Bed bugs: Clinical relevance and control options

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 164-192

  Doggett, Stephen L ^a   Dwyer, Dominic E ^b   Peñas, Pablo F ^a   Russell, Richard C ^b  

^a WESTMEAD HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ALLERGEN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; CHLORPHENOTANE; CORTICOSTEROID; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; INSECTICIDE; PERMETHRIN; STEROID;

ANAPHYLAXIS; ANEMIA; ANTIGEN DETECTION; ANXIETY; ARTHROPOD; ARTICLE; BED BUG; BIOLOGY; BRUGIA; CIMICIDAE; CIMICIDAE HEMIPTERUS; CIMICIDAE LECTULARIUS; CLEANING; COLD; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DELUSIONAL PARASITOSIS; DERMATITIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; DOG; EMOTIONAL STRESS; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM; FATIGUE; FEVER; FUMIGATION; HEALTH BELIEF; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HIGH TEMPERATURE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYGIENE; INSECT; INSECT ALLERGY; INSECT BITE; INSECT CONTROL; INSECT DEVELOPMENT; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; LAUNDRY; MALAISE; MENTAL HEALTH; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; OECIACUS VICARIOUS HORVATH; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; RICKETTSIA TYPHI; SALIVARY GLAND; SCRATCHING; SECONDARY INFECTION; SHAME; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SKIN PRURITUS; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; STIGMA; VACUUM; VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WUCHERERIA;

ANIMALS; BEDBUGS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS; HUMANS; INSECT BITES AND STINGS; PREVALENCE; WORLD HEALTH;

CIMEX; CIMEX LECTULARIUS; CIMICIDAE; HEXAPODA;

EID: 84855681892     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: 10986618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.05015-11     Document Type: Article

References (327)

1. Abdel-Nasar MB, Lotfy RA, Al-Sherbiny MM, Ali NMS. 2006. Patients with papular urticaria have IgG antibodies to bedbug (Cimex lectularius) antigens. Parasitol. Res. 98:550-556.
2. Abou Gamra ESM, El-Shayed FA, Morsy TA, Hussein HM, Shehata ESZ. 1991. The relation between Cimex lectularius antigen and bronchial asthma in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 21:735-746.
3. ABS. 2008. Housing occupancy and costs, 2007-08. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, Australia. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/0182E400E70CD78BCA25766500159C4F/$File/41300do001_200708.xls.
4. Amara S, Anuradha A, Silverman B, Schneider AT. 2007. Resurgence of bedbug bites misdiagnosed as allergic skin rashes in inner-city population. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 98(Suppl. 1):A86.
5. Anders D, Bröker E-B, Hamm H. 2010. Cimex lectularius-an unwelcome train attendant. Eur. J. Dermatol. 20:239-240.
6. Anderson A. 2011. The decade of bedbugs and fear. Environ. Health Insights 5:53-54.
7. Anderson JF, Ferrandino FJ, McKnight S, Nolen J, Miller J. 2009. A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Med. Vet. Entomol. 23:99-105.
8. Anonymous. 25 January 2007. Bed bug problems heat up Salt Lake fire department. Pest Management Professional Online Headline News. http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bug-problems-heat-up-salt-lake-fire-department.
9. Anonymous. 2007. Guidelines for the control and prevention of bed bug infestations in California.State of California Health and Human Services Agency, Department of Health Services, Sacramento, CA. http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Guidelines/Documents/CaliforniaBedBugGuidelines.pdf.
10. Anonymous. 2009. Bedbugs lead to PL ban. Library J. 134:14.
11. Anonymous. 2009. Preventing and getting rid of bed bugs safely, a guide for property owners, managers and tenants. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and Department of Housing Preservation and Development, New York, NY. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/vector/bed-bug-guide.pdf.
12. Anonymous. 2010. Unlicensed PCO charged with using banned pesticides to treat bed bugs. Pest Control Technologies Online Headline News. http://www.pctonline.com/pct-062210-unlicensed-pco-charged-banned-pesticides-bed-bugs.aspx.
13. Anonymous. 2010. EDs trying not to let the bed bugs bites. ED Manag. 2010:100-101.
14. Anonymous. 6 November 2010. PA hospital had bed bugs. Star- Phoenix, p A4.
15. Anonymous. 7 December 2010. Portsmouth preschool to reopen after bed bug infestation. NewsChannel3. http://www.wtkr.com/news/wtkr-bedbug-story-suri,0,1545343.story.
16. Anonymous. 12 January 2010. Juicy Couture hit with case of bedbugs. MSNBC.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40450948/ns/business-us_business.
17. Anonymous. 16 September 2010. N. C. college closes half its dorms due to bed bug problem. Pest Control Technology Online News. http://www.pctonline.com/Catawba-College-bed-bug-closings.aspx.
18. Anonymous. 2010. Bedbug bites becoming bigger battle. CMAJ 182: 1606.
19. Anonymous. 2010. A review of "Best Yet" cedar oil product. BedBug Central. http://www.bedbugcentral.com/research-and-development/topic.cfm/a-review-of-best-yet-cedar-oil-product.
20. Anonymous. 2011. Bed bug treatment sets house on fire. National Pest Management Association, Fairfax, VA. http://www.allthingsbedbugs.org/bed-bug-news/bed-bug-treatment-sets-house-on-fire.aspx.
21. Anonymous. 9 May 2011. Toxin linked to hotel deaths. New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id_1&objectid _10724300.
22. Anonymous. 9 May 2011. Tourist may have died from insecticides. MSNNZ News. http://news.msn.co.nz/article/8246721/tourist-may-have-died-from-insecticides.
23. Anonymous. 2011. Woman turned away from hospital because of bed bugs. National Pest Management Association, Fairfax, VA. http://allthingsbedbugs.pestworld.org/bed-bug-news/woman-turned-away-from-hospital-because-of-bed-bugs.aspx.
24. Anonymous. 2011. Bed bug spray. Bed Bug Mundo. http://www.bedbugmundo.com/bed-bug-spray.html.
25. Anonymous. 2011. Bugs biting back? Int. Pest Control 53:9.
26. Anonymous. 9 April 2011. Bedbugs on the treadmill? New York Post. www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/bedbugs_on_the_treadmills_vwj856cUV86g 504cvqFt5K.
27. Anonymous. 14 March 2011. Retailers can squash bedbug-related lawsuits. PR Newswire. www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/retailers-can -squash-bedbug-related-lawsuits-attorney-says-117928974.html.
28. Anonymous. 28 February 2011. British Airways jet grounded after bed bug infestation. Sydney Morning Herald Online. http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-news/british-airways-jet-grounded-after-bed-bug-infestation-20110228-1bar3.html.
29. Anonymous. 2011. Orkin's top 50 bed bug cities. Pest Control Technol. 39:147.
30. Anonymous. 2011. Bed bug laws. J. Prop. Manag. 2011(March-April):16.
31. Anonymous. 2011. Invention awards: sniffing out bedbugs. National Pest Management Association, Fairfax, VA. http://allthingsbedbugs.pestworld.org/bed-bug-news/2011-invention-awards-sniffing-out-bedbugs.aspx.
32. AOL. 2010. 2010 year end hot searches. AOL. http://about-search.aol.com/hotsearches2010/index.html.
33. APVMA. 2011. What is the APVMA doing about permethrin toxicity in cats? Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Canberra, Australia. http://www.apvma.gov.au/news_media/community/2011-01_permethrin_cats.php.
34. Araujo RN, Costa FS, Gontijo NF, Goncalves TCM, Pereira MH. 2009. The feeding process of Cimex lectularius (Linnaeus 1758) and Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius 1803) on different bloodmeal sources. J. Insect Physiol. 55:1151-1157.
35. Azmi HK, Ali SZ. 1998. Use of invertebrates as traditional drugs among the tribals of Chhatisgarh. J. Living World 5:22-29.
36. Bello P. 2010. Bed bugs, the human side. Pest Manag. Prof. 2010 (February):43-45.
37. Bencheton AL, et al. 2010. Resurgence of bedbugs in southern France: a local problem or the tip of the iceberg? J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. 25: 599-602.
38. Benoit J. 2011. Stress tolerance of bed bugs: a review of factors that cause trauma to Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus. Insects 2:151-172. doi: 10.3390/insects2020151.
39. Benoit JB, et al. 2009. Addition of alarm pheromone components improves the effectiveness of desiccant dusts against Cimex lectularius. J. Med. Entomol. 46:572-579.
40. Benoit JB, Del Grosso NA, Yoder JA, Denlinger DL. 2007. Resistance to dehydration between bouts of blood feeding in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is enhanced by water conservation, aggregation, and quiescence. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:987-993.
41. Berg R. 2010. Bed bugs: the pesticides dilemma. J. Environ. Health 72: 32-49.
42. Bircher AJ. 2005. Systemic immediate allergic reactions to arthropod bites and stings. Dermatology 210:119-127.
43. Bloom GM, Cooper RA, Corea R, Gangloff-Kaufmann JL, Lopez R. 2010. Recommendations for the management of bed bugs in New York City. New York City Bed Bug Advisory Board, New York, NY. http://council.nyc.gov/downloads/pdf/bed_bugs_report_2010.pdf.
44. Boase C. 2001. Bedbugs-back from the brink. Pestic. Outlook 2001 (August):159-162.
45. Boase C, Small G, Naylor R. 2006. Interim report of insecticides susceptibility status of UK bedbugs. Prof. Pest Control 2006 (Summer): 12-13.
46. Borts MR. 2006. Cimex lectularius (bedbug) bites presenting as chronic urticaria. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2:S310.
47. Bouchard MF, et al. 2011. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and IQ in 7-year old children. Environ. Health Perspect. 119: 1189-1195. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003185.
48. Braness GA. 2004. Insecticides & pesticide safety, p 1098-1163. In Mallis A, Hedges SA, Moreland D (ed), Handbook of pest control, 9th ed. GIE Media, Richfield, OH.
49. Brasch J, Schwarz T. 2006. 26-year old male with urticarial papules. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 4:1077-1079.
50. Brault AC, et al. 2009. Stone Lakes virus (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus), a variant of Fort Morgan virus isolated from swallow bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) west of the Continental Divide. J. Med. Entomol. 46:1203-1209.
51. Brotman B, Prince AM, Godfrey HR. 1973. Role of arthropods in transmission of hepatitis-B virus in the tropics. Lancet 301:1305-1308.
52. Brown CR, Moore AT, Young GR, Komar N. 2010. Persistence of Buggy Creek virus (Togaviridae, Alphavirus) for two years in unfed swallow bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Oeciacus vicarius). J. Med. Entomol. 47:436-441.
53. Brunswick M. 21 April 2011. VA to quilters: thanks but please quit. Star Tribune. www.startribune.com/local/minneapolis/120325859.html.
54. Burnett JW, Calton GJ, Morgan RJ. 1986. Bedbugs. Cutis 38:20.
55. Burton GJ. 1963. Bedbugs in relation to transmission of human diseases. Public Health Rep. 78:513-524.
56. Burton GJ. 1963. Bedbugs in relation to transmission of human diseases, addenda. Public Health Rep. 78:953.
57. Busvine JR. 1958. Insecticide-resistance in bed-bugs. Bull. World Health Organ. 19:1041-1052.
58. Busvine JR. 1980. Insects & hygiene. The biology and control of insect pests of medical and domestic importance, 3rd ed. Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom.
59. Carter S. 11 May 2011. Debate over pesticide's role in tourists' mystery deaths. Sydney Morning Herald Online. http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-incidents/debate-over-pesticides-role-in-tourists-mystery-deaths-20110511-1ei2f.html.
60. Carver M, Gross GF, Woodward TE. 1991. Hempitera, p 429-509. In Naumann ID (ed), The insects of Australia, 2nd ed, vol 1. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Australia.
61. Cassels C. 14 May 2011. Impact of bed bugs much more than skin deep. Medscape Today News. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/742775.
62. Cassidy L. 2010. Taking a bite out of the bed bug sialome. J. Proteome Res. 9:3765.
63. Cater J, Magee D, Hubbard SA, Edwards KT, Goddard J. 2011. Severe infestation of bed bugs in a poultry breeder house. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 239:919.
64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Joint statement on bed bug control in the United States from the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm.
65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Acute illnesses associated with insecticides used to control bed bugs-seven states, 2003-2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 60:1269-1273.
66. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. 2011. Acute illnesses associated with insecticides used to control bed bugs-seven states, 2003-2010, editorial note. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 60:1273-1274.
67. Cestari TF, Martignago BF. 2005. Scabies, pediculosis, bedbugs, and stinkbugs: uncommon presentations. Clin. Dermatol. 23:545-554.
68. Chang KP. 1974. Effects of elevated temperature on mycetome and symbiotes of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 23:333-340.
69. Chang C, Chao D. 1999. Comparative study on the insect forms of a low virulence isolate of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) developed in cimicid bugs and in its regular insect vector species. Chin. J. Entomol. 19:145-152.
70. Churchill TP. 1930. Urticaria due to bedbug bites. JAMA 95:1975
71. Clark S, Gilleard JS, McGoldrick J. 2002. Human bedbug infestation of a domestic cat. Vet. Rec. 151:336.
72. Cleary CJ, Buchanan D. 2004. Diagnosis and management of bedbugs. Nurse Practit. 29:47-48.
73. Cohen PR, Tschen JA, Robinson FW, Gray J. 2010. Recurrent episodes of painful and pruritic red skin lesions. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 11:73-78.
74. Colton HR, Altevogt BM (ed). 2006. Functional and economic impact of sleep loss and sleep-related disorders, p 137-172. In Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: an unmet public health problem. Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research Board on Health Sciences Policy, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
75. Cooper DL. 1948. Bedbug bites. JAMA 138:1206.
76. Cooper R. 2007. Just encase: mattress and box-spring encasements can serve as an essential tool in effective bed bug management. Pest Control 75:64-75.
77. Criado PR, Criado RFJ. 2011. Bedbugs (Heteroptera, Cimicidae): an etiology of pruritis to be remembered. An. Bras. Dermatol. 86:163-164. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v86n1/en_v86n1a28.pdf.
78. Criado PR, Belda W, Jr, Jardim RF, Criado RFJ, Vasconcellos C. 2011. Bedbugs (Cimicidae infestation): the worldwide renaissance of an old partner of human kind. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 15:74-80.
79. Crissy JT. 1981. Bedbugs. An old problem with a new dimension. Int. J. Dermatol. 20:411-414.
80. Davio S. 2010. Got bed bugs? Don't panic. Bed bugs do not transmit disease and can be controlled without toxic pesticides. Pestic. You 30: 13-17. http://www.beyondpesticides.org/infoservices/pesticidesandyou/Winter06-07/bedbugs.pdf.
81. Delaunay P, et al. 2009. Bedbugs and healthcare-associated dermatitis, France. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15:989-990.
82. Delaunay P, et al. 2011. Bedbugs and infectious diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52:200-210.
83. Desai R, et al. 2011. Survival and transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from fomites. Am. J. Infect. Control 39:219-225.
84. Doby JM. 1993. Les arthropods ectoparasites de l'homme utilises en therapeutique depuis l'antiquite jusqu'a nos jours. Bull. Soc. Fr. Parasitol. 11:275-299.
85. Doggett SL. 2005. A code of practice for the control of bed bug infestations in Australia (draft). Department of Medical Entomology and Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/bed_bug_cop_draft_complete.pdf.
86. Doggett SL. 2006. A code of practice for the control of bed bug infestations in Australia. Department of Medical Entomology and Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/bed_bug_cop_v1.pdf.
87. Doggett SL. 2007. A code of practice for the control of bed bug infestations in Australia, 2nd ed (draft). Department of Medical Entomology and Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/cop_ed2_completed.pdf.
88. Doggett SL. 2007. A code of practice for the control of bed bug infestations in Australia, 2nd ed. Department of Medical Entomology and Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/cop_ed2_final.pdf.
89. Doggett SL. 2009. A code of practice for the control of bed bug infestations in Australia, 3rd ed (draft). Department of Medical Entomology and Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/cop_ed3_draft.pdf.
90. Doggett SL. 2009. Non-chemical methods of bed bug control: a case study. Prof. Pest Manag. 13:27-29.
91. Doggett SL. 2009. Identification & natural history, p 13-22. In Doggett SL (ed), Bed bug workshop, Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association course notes. Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association and Department of Medical Entomology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
92. Doggett SL. 2009. Bed bugs and human health, p 23-28. In Doggett SL (ed), Bed bug workshop, Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association course notes. Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association and Department of Medical Entomology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
93. Doggett SL. 2010. A code of practice for the control of bed bug infestations in Australia, 3rd ed. Department of Medical Entomology and Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/cop_3ed_final.pdf.
94. Doggett SL. 2011. A bed bug management policy for accommodation providers. Department of Medical Entomology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/man_policy_ed1_final.pdf.
95. Doggett SL. 2011. A code of practice for the control of bed bug infestations in Australia, 4th ed (draft). Department of Medical Entomology and Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/cop_ed4_draft.pdf.
96. Doggett SL. 2011. Why all the stink about new technology? Prof. Pest Manag. 15:5-6.
97. Doggett SL. 2011. Bed bug products not always what they're cracked up to be. Prof. Pest Manag. 15:31-32.
98. Doggett SL, Geary MJ, Crowe WJ, Wilson P, Russell RC. 2003. Has the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), invaded Australia? Environ. Health 3:80-82.
99. Doggett SL, Geary MJ, Russell RC. 2004. The resurgence of bed bugs in Australia, with notes on their ecology and control. Environ. Health 4:30-38.
100. Doggett SL, Geary MJ, Russell RC. 2006. Encasing mattresses in black plastic will not provide thermal control of bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99:2132-2135.
101. Doggett S, Lilly D, Russell RC. 2011. Battling bed bugs; the latest in weaponry. Prof. Pest Manag. 15:25-26, 31.
102. Doggett SL, Orton CJ, Lilly D, Russell RC. 2011. Bed bugs: the Australian response. Insects 2:96-111. www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/2/2/96/pdf.
103. Doggett SL, Orton CJ, Lilly DG, Russell RC. 2011. Bed bugs-a growing problem worldwide, Australian and international trends update and causes for concern, session 2A. Abstr. Aust. Environ. Pest Manag. Assoc. NSW Conf. 2011, Sydney, Australia, 2 June 2011. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/papers/aepma_2011_doggett.pdf.
104. Doggett SL, Russell RC. 2008. The resurgence of bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Australia: experiences from down under, p 407-425. In Robinson WH, Bajomi D (ed). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, Budapest, Hungary, 13 to 16 July 2008. OOK-Press, Pápai, Hungary.
105. Doggett SL, Russell RC. 2009. Bed bugs for the general practitioner. Aust. Fam. Physician 38:880-884.
106. Doggett SL, Russell RC. 2009. Emerging challenges in bed bug management, p 6.1-6.44. In Doggett SL (ed), Emerging Pest Management Challenges Symposium course notes. Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
107. Doggett SL, Russell RC. 2010. Laboratory investigations of the 'BB Secure Ring' and its ability to act as a barrier to the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Department of Medical Entomology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://www.bedbugsecure.com/BB%20Secure%20Ring%20Laboratory%20Investigation%20Report.pdf.
108. Eddy C, Jones SC. 2011. Bed bugs, public health, and social justice: part 1, a call to action. J. Environ. Health 73:8-14.
109. Eley SM, Garder R, Molyneux DH, Moore NF. 1987. A reovirus from the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. J. Gen. Virol. 68:195-199.
110. El-Mofty MM, Sakr SA, Younis WF. 1989. Induction of skin papillomas in the rabbit, Oryctologus cuniculus, by bites of a blood-sucking insect, Cimex lectularius, irradiated by gamma rays. J. Invest. Dermatol. 93: 630-632.
111. El Okbi LM, El-Okbi MM, Khaled ML. 1985. Insects bites as a possible aetiological factor of Prurigo of Hebra in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 15:57-60.
112. Epstein GV, Exemplarskaya EV, Silvers IL, Babekova ON. 1936. Bedbugs as transmitters of hemolytic staphylococci to experimental animals. G. Batteriol. Immunol. 17:495-501.
113. Evans H. 2 December 2010. NYU's Hospital for Joint Diseases shuts 10th floor area down after patient claims she saw a bedbug. New York Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-12-02/local/27083006_1_bedbug-rheumatoid-arthritis-patient-claims.
114. Feldlaufer MF, Loudon C. 2011. Undesirable dispersal of eggs and early-stage nymphs of the bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) by static electricity and air currents. J. Entomol. Sci. 46:169-170.
115. Fletcher CL, Ardern-Jones MR, Hay RJ. 2002. Widespread bullous eruption due to multiple bed bug bites. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 27:74-75.
116. Francischetti MB, et al. 2010. Insight into the sialoma of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. J. Proteome Res. 9:3820-3831.
117. Freudenmann RW, Lepping P. 2009. Delusional infestation. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 22:690-732.
118. Gangloff-Kaufmann JL, Pichler C. 2008. Guidelines for prevention and management of bed bugs in shelters and group living facilities. New York State IPM Program, Cornell University, New York, NY. http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/bb_guidelines/files/bb_guidelines_intro.pdf.
119. Gbakima AA, et al. 2002. High prevalence of bedbugs Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius in camps for internally displaced persons in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a pilot humanitarian investigation. West Afr. J. Med. 21:268-271.
120. Geist-May K. 2011. Tenant tries to kill bed bugs, starts fire. Cincinnati News. http://cincinnati.com/blogs/considerthisclermont/2011/01/24/tenant-tries-to-kill-bed-bugs-starts-fire/.
121. Gerozisis J, Hadlington P, Staunton I. 2008. Urban pest management in Australia, 5th ed. UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia.
122. Getty GM, Taylor RL, Lewis VR. 2008. Hot house. Pest Control Technol. 36:96-100.
123. Gill GV, Bell DR, Vandervelde EM. 1991. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 337:247-248.
124. Goddard J. 2003. Do bed bugs carry human diseases? A controversy. Pest Control Technol. 31:38, 40.
125. Goddard J. 2003. Bed bugs bounce back-but do they transmit disease? Infect. Med. 20:473-474.
126. Goddard J. 2009. Bed bugs: vectors of human disease? Pest Control Technol. 37:44-45, 48, 50-52, 54-55.
127. Goddard J. 2011. Bedbugs and transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53:210.
128. Goddard J, de Shazo R. 2008. Rapid rise in bed bug populations: the need to include them in the differential diagnosis of mysterious skin rashes. South. Med. Assoc. 101:854-855.
129. Goddard J, de Shazo R. 2009. Multiple feeding by the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, without sensitization. Midsouth Entomol. 2:90-92.
130. Goddard J, de Shazo R. 2009. Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical consequences of their bites. JAMA 301:1358-1366.
131. Goff L. 2004. Bedbugs are back! Good Housekeeping 238:100-101.
132. Goff L. 2011. FDNY warns don't use gasoline products on bedbugs. The Queens Gazette. http://www.qgazette.com/news/2011-03-09/Front_Page/FDNY_Warns_Dont_Use_Gasoline_Products_On_Bedbugs.html.
133. Gooch H. 9 August 2004. Bed bug issue might separate the professional from the not-so-professional. Pest Management Professional Buzz Online Newsletter. http://www.pestcontrolmag.com/pestcontrol/article/articleDetail.jsp?id_109597.
134. Google Analytics. 2011. Web statistics for www.bedbug.org.aufor 6 June 2011 to 29October 2011. http://www.google.com/analytics/.
135. Gorwitz RJ, et al. 2008. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonisation with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004. J. Infect. Dis. 197:1226-1234.
136. Haislip S. 2011. Survey reveals bed bugs are top concern for local affiliates. Units 2011(June):91-92.
137. Hamann ID. 2004. Insect bites and skin infestations. Med. Today 5:39-46.
138. Harlan HJ. 2006,2010. Bed bugs-importance, biology, and control strategies. Technical guide no. 44. Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Washington, DC. http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/pubs/techguides/tg44.pdf.
139. Harraca V, Ryne C, Ignell R. 2010. Nymphs of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) produce anti-aphrodisiac defence against conspecific males. BMC Biol. 8:121.
140. Hasenböhler A, Kassell A. 2011. Thermal treatment for bed bugs, p 261-265. In Robinson WH, Bajomi D (ed), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Pests, Ouro Preto, Brazil. Instituto Biologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
141. Haynes KF, Goodman MH, Potter MF. 2010. Bed bug deterrence. BMC Biol. 8:117.
142. Heukelbach J, Hengge UR. 2009. Bed bugs, leeches and hookworm larvae in the skin. Clin. Dermatol. 27:285-290.
143. Heymann WR. 2009. Bed bugs: a new morning for the nighttime pests. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60:482-483.
144. Hildreth CJ, Burke AE, Glass RM. 2010. Bed bugs. JAMA 301:1398.
145. Hirao M. 2010. Recent resurgence of bedbug and its management. Med. Entomol. Zool. 61:211-221.
146. Hoang L. 19 July 2011. Heater used to exterminated bed bugs ruled as cause for Royal Scot apartment fire. Global BC. http://www.globaltvbc.com/heater_used_to_exterminate_bed_bugs_ruled_as_cause_for_royal_scot_apartment_fire/308175/story.html.
147. Honig PJ. 1986. Arthropod bites, stings, and infestations: their prevention and treatment. Pediatr. Dermatol. 3:189-197.
148. Hopes V. 18 August 2010. Unbearable bugs: Patricia Dupuis living out of her car. The News.
149. How Y-F, Lee C-Y. 2009. Survey of bed bugs in infested premises in Malaysia and Singapore. J. Vector Ecol. 35:89-94.
150. How Y-F, Lee C-Y. 2010. Fecundity, nymphal development and longevity of field-collected tropical bedbugs, Cimex hemipterus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 24:108-116.
151. How Y-F, Lee C-Y. 2011. Surface contact toxicity and synergism of several insecticides against different stages of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Pest Manag. Sci. 67:734-740.
152. Hurst S, Humphreys M. 2011. Bedbugs not back by popular demand. Dimens. Crit. Care Nurs. 30:94-96.
153. Hwang SW, Svoboda T, De Jong IJ, Kabasele KJ, Gogosis E. 2005. Bed bug infestations in an urban environment. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11: 533-538.
154. Hypsa V, Aksoy S. 1997. Phylogenetic characterisation of two transovarially transmitted endosymbionts of the bedbug Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Insect Mol. Biol. 6:301-304.
155. Idge Acici MM, Igde FA, Umur S. 2009. Carpet beetle Anthrenus verbasci, Linnaeus 1767: a new seasonal indoor allergen. Case report. Turk. Klin. Tip Bilim. 29:1729-1731.
156. Jacobs A. 27 November 2005. Just try to sleep tight. The bedbugs are back. New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res_9A04EFD61731F934A15752C1A9639C8B63&pagewanted_1.
157. Jimenez-Diaz C, Sanchez-Cuenca B. 1935. Asthma produced by susceptibility to unusual allergens: linseed, insects, tobacco, and chicory. JAMA 6:397-403.
158. Johnson CG. 1941. The ecology of the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L., in Britain. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 41:345-461.
159. Jorg ME. 1992. Cimex lectularius L., (the common bed bug) a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 24:277-278.
160. Jorg ME, Natula ON. 1982. Cimex lectularius, L. (the common bedbug) vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. Prensa Med. Argent. 69:528-533.
161. Jupp PG, Lyons SF. 1987. Experimental assessment of bedbugs (Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti formosus) as vectors of human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS 1:171-174.
162. Jupp PG, McElligott SE. 1979. Transmission experiments with hepatitis B surface antigen and the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L). S. Afr. Med. J. 56:54-57.
163. Jupp PG, McElligott SE, Lecatsas G. 1983. The mechanical transmission of hepatitis B by the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L.) in South Africa. S. Afr. Med. J. 63:77-81.
164. Jupp PG, Prozesky OW, McElligott SE. 1980. Absence of biological multiplication of hepatitis B virus in the common bedbug. S. Afr. Med. J. 57:36.
165. Jupp PG, Prozesky OW, McElligott SE, van Wyk LAS. 1978. Infection of the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L.) with hepatitis B virus in South Africa. S. Afr. Med. J. 53:598-600.
166. Jupp PG, Purcell RH, Phillips JM, Shapiro M, Gerin JL. 1991. Attempts to transmit hepatitis B virus to chimpanzees by arthropods. S. Afr. Med. J. 79:320-322.
167. Karunaratne SHPP, Damayanthi BT, Fareena MHJ, Imbuldeniya V, Hemingway J. 2007. Insecticide resistance in the tropical bedbug Cimex hemipterus. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 88:102-107.
168. Kells SA. 2006. Control of bed bugs in residences, information for pest control companies. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
169. Kettle DS. 1984. Medical and veterinary entomology. Croom Helm, London, United Kingdom.
170. Kilpinen O, Jensen KMV, Kristensen M. 2008. Bed bug problems in Denmark, with a European perspective, p 395-399. In Robinson WH, Bajomi D (ed), Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, Budapest, Hungary, 13 to 16 July 2008. OOK-Press, Pápai, Hungary.
171. Kilpinen O, Kristensen M, Jensen KMV. 2011. Resistance differences between chlorpyrifos and synthetic pyrethroids in Cimex lectularius population from Denmark. Parasitol. Res. 109:1461-1464.
172. Kinnear J. 1948. Epidemic of bullous erythema on legs due to bed bugs. Lancet ii:55
173. Knight M. 1 February 2010. The bedbug decider. New Yorker. www.newyorker.com/talk/2010/02/01/100201ta_talk_knight.
174. Kock R, et al. 2010. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): burden of disease and control challenges in Europe. Euro Surveill. 15(41):19688.
175. Kolb A, Needham GR, Neyman KM, High WA. 2009. Bedbugs. Dermatol. Ther. 22:347-352.
176. Kulkarni DK, Kumbhojkar MS, Upadhye AS. 1995. Ethnobiological resources used in traditional medicines by Mahadeo koli tribe from western Maharashtra. Flora Fauna 1:65-66.
177. Lee I-Y, Ree H-I, An S-J, Linton JA, Yong T-S. 2008. Reemergence of the bedbug Cimex lectularius in Seoul, Korea Korean J. Parasitol. 46: 269-271.
178. Lefferts A, Parkhill A, Cadigan D, Clayton M, Dugan-Merkler M. 2009. Battle and ancient nuisance. Home Healthcare Nurse 27:598-606.
179. Leininger-Hogan A. 2011. Bedbugs in the intensive care unit. Crit. Care Nurs. Q. 34:150-153.
180. Lestch C, Fanelli J. 3 July 2010. Bedbugs force yet another store to shutter its doors, this time it's Abercrombie & Fitch at Seaport. New York Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-07-03/local/27068877_1_bedbugs-clothing-store-abercrombie-fitch.
181. Leverkus M, et al. 2006. Bullous allergic hypersensitivity to bed bug bites mediated by IgE against salivary nitrophorin. Soc. Invest. Dermat. 126: 91-96.
182. Liebold K, Schliemann-Willers S, Wollina U. 2003. Disseminated bullous eruptions with systemic reaction caused by Cimex lectularius. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 17:461-463.
183. Lilly DG, Doggett SL, Orton C, Russell RC. 2009. Bed bug product efficacy under the spotlight, part 1. Prof. Pest Manag. 13-14:19-20.
184. Lilly DG, Doggett SL, Orton C, Russell RC. 2009. Bed bug product efficacy under the spotlight, part 2. Prof. Pest Manag. 13-14:15, 18.
185. Lilly DG, Doggett SL, Zalucki MP, Orton C, Russell RC. 2009. Bed bugs that bite back, confirmation of insecticide resistance in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Prof. Pest Manag. 13:22-24.
186. Lilly DG, Jones G, Doggett SL, Orton C, Russell RC. 2 July 2011. Use your Bed Bug Code of Practice to get more money from jobs by educating your customers, session 3B. Abstr. Aust. Environ. Pest Manag. Assoc. NSW Conf. 2011, Sydney, Australia, 2 June 2011.
187. Lockhart B. 2 March 2011. Bill would require bedbug warnings Stamford Advocate. www.stamfordadvocate.com/local/article/Law-sought-to-warn-of-hotel-apartment-bed-bug-1037245.php.
188. Lowe CF, Romney MG. 2011. Bedbugs as vectors for drug-resistant bacteria. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17:1132-1134. (Letter.)
189. Lupo L. 2009. Who you gunna call? Pest Control Technol. 37:97-100.
190. Lyons SF, Jupp PG, Schoub BD. 1986. Survival of HIV in the common bedbug. Lancet ii:45.
191. Madge O. 2011. European code of practice, bed bug management. Bed Bug Foundation, London, United Kingdom. http://www.bedbugfoundation.org/downloads/45632_BedBug_ECoP_v9_forWeb.pdf.
192. Madge O. 2011. European code of practice, bed bug management, draft 1. Bed Bug Foundation, London, United Kingdom. http://www.bedbugfoundation.org/downloads/Bedbug140311.pdf.
193. Madge O, Doggett SL. 2010. Bed bugs-the American way. Int. Pest Control 2010 (November-December):308-309.
194. Madhu R. 2010. Papular urticaria. Indian J. Pract. Pediatr. 12:100-104.
195. Mankin RW, et al. 2010. Acoustic indicators for targeted detection of stored product and urban insect pests by inexpensive infrared, acoustic, and vibrational detection of movement. J. Econ. Entomol. 103: 1636-1646.
196. Masetti M, Bruschi F. 2007. Bedbug infestations recorded in central Italy. Parasitol. Int. 56:81-83.
197. Reference deleted.
198. Mayans MV, et al. 1990. Risk factors for transmission of hepatitis B virus to Gambian children. Lancet 366:1107-1109.
199. Mayans MV, et al. 1994. Do bedbugs transmit hepatitis B? Lancet 343: 761-763.
200. Mellanby K. 1939. The physiology and activity of the bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) in a natural infestation. Parasitology 31:200-211.
201. Messer AK. 2011. Bed bugs, public health, and social justice. J. Environ. Health 73(10):40, 33. (Letter to the editor.)
202. Miller D. 2010. Bed bug action plan for apartments. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. http://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/pesticides/pdffiles/bb-apt1.pdf.
203. Miller D. 2010. Bed bug action plan for hotels. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. http://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/pesticides/pdffiles/bb-hotels1.pdf.
204. Miller D, Fisher ML. 2008. Bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) response to fumigation using sulfuryl fluoride, p 123-127. In Robinson WH, Bajomi D (ed), Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, Budapest, Hungary, 13 to 16 July 2008. OOK-Press, Pápai, Hungary.
205. Miller R. 30 January 2011. Franklin County homeless shelter to reopen after bedbug infestation. Herald Mail. http://www.herald-mail.com/news/tristate/hm-franklin-county-homeless-shelter-to-reopen-after-bedbug-infestation-20110130,0,2918568.story.
206. MMBWG. 2010. Michigan manual for the prevention and control of bed bugs. Michigan Bed Bug Working Group, Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing, MI. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/Bed_Bug_Manual_v1_full_reduce_326605_7.pdf.
207. Moore DJ, Miller DM. 2006. Laboratory evaluations of insecticide product efficacy for control of Cimex lectularius. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 2080-2086.
208. Moore DJ, Miller DM. 2008. Field evaluations of insecticide treatment regimens for control of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.). Pest Manag. Sci. 65:332-338.
209. Myamba J, Maxwell CA, Asidi A, Curtis CF. 2002. Pyrethroid resistance in tropical bedbugs, Cimex hemipterus, associated with use of treated bednets. Med. Vet. Entomol. 16:448-451.
210. Nagro A. 2011. Opportunity to educate. Bed bug supplement. Pest Control Technol. 39:111.
211. Nagro A. 2011. Treat before you heat. Pest Control Technol. 39:80-81.
212. Naylor RA, Boase CJ. 2008. Effiacy of (s)-methoprene against Cimex lectularius, p 115-121. In Robinson WH, Bajomi D (ed), Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, Budapest, Hungary, 13 to 16 July 2008. OOK-Press, Pápai, Hungary.
213. Naylor RA, Boase CJ. 2010. Practical solutions for treating laundry infested with Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 103:136-139.
214. Newberry K. 1988. Production of a hybrid between the bedbugs Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2:297-300.
215. Newberry K. 1989. The effects on domestic infestations of Cimex lectularius bedbugs of interspecific mating with C. hemipterus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 3:407-414.
216. Newberry K. 1990. The tropical bedbug Cimex hemipterus near the southernmost extent of its range. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84: 745-747.
217. Newberry K, Mchunu ZM. 1989. Changes in the relative frequency of occurrence of infestations of two sympatric species of bedbug in northern Natal and KwaZulu, South Africa. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83:262-264.
218. Newkirk MM, Downe AER, Simon JB. 1975. Fate of ingested hepatitis-B antigen (HbAg) in blood-sucking insects. Gastroenterology 69:982-987.
219. NMHC. 2010. Quick facts: resident demographics. National Multi Housing Council, Washington, DC. http://www.nmhc.org/Content/ServeContent.cfm?ContentItemID_1152.
220. NPMA. 2011. Bed bugs in America: new survey reveals impact on everyday life. National Pest Management Association, Fairfax, VA. http://www.pestworld.com/bedbugs-in-america.
221. NPMA. 2011. NPMA BMP bed bugs best management practices. National Pest Management Association, Fairfax, VA. http://www.npmapestworld.org/publicpolicy/documents/NPMABedBugBMPAPPROVED20110124_prettified.pdf.
222. NPMA. 2011. Registering new/existing/legacy pesticides for the professional market for the control of bed bugs. National Pest Management Association, Fairfax, VA. https://www.npmapestworld.org/publicpolicy/documents/March132011RegisteringNewProductsPP.pdf.
223. NYCDHMH.2009. The NYC Environmental Public Health and Sustainability Tracking Portal. New York City Department of Mental Health and Hygiene, New York, NY. https://gis.nyc.gov/doh/track/.
224. Ogston CW, London WT. 1980. Excretion of hepatitis B surface antigen by the bed bug Cimex hemipterus Fabr. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74:823-825.
225. Ogston CW, Wittenstein FS, London WT, Millman I. 1979. Persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen in the bed bug Cimex hemipterus. J. Infect. Dis. 140:411-414.
226. Omori N. 1941. Comparative studies on the ecology and physiology of common and tropical bed bugs, with special references to the reactions to temperature and moisture. J. Med. Assoc. Formos. 60:555-729.
227. Omudu EA, Kuse CN. 2010. Bedbug infestation and its control practices in Gbajimba: a rural settlement in Benue state, Nigeria. J. Vector Borne Dis. 47:222-227.
228. Orton CJ. 2009. Guidelines for the establishment and management of AEPMA code-of-practice working parties (V2. 1.3). Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/bedbug/guidelines_cop_wp.pdf.
229. Oudhia P. 2001. Traditional medicinal knowledge about bed bug Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Chhattisgarh. Insect Environ. 7:23.
230. Parsons DJ. 1955. Bed bug bite anaphylaxis misinterpreted as coronary occlusion. Ohio Med. J. 51:669.
231. Parvez N, et al. 2010. Universal MRSA nasal surveillance: characterization of outcomes at a tertiary care center and implications for infection control. South. Med. J. 103:1084-1091.
232. Paul J, Bates J. 2000. Is infestation with the common bedbug increasing? BMJ 320:1141.
233. Pereira RM, Koehler PG. 2011. Use of heat, volatile insecticide, and monitoring tools to control bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae), p 325-329. In Robinson WH, Bajomi D (ed), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Pests, Ouro Preto, Brazil, Instituto Biologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
234. Pereira RM, Koehler PG, Pfiester M, Walker W. 2009. Lethal effects of heat and use of localized heat treatment for control of bed bug infestations. J. Econ. Entomol. 102:1182-1188.
235. Perron S, King N, Lajoie L, Jacques L. 25 January 2010. Les punaises de lit, retour vers le futur. Bull. Inform. Environ., p 1-9. http://www.inspq.qc.ca/bise/post/2010/01/25/Les-punaises-de-lit-retour-vers-le-futur.aspx.
236. Pfiester M, Koehler PG, Pereira RM. 2008. Ability of bed bug-detecting canines to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 101:1389-1396.
237. Phisalix M. 1922. Animaux venimeux. Et venins. La fonction venimeuse chez tous, les animaux, les appareils venimeux, les venins et leurs propriétés: les fonctions et usages des venins; l'envenimation et son traitement. Masson & Cie, Paris, France.
238. Pinto L. 1999. Bed bugs...they're back. Pest Control 67:10-12.
239. Pinto LJ, Cooper R, Kraft SK. 2007. Bed bug handbook. The complete guide to bed bugs and their control. Pinto & Associates, Mechanicsville, MD.
240. Potter MF. 2011. The history of bed bug management. Am. Entomol. 57:14-25.
241. Potter MF, et al. 2010. The sensitivity spectrum: human reactions to bed bug bites. Pest Control Technol. 38:70-74, 100.
242. Potter MF, Haynes KF, Goodman M, Stamper S, Sams S. 2010. Blast from the past. Pest Manag. Prof. 2010(March):46, 47, 49-52.
243. Potter MF, Haynes KF, Romero A, Hardeback E, Wickemeyer W. 2008. Is there a new bed bug answer? Pest Control Technol. 36:116, 118-124.
244. Potter MF, Romero A, Haynes KF, Hardebeck E. 2007. Killing them softly: battling bed bugs in sensitive places. Pest Control Technol. 35: 24-32.
245. Potter MF, Romero A, Haynes KF, Jarzynka T. 2008. Bed bugs, heat and hotel rooms. Pest Control Technol. 36:106-109, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120-121.
246. Potter MF, Rosenberg B, Henrikson M. 2010. Bugs without borders, defining the global bed bug resurgence. Pestworld 2010 (September- October):1-12.
247. Pritchard MJ, Hwang SW. 2009. Severe anemia from bedbugs. CMAJ 181:287-288.
248. Przybilla B, Eben R. 2008. Insect allergy- elicited by millions of species? Allergologie 31:361-365.
249. Ravinder K, Janaiah C, Reddy SM. 1992. Fungicidal activity of scent secretions of certain heteropterian bugs. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 15: 103-105.
250. Reinhardt K, Kempke D, Naylor R, Siva-Jothy MT. 2009. Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Med. Vet. Entomol. 23:163-166.
251. Reinhardt K, Naylor R, Siva-Jothy MT. 2005. Potential sexual transmission of environmental microbes in a traumatically inseminating insect. Ecol. Entomol. 30:607-611.
252. Reinhardt K, Siva-Jothy MT. 2006. Biology of the bed bugs (Cimicidae). Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52:351-374.
253. Reynolds E. 26 September 2008. Patients flee hospital infested by bed bugs. Daily Mirror, p 21. www.thefreelibrary.com/Patients_flee_hospital_infested_by_bed_bugs%3B_PEST_CONTROL_MOVES_IN-a0185576297.
254. Richards L, Boase CJ, Gezan S, Cameron MM. 2009. Are bed bug infestations on the increase within greater London? J. Environ. Health Res. 9:17-24.
255. Robinson W. 2004. Bed bugs knock roaches off the list. Pest Control 72:51-53.
256. Robinson WH, Boase CJ. 2011. Bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) resurgence: plotting the trajectory, p 315-318. In Robinson WH, Bajomi D (ed), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Pests, Ouro Preto, Brazil. Instituto Biologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
257. Romero A, Potter MF, Haynes KF. 2009. Are dusts the bed bug bullet? Pest Manag. Prof. 2009(May):22-23, 26, 28, 30.
258. Romero A, Potter MF, Haynes KF. 2009. Evaluation of piperonyl butoxide as a deltamethrin synergist for pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs. J. Econ. Entomol. 102:2310-2315.
259. Romero A, Potter MF, Haynes KF. 2009. Behavioral responses of the bed bug to insecticide residues. J. Med. Entomol. 46:51-57.
260. Romero A, Potter MF, Haynes KF. 2010. Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. Pest Manag. Sci. 66: 1243-1248.
261. Romero A, Potter MF, Potter DA, Haynes KF. 2007. Insecticide resistance in the bed bug: a factor in the pest's sudden resurgence? J. Med. Entomol. 44:175-178.
262. Roos TC, Alam M, Roos S, Merk HF, Bickers DR. 2001. Pharmacotherapy of ectoparasitic infections. Drugs 61:1067-1088.
263. Rush WA, Francy DB, Smith GC, Cropp CB. 1980. Transmission of an arbovirus by a member of the family Cimicidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 73:315-318.
264. Russell RC. 2001. The medical significance of Acari in Australia, p 535-546. In Halliday RB, Walter DE, Proctor HC, Norton RA, Colloff MJ (ed), Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Acarology. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.
265. Sakamoto JM, Feinstein J, Rasgon JL. 2006. Wolbachia infections in the Cimicidae: museum specimens as an untrapped resource for endosymbiont surveys. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:3161-3167.
266. Sansom JE, Reynolds NJ, Peachey RDG. 1992. Delayed reaction to bed bug bites. Arch. Dermatol. 128:272-273.
267. Scarupa MD, Economides AE. 2006. Bedbug bites masquerading as urticaria. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117:1508-1509. (Letter.) 268.
268. Schapiro R. 21 August 2010. Bedbugs found in small area in basement of Empire State Building. New York Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-08-21/local/27073221_1_bedbugs-tallest-building-empire-state-building.
269. Schwarz J. 29 October 2010. Bedbugs hitch a ride to downtown office buildings. NBC Chicago, Chicago, IL. http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/Bed-Bugs-Make-The-Leap-To-Downtown-Office-Buildings-106297913.html.
270. Scott HG. 1963. Household and stored-food insects of public health importance and their control. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, GA.
271. Siff A. 16 July 2010. Something lingering in the lingerie? Bed bugs hit Victoria's Secret. NBC New York, New York, NY. http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Dont-Mention-It-Bed-Bugs-Hit-Victorias-Secret-98621039.html.
272. Sigurdson K, Ayas NT. 2007. The public health and safety consequences of sleep disorders. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 85:179-183.
273. Silverman AL, et al. 2001. Assessment of hepatitis B virus DNA and hepatitis C virus RNA in the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L.) and kissing bug (Rhodnius prolixus). Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96:2194-2198.
274. Skerritt J. 21 April 2011. Katz pledges summit on bug registry. Winnipeg Free Press. www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/katz-pledges-summit-on-bug-registry-120342999.html.
275. St. Aubin F. 1991. Everything old is new again. Pest Control Technol. 19:50, 52, 102.
276. Steen CJ, Carbonaro PA, Schwartz RA. 2004. Arthropods in dermatology. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 50:819-842.
277. Sternberg L. 1929. A case of asthma caused by the Cimex lectularius. Med. J. Rec. 129:622.
278. Stevens K. 2003. Sleeping with the enemy. New York Times 25 (December):5.
279. Straub RD, Salvaggio HL, Adams DR, Zaenglein AL. 2009. Diffuse clusters of vesicles on the face and extremities of a 10-month-old girl. Pediatr. Dermatol. 26:747-748.
280. Stucki A, Ludwig R. 2008. Bedbug bites. N. Engl. J. Med. 359:1047.
281. Surender P, Janaiah C, Reddy VK, Reddy SM. 1988. Bacterial activity of certain volatile scent components of heteropteran bugs. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. Part B Biol. Sci. 54:315-316.
282. Suwannayod S, Chanbang Y, Buranapanichpan S. 2010. The life cycle and effectiveness of insecticide against the bed bugs of Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hyg. 41:548-554.
283. Taisey AA, Neltner T. 2010. What's working for bed bug control in multifamily housing: reconciling best practices with research and the realities of implementation. National Center for Healthy Housing, Columbia, MD. http://www.nchh.org/Portals/0/Contents/Bed_Bug_Report_2-12-10.pdf.
284. Tawatsin A, et al. 2011. Insecticides resistance in bedbugs in Thailand and laboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 48:1023-1030.
285. Taylor P, Morrison J. 1980. Cimex lectularius as a vector of hepatitis B. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 26:96-100.
286. Terminix. 2011. Annual list identifies where bedbugs bite most across U. S. http://www.terminix.com/Media/PressReleases.aspx.
287. Ter Poorten MC, Prose NS. 2005. The return of the common bed bug. Pediatr. Dermatol. 22:183-187.
288. Tharakaram S. 1999. Bullous eruption due to Cimex lectularius. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 24:241-242.
289. Thomas I, Kihiczak CG, Schwartz RA. 2004. Bedbug bites: a review. Int. J. Dermatol. 43:430-433.
290. Thompson J. 1983. Bed bug. Agfacts information leaflet. Department of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
291. Thorburn PT, Riha RL. 2010. Skin disorders and sleep in adults: where is the evidence? Sleep Med. Rev. 14:351-358.
292. Tomar BS. 1998. Hepatitis E in India. Acta Paediatr. Sin. 39:150-156.
293. Tonn RJ, Nelson M, Espinola H, Cardozo JV. 1982. Cimex hemipterus and Rhodnius prolixus from an area of Venezuela endemic for Chagas' disease. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 7:49-50.
294. Trudnowski RJ, Rico RC. 1974. Specific gravity of blood and plasma at 4 and 37°C. Clin. Chem. 20:615-616.
295. Turell MJ. 1988. Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses by insect and tick vectors, p 127-152. In Monath TP (ed), The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
296. U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. 2003. Mathias v, Accor Economy Lodging. U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. http://scholar.google.com.au/scholar_case?case_7866068039935648138&hl_en&as_sdt_2&as_vis_1&oi_scholarr.
297. U.S. House of Representatives. 2011. HR 967: bed bug management, prevention, and research act. U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill_h112-967.
298. Usinger RL. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thomas Say Foundation, College Park, MD.
299. Vaickus LJ, Bouchard J, Kim J, Natarajan S, Remick DG. 2010. Oral tolerance inhibits pulmonary eosinophilia in a cockroach allergen induced model of asthma: a randomized laboratory study. Respir. Res. 11:160.
300. Valenzuela JG, Chuffe OM, Ribeiro JM. 1996. Apyrase and anti-platelet activities from the salivary glands of the bed bug Cimex lectularius. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 21:557-562.
301. Valenzuela JG, Guimaraes JA, Ribeiro JM. 1996. A novel inhibitor of factor X activation from the salivary glands of the bed bug Cimex lectularius. Exp. Parasitol. 83:184-190.
302. Valenzuela JG, Walker FA, Ribeiro JMC. 1995. Salivary nitrophorin (nitric-oxide-carrying hemoprotein) in the bedbug Cimex lectularius. J. Exp. Biol. 198:1519-1526.
303. Vandam J. 2 November 2003. Sleep tight, and don't let.oh, just forget about it. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2003/11/02/nyregion neighborhood-report-greenpoint-sleep-tight-and-don-t-let-oh-just-forget-about-it.html.
304. Vargo EL, et al. 2011. Genetic analysis of bed bug infestations and populations, p 319-323. In Robinson WH, Bajomi D (ed), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Pests, Ouro Preto, Brazil. Instituto Biologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
305. Vaughan JA, Azad AF. 1993. Patterns of erythrocyte digestion by bloodsucking insects: constraints on vector competence. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 214-216.
306. Venkatachalam PS, Belavady B. 1962. Loss of haemoglobin iron due to excessive biting by bed bugs. A possible aetiological factor in the iron deficiency anaemia of infants and children. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:218-221.
307. Walker W, Glover K, Koehler P, Thoms E, Hobelmann E. 2008. Fumigation, steam, dusting and labor. Pest Control Technol. 36:40, 42, 44-46, 48, 50.
308. Walpole DE, Newberry K. 1988. A field study of mating between species of bedbug in northern KwaZulu, South Africa. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2:293-296.
309. Wang C, Cooper R. 2011. Detection tools and techniques. Pest Control Technol. 39:72, 74, 76, 78-79, 112
310. Wang C, Gibb T, Bennett GW. 2009. Evaluation of two least toxic integrated pest management programs for managing bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) with discussion of a bed bug intercepting device. J. Med. Entomol. 46:566-571.
311. Wang CL, Gibb T, Bennett GW, McKnight S. 2009. Bed bug (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) attraction to pitfall traps baited with carbon dioxide, heat, and chemical lure. J. Econ. Entomol. 102:1580-1585.
312. Wang CL, Tsai W-T, Cooper R, White J. 2011. Effectiveness of bed bug monitors for detecting and trapping bed bugs in apartments. J. Econ. Entomol. 104:274-278.
313. WanZhen F, KaiShong Y. 1995. A clinical study of the relationship between bed bugs and allergic asthma. Chin. J. Vector Biol. Control 6:54-57.
314. WanZhen F, KaiShong Y. 1997. Relationship between bedbug antigen and bronchial asthma. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 15:386-387.
315. Waters F, Bucks ES. 2011. Neuropsychological effects of sleep loss: implication for neuropsychologists. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 17: 571-586.
316. Webb PA, et al. 1989. Potential for insect transmission of HIV: experimental exposure of Cimex hemipterus and Toxorhynchites amboinensis to human immunodeficiency virus. J. Infect. Dis. 160:970-977.
317. Weeks ENI, Birkett MA, Cameron MM, Pickett JA, Logan JG. 2010. Semiochemicals of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and their potential for use in monitoring and control. Pest Manag. Sci. 67:10-20.
318. Whitford F, et al. 2006. The pesticide marketplace, discovering and developing new products. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. http://www.ppp.purdue.edu/Pubs/ppp-71.pdf.
319. Wikipedia. 2011. Demographics of the United States. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_population.
320. Wikipedia. 2011. Demographics of Australia. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_population.
321. Williams JE, Imlarp S, Top FH, Jr, Cavanaugh DC, Russell PK. 1976. Kaeng Khoi virus from naturally infected bedbugs (Cimicidae) and immature freetailed bats. Bull. World Health Organ. 53:365-369.
322. Wills W, et al. 1977. Hepatitis-B virus in bedbugs (Cimex hemipterus) from Senegal. Lancet ii:217-219.
323. Yeap HL, et al. 2011. Dynamics of the "popcorn" Wolbachia infection in outbred Aedes aegypti informs prospects for mosquito vector control. Genetics 187:583-595.
324. Yoon KS, et al. 2008. Biochemical and molecular analysis of deltamethrin resistance in the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 45:1092-1101.
325. Zahner GEP, Kasl SV, While M, Will J. 1985. Psychological consequences of infestation of the dwelling unit. Am. J. Public Health 75: 1303-1307.
326. Zhu F, et al. 2010. Widespread distribution of knockdown resistance mutations in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), populations in the United States. Arch. Insect Biochem. 73:245-257.
327. Zhu IY, Stiller MJ. 2002. Arthropods and skin diseases. Int. J. Dermatol. 41:533-549.