How developing nations can protect children from hazardous chemical exposures while sustaining economic growth

Health Affairs

Volumn 30, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 2400-2409

  Trasande, Leonardo ^a   Massey, Rachel I ^b   DiGangi, Joseph ^c   Geiser, Kenneth ^b   Olanipekun, Abiola Ifueko ^d   Gallagher, Louise ^e  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

^c International POPs Elimination Network   (United States)

^d Ministry of Environment   (Nigeria)

^e Chemicals Branch   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL, INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC CHEMICALS; MERCURY;

ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BIRTH DEFECT; BRAIN CANCER; CHILD HEALTH; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DANGEROUS GOODS; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA; POLLUTION CONTROL; TESTIS CANCER; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

CHILD; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; VULNERABLE POPULATIONS; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 84855666568     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: 15445208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1217     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. National Research Council. Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 1993.
2. Sly PD, Pronczuk J. Guest editorial: susceptibility of children to pollutants. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2007; 8(4): 273-4.
3. Martinez FD. The origins of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in early life. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009; 6(3): 272-7.
4. Landrigan PJ. Commentary: environmental disease-a preventable epidemic. Am J Public Health. 1992; 82(7): 941-3.
5. European Chemicals Agency. List of pre-registered substances [Internet]. Helsinki: The Agency; [last updated 2010 Sep 23; cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://apps.echa .europa.eu/preregistered/ pre-registered-sub.aspx
6. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical hazard data availability study: what do we really know about the safety of high production volume chemicals? [Internet]. Washington (DC): EPA; 1998 Apr [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www .epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/hazchem.pdf
7. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD environmental outlook to 2030: summary in English [Internet]. Paris: OECD; 2008 [cited 2011 Nov 8]. Available from: http:// www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/33/40200582.pdf
8. Rotterdam Barrios P. Convention on Hazardous Chemicals: a meaningful step toward environmental protection. Geo Int'l Envtl L Rev. 2004; 16(4); 679-762.
9. Trasande L, Liu Y. Reducing the staggering costs of environmental disease in children, estimated at $76.6 billion in 2008. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011; 30(5): 863-70.
10. Grosse SD, Matte TD, Schwartz J, Jackson RJ. Economic gains resulting from the reduction in children's exposure to lead in the United States. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110(6): 563-9.
11. Sundseth K, Pacyna JM, Pacyna EG, Munthe J, Belhaj M, Astrom S. Economic benefits from decreased mercury emissions: projections for 2020. J Clean Prod. 2010; 18(4): 386-94.
12. World Bank. Environmental health and child survival: epidemiology, economics, experiences. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2008.
13. Akinbami LJ. The state of childhood asthma, United States, 1980-2005. Adv Data. 2006; (381): 1-24.
14. Williams LJ, Kucik JE, Alverson CJ, Olney RS, Correa A. Epidemiology of gastroschisis in metropolitan Atlanta, 1968 through 2000. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2005; 73(3): 177-83.
15. Paulozzi LJ, Erickson JD, Jackson RJ. Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics. 1997; 100(5): 831-4.
16. Matasar MJ, Ritchie EK, Consedine N, Magai C, Neugut AI. Incidence rates of acute promyelocytic leukemia among Hispanics, blacks, Asians, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15(4): 367-70.
17. Schechter CB. Re: Brain and other central nervous system cancers: recent trends in incidence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91(23): 2050-1.
18. Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Stone BJ, Miller BA, Tarone RE, Fraumeni JF Jr. Recent cancer trends in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87(3): 175-82.
19. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006. JAMA. 2008; 299(20): 2401-5.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring developmental disabilities [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2011 Sep 22 [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/ ddsurv.htm
21. National Research Council. Scientific frontiers in developmental toxicology and risk assessment. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2000.
22. Trasande L, Thurston GD. The role of air pollution in asthma and other pediatric morbidities. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115(4): 689-99.
23. Rudant J, Menegaux F, Leverger G, Baruchel A, Nelken B, Bertrand Y, et al. Household exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood hematopoietic malignancies: the ESCALE study (SFCE). Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115(12): 1787-93.
24. Infante-Rivard C, Weichenthal S. Pesticides and childhood cancer: an update of Zahm and Ward's 1998 review. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2007; 10(1-2): 81-99.
25. Knox E. Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005; 59(2): 101-5.
26. Fajardo-Gutié A, Juárez-Ocaña S, González-Miranda G, Palma-Padilla V, Carreón-Cruz R, Ortega-Alvárez MC, et al. Incidence of cancer in children residing in ten jurisdictions of the Mexican Republic: importance of the cancer registry (a population-based study). BMC Cancer. 2007; 7(1): 68.
27. Pearce N, Aït-Khaled N, Beasley R, Mallol J, Keil U, Mitchell E, et al. Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax. 2007; 62(9): 758-66.
28. Goldmann L (Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD). Childhood pesticide poisoning: information for advocacy and action [Internet]. Geneva: Chemicals Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme; 2004 May [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/pestpoisoning.pdf
29. Prüss-Ustün A, Vickers C, Haefliger P, Bertollini R. Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review. Environ Health. 2011; 10: 9.
30. Prüss-Üstün A, Corvalán C. Analysis of estimates of the environmentally attributable fraction, by disease. Chap. 5 in: Preventing disease through healthy environments towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006 [cited 2011 Nov 10]. Available from: http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease5 .pdf
31. World Bank. Cost of pollution in China: economic estimates of physical damages [Internet]. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2007 Feb [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/China_Cost_of_ Pollution.pdf
32. Pacyna JM, Sundseth K, Pacyna EG, Munthe J, Åström S, Panasiuk D. Socio-economic costs of continuing the status-quo of mercury pollution [Internet]. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers; 2008 [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http:// www.norden.org/sv/publikationer/publikationer/2008-580/at_download/publicationfile
33. Nichols AL. Lead in gasoline. In: Morgenstern RD, editor. Economic analyses at EPA: assessing regulatory impact. Washington (DC): Resources for the Future; 1997. p. 49-86.
34. United Nations Environment Programme. Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles [home page on the Internet]. Nairobi: The Partnership; [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.unep.org/pcfv/about/bkground.asp
35. Tsai PL, Hatfield TH. Global benefits of phasing out leaded fuel. J Environ Health. 2011; 74(5): 8-15..
36. Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead in Paint [home page on the Internet]. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme; [cited 2011 Nov 8]. Available from: http://unep.org/hazardoussubstances/ hazardoussubstances/LeadCadmium/PrioritiesforAction/ GAELP/tabid/6176/Default.aspx
37. Sundseth K, Pacyna JM, Pacyna EG, Munthe J, Belhaj M, Astrom S. Economic benefits from decreased mercury emissions: projections for 2020. J Clean Prod. 2010; 18(4): 386-94.
38. Trasande L, Schechter C, Haynes KA, Landrigan PJ. Applying cost analyses to drive policy that protects children: mercury as a case study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006; 1076: 911-23.
39. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture: 2008 [Internet]. Rome: FAO; 2009 [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Part I: 5. Available for download from: http://www .fao.org/docrep/011/i0250e/i0250e00.htm
40. Trasande L, Cortes JE, Landrigan PJ, Abercrombie MI, Bopp RF, Cifuentes E. Methylmercury exposure in a subsistence fishing community in Lake Chapala, Mexico: an ecological approach. Environ Health. 2010; 9: 1.
41. Appleton JD, Williams TM, Breward N, Apostol A, Miguel J, Miranda C. Mercury contamination associated with artisanal gold mining on the island of Mindanao, the Philippines. Sci Total Environ. 1999; 228(2-3): 95-109.
42. United Nations Environment Programme, SAICM Secretariat. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management [home page on the Internet]. Geneva: UNEP; 2006 [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.saicm.org/index.php?menuid=3&pageid=187
43. United Nations Environment Programme SAICM Implementation. The Global Chemicals Outlook Project [home page on the Internet]. Geneva: UNEP; [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.chem .unep.ch/unepsaicm/mainstreaming/GlobChem Outllook_default.htm
44. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Release Inventory [Internet]. Washington (DC): EPA; [last updated 2011 Oct 27; cited 2011 Nov 8]. Available from: http://www.epa .gov/tri/
45. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Proposition [Internet]. Sacramento (CA): The Office; [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html
46. European Commission, Environment. REACH [Internet]. Brussels: European Commission; [last updated 2011 Oct 24; cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/reach_intro.htm
47. Chemicals Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme. An analysis of economic instruments in sound chemical management of chemicals. Geneva: UNEP Chemicals Programme. Forthcoming.
48. Massey R. Building a healthy economy: chemicals risk management as a driver of development. Sundbyberg: Swedish Chemicals Agency; 2005 Sep. (Kemi Report No. 2/05).
49. Housman RF. International environmental law and industrial ecology. In: Allenby BR, Richards DJ, editors. The greening of industrial ecosystems. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 1994. p. 108-22.
50. Swedish Chemicals AgencyCapacity building for chemicals control: organisation, responsibilities and tasks of governmental institutions of trade and industry [Internet]. Sundbyberg: The Agency; [cited 2011 Nov 22]. Available from: http://www2.kemi.se/upload/trycksaker/ pdf/pm/pm_1_07.pdf
51. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) [Internet]. Boston (MA): The Department; [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.mass.gov/dep/toxics/ toxicsus.htm
52. Maine State Legislature. Public Law, Chapter 643, 123rd Maine State Legislature: An Act to Protect Children's Health and the Environment from Toxic Chemicals in Toys and Children's Products [Internet]. Augusta (ME): The Legislature; 2008 Apr 17 [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.chemicalspolicy.org/legislation docs/Maine/ME_1691.pdf
53. World Health Organization. Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI) [home page on the Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2011 [cited 2011 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www .who.int/heli/en/
54. Cifuentes E, Trasande L, Ramirez M, Landrigan P. A qualitative analysis of environmental policy and children's health in Mexico. Environ Health. 2010; 9: 14.
55. Okuda N. Opening remarks by Ambassador Norihiro Okuda, Permanent Mission of Japan [Internet]. Remarks made at: Role of Biodiversity and Healthy Ecosystems in Supporting Child Health Conference; 2010 Apr 30; New York, New York [cited 2011 Nov 2]. Available from: http://www.nyo.unep .org/Opening%20Remarks (Amb.%20Okuda).doc
56. International Council of Chemical Associations. ICCA-annual review 2008-09 [Internet]. Brussels: ICCA; [cited 2011 Nov 8]. Available from: http://www.icca-chem.org/ICCA Docs/Icca-Review_2008-2009.pdf
57. Sutton P, Wallinga D, Perron J, Gottlieb M, Sayre L, Woodruff T. Reproductive health and the industrialized food system: a point of intervention for health policy. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011; 30(5): 888-97.