp. 1245-1253
    • Law, R.1    Dieckmann, U.2
  • 45
    • 0013770258 scopus 로고
    • Genetical evolution of social behaviour i
    • Hamilton WD (1964) Genetical evolution of social behaviour I. J Theor Biol, 7:1-16.
    • (1964) J Theor Biol , vol.7 , pp. 1-16
    • Hamilton, W.D.1
  • 48
    • 49049118638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking within- and between-host dynamics in the evolutionary epidemiology of infectious diseases
    • Mideo N, Alizon S, Day T. (2008) Linking within- and between-host dynamics in the evolutionary epidemiology of infectious diseases. Trends Ecol Evol, 23:511-517.
    • (2008) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.23 , pp. 511-517
    • Mideo, N.1    Alizon, S.2    Day, T.3
  • 49
    • 0042978500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coevolution in temporally variable environments
    • DOI 10.1086/376582
    • Nuismer SL, Gomulkiewicz R, Morgan MT. (2003) Coevolution in temporally variable environments. Am Nat, 162:195-204. (Pubitemid 37007698)
    • (2003) American Naturalist , vol.162 , Issue.2 , pp. 195-204
    • Nuismer, S.L.1    Gomulkiewicz, R.2    Morgan, M.T.3
  • 50
    • 0036128336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local adaptation and the geometry of host-parasite coevolution
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00305.x
    • Gandon S. (2002) Local adaptation and the geometry of host-parasite coevolution. Ecol Lett, 5:246-256. (Pubitemid 34235145)
    • (2002) Ecology Letters , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 246-256
    • Gandon, S.1
  • 51
    • 0036090345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local adaptation, evolutionary potential and host-parasite coevolution: Interactions between migration, mutation, population size and generation time
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00402.x
    • Gandon S, Michalakis Y. (2002) Local adaptation, evolutionary potential and host-parasite coevolution: interactions between migration, mutation, population size and generation time. J Evol Biol, 15:451-462. (Pubitemid 34519626)
    • (2002) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 451-462
    • Gandon, S.1    Michalakis, Y.2
  • 53
    • 40049100173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the evolution of bleaching resistance in corals
    • DOI 10.1086/524956
    • Day T, Nagel L, Van Oppen MJH, Caley MJ. (2008) Factors affecting the evolution of bleaching resistance in corals. Am Nat, 171: E72-E88. (Pubitemid 351323442)
    • (2008) American Naturalist , vol.171 , Issue.2
    • Day, T.1    Nagel, L.2    Van Oppen, M.J.H.3    Caley, M.J.4
  • 54
    • 33947144557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polygenic traits and parasite local adaptation
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00029.x
    • Ridenhour BJ, Nuismer SL (2007) Polygenic traits and parasite local adaptation. Evolution, 61:368-376. (Pubitemid 46411610)
    • (2007) Evolution , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 368-376
    • Ridenhour, B.J.1    Nuismer, S.L.2
  • 55
    • 33748157498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilocus genetics and the coevolution of quantitative traits
    • DOI 10.1554/05-581.1
    • Kopp M, Gavrilets S. (2006) Multilocus genetics and the coevolution of quantitative traits. Evolution, 60:1321-1336. (Pubitemid 44795577)
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , Issue.7 , pp. 1321-1336
    • Kopp, M.1    Gavrilets, S.2
  • 56
    • 0033804199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of deleterious mutations in endosymbionts: Muller's ratchet with two levels of selection
    • Rispe C, Moran NA. (2000) Accumulation of deleterious mutations in endosymbionts: Muller's ratchet with two levels of selection. Am Nat, 156:425-441.
    • (2000) Am Nat , vol.156 , pp. 425-441
    • Rispe, C.1    Moran, N.A.2
  • 57
    • 64049099930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolfram Research Inc. Wolfram Research Inc., Champaign, IL
    • Wolfram Research Inc. (2008) Mathematica Version 7.0. Wolfram Research Inc., Champaign, IL.
    • (2008) Mathematica Version 7.0
  • 58
    • 79955704227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MathWorks. MathWorks, Natick, MA
    • MathWorks. (2009) MATLAB Version 7.9. MathWorks, Natick, MA.
    • (2009) MATLAB Version 7.9
  • 59
    • 70149113077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
    • R Development Core Team. (2009) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
    • (2009) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 60
    • 0003405432 scopus 로고
    • Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ
    • Ritchie D. (1972) C Programming Language. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ.
    • (1972) C Programming Language
    • Ritchie, D.1
  • 61
  • 62
    • 34547724111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agent-based simulation platforms: Review and development recommendations
    • DOI 10.1177/0037549706073695
    • Railsback SF, Lytinen SL, Jackson SK. (2006) Agent-based simulation platforms: review and development recommendations. Simul Trans Soc Model Simul Int, 82:609-623. (Pubitemid 44824638)
    • (2006) Simulation , vol.82 , Issue.9 , pp. 609-623
    • Railsback, S.F.1    Lytinen, S.L.2    Jackson, S.K.3
  • 63
    • 33745202268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general model for the evolution of mutualisms
    • Foster KR, Wenseleers T. (2006) A general model for the evolution of mutualisms. J Evol Biol, 19:1283-1293.
    • (2006) J Evol Biol , vol.19 , pp. 1283-1293
    • Foster, K.R.1    Wenseleers, T.2
  • 64
    • 4344605134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooperation and competition in pathogenic bacteria
    • Griffin A, West S, Buckling A. (2004) Cooperation and competition in pathogenic bacteria. Nature, 430:1024.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.430 , pp. 1024
    • Griffin, A.1    West, S.2    Buckling, A.3
  • 65
    • 24644491815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of migration on local adaptation in a coevolving host-parasite system
    • DOI 10.1038/nature03913
    • Morgan AD, Gandon S, Buckling A. (2005) The effect of migration on local adaptation in a coevolving host-parasite system. Nature, 437:253-256. (Pubitemid 41294487)
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , Issue.7056 , pp. 253-256
    • Morgan, A.D.1    Gandon, S.2    Buckling, A.3
  • 66
    • 42449128896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kin selection and the evolution of virulence
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.hdy.6801093, PII 6801093
    • Buckling A, Brockhurst MA (2008) Kin selection and the evolution of virulence. Heredity, 100:484-488. (Pubitemid 351574184)
    • (2008) Heredity , vol.100 , Issue.5 , pp. 484-488
    • Buckling, A.1    Brockhurst, M.A.2
  • 67
    • 33748510352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathways to mutualism breakdown
    • DOI 10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.018, PII S0169534706002060
    • Sachs JL, Simms EL (2006) Pathways to mutualism breakdown. Trends Ecol Evol, 21:585-592. (Pubitemid 44354972)
    • (2006) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.21 , Issue.10 , pp. 585-592
    • Sachs, J.L.1    Simms, E.L.2
  • 71
    • 0029065042 scopus 로고
    • The benefits of mutualism: A conceptual framework
    • Connor RC. (1995) The benefits of mutualism: a conceptual framework. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 70:427-457.
    • (1995) Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc , vol.70 , pp. 427-457
    • Connor, R.C.1
  • 75
    • 0029948439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to make a kin selection model
    • DOI 10.1006/jtbi.1996.0075
    • Taylor PD, Frank SA. (1996) How to make a kin selection model. J Theor Biol, 180:27-37. (Pubitemid 26197225)
    • (1996) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.180 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-37
    • Taylor, P.D.1    Frank, S.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.