Numerical models of salt marsh evolution: Ecological, geomorphic, and climatic factors

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Fagherazzi, Sergio ^a   Kirwan, Matthew L ^b,c   Mudd, Simon M ^d   Guntenspergen, Glenn R ^b   Temmerman, Stijn ^e   D'Alpaos, Andrea ^f   Van De Koppel, Johan ^g   Rybczyk, John M ^h   Reyes, Enrique ⁱ   Craft, Chris ^j   Clough, Jonathan ^k  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY MARINE PROGRAM   (United States)

^b PATUXENT WILDLIFE RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^g NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY NIOO KNAW   (Netherlands)

^h WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k Warren Pinnacle Consulting ^*  (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANOXIC SEDIMENTS; BIOLOGY; DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEMS; MODELS; NUMERICAL METHODS; SEA LEVEL; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SEDIMENTATION; SEDIMENTOLOGY; WETLANDS;

CLIMATIC CHANGES; CLIMATIC FACTORS; ECOLOGICAL PROCESS; HIGHLY SENSITIVE; KEY FEATURE; LONG TERM DYNAMICS; MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS; NUMERICAL MODELS; PREDICTIVE MODELS; PROGRADATION; SALT MARSHES; SEA LEVEL RISE; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PROCESS; TIDAL CHANNEL; TIDAL FLAT;

MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; LANDFORM EVOLUTION; MORPHOGENESIS; NUMERICAL MODEL; SALTMARSH; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; TIDAL FLAT;

EID: 84855611580     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011RG000359     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. Allen, J. R. L. (1989), Evolution of salt marsh cliffs in muddy and sandy systems: A qualitative comparison of British west-coast estuaries, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 14, 85-92, doi:10.1002/esp.3290140108.
2. Allen, J. R. L. (1994), A continuity-based sedimentological model for temperate-zone tidal salt marshes, J. Geol. Soc., 151, 41-49, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.151.1.0041. (Pubitemid 24398403)
3. Allen, J. R. L. (1995), Salt marsh growth and fluctuating sea level: Implications of a simulation model for Flandrian coastal stratigraphy and peat-based sea-level curves, Sediment. Geol., 100, 21-45, doi:10.1016/0037- 0738(95)00101-8. (Pubitemid 26463922)
4. Allen, J. R. L. (2000), Morphodynamics of Holocene salt marshes: A review sketch from the Atlantic and southern North Sea Coasts of Europe, Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 1155-1231, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00034-7. (Pubitemid 30459308)
5. Allen, J. R. L., and K. Pye (1992), Saltmarshes: Morphodynamics, Conservation, and Engineering Significance, 196 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, U. K.
6. Beeftink, W. G. (1966), Vegetation and habitat of the salt marshes and beach plains in the south-western part of the Netherlands, Wentia, 15, 83-108.
7. Bindoff, N. L., et al. (2007), Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., pp. 385-432, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
8. Blum, L. K. (1993), Spartina alterniflora root dynamics in a Virginia marsh, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 102, 169-178, doi:10.3354/meps102169.
9. Boon, J. D., III (1975), Tidal discharge asymmetry in a salt marsh drainage system, Limnol. Oceanogr., 20, 71-80, doi:10.4319/lo.1975.20.1.0071.
10. Bouma, T. J., M. B. De Vries, E. Low, L. Kusters, P. M. J. Herman, I. C. Tanczos, A. Hesselink, S. Temmerman, P. Meire, and S. Van Regenmortel (2005a), Hydrodynamic measurements on a mudflat and in salt marsh vegetation: Identifying general relationships for habitat characterisations, Hydrobiologia, 540, 259-274, doi:10.1007/s10750-004-7149-0. (Pubitemid 40876439)
11. Bouma, T. J., M. B. De Vries, E. Low, G. Peralta, I. Tanczos, J. Van de Koppel, and P. M. J. Herman (2005b), Trade-offs related to ecosystem- engineering: A case study on stiffness of emerging macrophytes, Ecology, 86(8), 2187-2199, doi:10.1890/04-1588. (Pubitemid 41117488)
12. Bouma, T. J., L. A. van Duren, S. Temmerman, T. Claverie, A. Blanco-Garcia, T. Ysebaert, and P. M. J. Herman (2007), Spatial flow and sedimentation patterns within patches of epi-benthic structures: Combining field, flume, and modelling experiments, Cont. Shelf Res., 27(8), 1020-1045, doi:10.1016/j. csr.2005.12.019. (Pubitemid 46634685)
13. Bouma, T. J., M. Friedrichs, P. Klaassen, B. K. van Wesenbeeck, F. G. Brun, S. Temmerman, M. M. van Katwijk, G. Graf, and P. M. J. Herman (2009), Effects of shoot stiffness, shoot size, and current velocity on scouring sediment from around seedlings and propagules, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 388, 293-297, doi:10.3354/meps08130.
14. Bricker-Urso, S., S. W. Nixon, J. K. Cochran, D. J. Hirschberg, and C. Hunt (1989), Accretion rates and sediment accumulation in Rhode Island salt marshes, Estuaries, 12(4), 300-317, doi:10.2307/1351908. (Pubitemid 20398519)
15. Cahoon, D. R., and D. J. Reed (1995), Relationships among marsh surface topography, hydroperiod, and soil accretion in a deteriorating Louisiana salt marsh, J. Coastal Res., 11, 357-369. (Pubitemid 26463053)
16. Cahoon, D. R., et al. (2003), Mass tree mortality leads to mangrove peat collapse at Bay Islands, Honduras after Hurricane Mitch, J. Ecol., 91(6), 1093-1105. (Pubitemid 37538057)
17. Cahoon, D. R., P. F. Hensel, T. Spencer, D. J. Reed, K. L. McKee, and N. Saintilan (2006), Coastal wetland vulnerability to relative sea-level rise: Wetland elevation trends and process controls, in Wetlands and Natural Resource Management, Ecol. Stud., vol. 190, edited by J. T. A. Verhoeven et al., pp. 271-292, Springer, New York.
18. Callaway, J. C., R. D. DeLaune, and W. H. Patrick (1997), Sediment accretion rates from four coastal wetlands along the Gulf of Mexico, J. Coastal Res., 13(1), 181-191.
19. Chmura, G. L., S. C. Anisfeld, D. R. Cahoon, and J. C. Lynch (2003), Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17(4), 1111, doi:10.1029/2002GB001917.
20. Christiansen, T., P. L. Wiberg, and T. G. Milligan (2000), Flow and sediment transport on a tidal salt marsh surface, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 50(3), 315-331, doi:10.1006/ecss.2000.0548.
21. Church, J. A., and N. J. White (2006), A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01602, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL024826.
22. Church, J. A., et al. (2001), Changes in sea level, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. T. Houghton et al., pp. 639-694, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
23. Collins, L. M., J. N. Collins, and L. B. Leopold (1987), Geomor-phic processes of an estuarine marsh: Preliminary results and hypotheses, in International Geomorphology 1986, edited by V. Gardner, pp. 1049-1072, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
24. Conn, C. E., and F. P. Day (1997), Root decomposition across a barrier island chronosequence: Litter quality and environmental controls, Plant Soil, 195(2), 351-364, doi:10.1023/A:1004214216889. (Pubitemid 27471630)
25. Costanza, R., and M. Ruth (1998), Using dynamic systems modeling to scope environmental problems and build consensus, Environ. Manage. N. Y., 22, 183-195, doi:10.1007/s002679900095. (Pubitemid 28090700)
26. Costanza, R., and A. Voinov (2004), Landscape Simulation Modeling: A Spatially Explicit, Dynamic Approach, 330 pp., Springer, New York.
27. Costanza, R., F. H. Sklar, and M. L. White (1990), Modeling coastal landscape dynamics, BioScience, 40(2), 91-107, doi:10.2307/1311342.
28. Craft, C., J. Clough, J. Ehman, S. Joye, D. Park, S. Pennings, H. Guo, and M. Machmuller (2009), Forecasting the effects of accelerated sea level rise on tidal marsh ecosystem services, Frontiers Ecol. Environ, 7, 73-78, doi:10.1890/070219.
29. D'Alpaos, A. (2011), The mutual influence of biotic and abiotic components on the long-term ecomorphodynamic evolution of salt marsh ecosystems, Geomorphology, 126(3-4), 269-278.
30. D'Alpaos, A., S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, S. Fagherazzi, and A. Rinaldo (2005), Tidal network ontogeny: Channel initiation and early development, J. Geophys. Res., 110, F02001, doi:10.1029/2004JF000182. (Pubitemid 44618928)
31. D'Alpaos, A., S. Lanzoni, S. M. Mudd, and S. Fagherazzi (2006), Modeling the influence of hydroperiod and vegetation on the cross-sectional formation of tidal channels, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69(3-4), 311-324, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.002. (Pubitemid 44353891)
32. D'Alpaos, A., S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, and A. Rinaldo (2007a), Landscape evolution in tidal embayments: Modeling the interplay of erosion sedimentation and vegetation dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F01008, doi:10.1029/ 2006JF000537. (Pubitemid 46824261)
33. D'Alpaos, A., S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, A. Bonometto, G. Cecconi, and A. Rinaldo (2007b), Spontaneous tidal network formation within a constructed salt marsh: Observations and morphodynamic modelling, Geomorphology, 91(3-4), 186-197, doi:10.1016/j. geomorph.2007.04.013. (Pubitemid 47370921)
34. D'Alpaos, A., S. Lanzoni, A. Rinaldo, and M. Marani (2009), Intertidal eco-geomorphological dynamics and hydrodynamic circulation, in Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach, edited by G. M. E. Perillo et al., pp. 159-179, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
35. Darby, F. A., and R. E. Turner (2008a), Effects of eutrophication on salt marsh root and rhizome biomass accumulation, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 363, 63-70, doi:10.3354/meps07423.
36. Darby, F. A., and R. E. Turner (2008b), Below-and above-ground Spartina alterniflora production in a Louisiana salt marsh, Estuaries Coasts, 31(1), 223-231, doi:10.1007/s12237-007-9014-7. (Pubitemid 351912670)
37. Davidson-Arnott, R. G. D., D. Van Proosdij, J. Ollerhead, and L. Schostak (2002), Hydrodynamics and sedimentation in salt marshes: Examples from a macrotidal marsh, Bay of Fundy, Geomorphology, 48(1-3) 209-231, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X (02)00182-4.
38. Day, J. W., J. Rybczyk, F. Scarton, A. Rismondo, D. Are, and G. Cecconi (1999), Soil accretionary dynamics, sea-level rise and the survival of wetlands in Venice Lagoon: A field and modeling approach, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 49, 607-628, doi:10.1006/ecss.1999.0522. (Pubitemid 30018408)
39. Day, J. W., et al. (2005), Implications of global climatic change and energy cost and availability for the restoration of the Mississippi Delta, Ecol. Eng., 24(4), 253-265, doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004. 11.015.
40. DeLaune, R. D., J. A. Nyman, and W. H. Patrick (1994), Peat collapse, ponding, and wetland loss in a rapidly submerging coastal marsh, J. Coastal Res., 10, 1021-1030. (Pubitemid 2156238)
41. Donnelly, J. P., and M. D. Bertness (2001), Rapid shoreward encroachment of salt marsh cordgrass in response to accelerated sea-level rise, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 14,218-14,223, doi:10.1073/pnas.251209298. (Pubitemid 33121372)
42. Donnelly, J. P., P. Cleary, P. Newby, and R. Ettinger (2004), Coupling instrumental and geological records of sea-level change: Evidence from southern New England of an increase in the rate of sea-level rise in the late 19th century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05203, doi:10.1029/2003GL018933.
43. Fagherazzi, S., and D. J. Furbish (2001), On the shape and widening of salt marsh creeks, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C1), 991-1003, doi:10.1029/ 1999JC000115.
44. Fagherazzi, S., and T. Sun (2004), A stochastic model for the formation of channel networks in tidal marshes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L21503, doi:10.1029/2004GL020965. (Pubitemid 40190957)
45. Fagherazzi, S., and P. L. Wiberg (2009), Importance of wind conditions, fetch, and water levels on wave-generated shear stresses in shallow intertidal basins, J. Geophys. Res., 114, F03022, doi:10.1029/2008JF001139.
46. Fagherazzi, S., A. Bortoluzzi, W. E. Dietrich, A. Adami, M. Marani, S. Lanzoni, and A. Rinaldo (1999), Tidal networks: 1. Automatic network extraction and preliminary scaling features from digital terrain maps, Water Resour. Res., 35(12), 3891-3904, doi:10.1029/1999WR900236.
47. Fagherazzi S., P. L. Wiberg, and A. D. Howard (2003) Tidal flow field in a small basin, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C3), 3071, doi:10.1029/2002JC001340.
48. Fagherazzi, S., M. Marani, and L. K. Blum (2004a), Introduction: The coupled evolution of geomorphological and ecosystem structures in salt marshes, in The Ecogeomorphology of Tidal Marshes, Coastal Estuarine Stud., vol. 59, edited by S. Fagherazzi, M. Marani, and L. K. Blum, pp. 1-5, AGU, Washington, D. C.
49. Fagherazzi, S., E. J. Gabet, and D. J. Furbish (2004b), The effect of bidirectional flow on tidal channel planforms, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 29(3), 295-309, doi:10.1002/esp.1016. (Pubitemid 38492852)
50. Fagherazzi, S., L. Carniello, L. D'Alpaos, and A. Defina (2006), Critical bifurcation of shallow microtidal landforms in tidal flats and salt marshes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103(22), 8337-8341, doi:10.1073/pnas. 0508379103. (Pubitemid 43838456)
51. Fagherazzi, S., M. Hannion, and P. D'Odorico (2008), Geomorphic structure of tidal hydrodynamics in salt marsh creeks, Water Resour. Res., 44(2), W02419, doi:10.1029/2007WR006289. (Pubitemid 351442497)
52. Fagherazzi, S., D. M. FitzGerald, R. W. Fulweiler, Z. Hughes, P. L. Wiberg, K. J. McGlathery, J. T. Morris, T. J. Tolhurst, L. A. Deegan, and D. S. Johnson (2011), Ecogeomorphology of salt marshes, in Treatise on Geomorphology, vol. 12, Ecogeomor-phology, edited by D. Butler and C. Hupp, Elsevier, New York, in press.
53. Feagin, R. A., S. M. Lozada-Bernard, T. M. Ravens, I. Moeller, K. M. Yeager, and A. H. Baird (2009), Does vegetation prevent wave erosion of salt marsh edges?, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 106(25), 10,109-10,113.
54. Feola, A., E. Belluco, A. D'Alpaos, S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, and A. Rinaldo (2005), A geomorphic study of lagoonal landforms, Water Resour. Res., 41, W06019, doi:10.1029/2004WR003811. (Pubitemid 41004228)
55. Fragoso, G., and T. Spencer (2008), Physiographic control on the development of Spartina marshes, Science, 322(5904), 1064.
56. Fitz, H. C., E. B. DeBellevue, R. Costanza, R. Boumans, T. Maxwell, L. Wainger, and F. H. Sklar (1996), Development of a general ecosystem model for a range of scales and ecosystems, Ecol. Modell., 88, 263-295, doi:10.1016/0304- 3800(95)00112-3.
57. French, J. R. (1993), Numerical simulation of vertical marsh growth and adjustment to accelerated sea-level rise, North Norfolk, UK, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 18, 63-81, doi:10.1002/esp.3290180105. (Pubitemid 23377839)
58. French, J. (2006), Tidal marsh sedimentation and resilience to environmental change: Exploratory modeling of tidal, sea-level, and sediment supply forcing in predominantly allochthonous systems, Mar. Geol., 235, 119-136, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.009. (Pubitemid 44838744)
59. French, J. R., and D. R. Stoddart (1992), Hydrodynamics of salt marsh creek systems: Implications for marsh morphological development and material exchange, Earth Surf. Processes Land-forms, 17(3), 235-252, doi:10.1002/esp. 3290170304.
60. French, J. R., T. Spencer, A. L. Murray, and N. S. Arnold (1995), Geostatistical analysis of sediment deposition in two small tidal wetlands, Norfolk, United Kingdom, J. Coastal Res., 11, 308-321.
61. Friedrichs, C. T., and J. E. Perry (2001), Tidal salt marsh morpho-dynamics, J. Coastal Res., 27, 6-36.
62. Gabet, E. (1998), Lateral migration and bank erosion in a salt marsh tidal channel in San Francisco Bay, California, Estuaries, 21(4), 745-753, doi:10.2307/1353278.
63. Gardner, D., and M. Bohn (1980), Geomorphic and hydraulic evolution of tidal creeks on a subsiding beach ridge plain, North Inlet, S.C., Mar. Geol., 34, M91-M97, doi:10.1016/0025-3227 (80)90067-5.
64. Garofalo, D. (1980), The influence of wetland vegetation on tidal stream migration and morphology, Estuaries, 3(4), 258-270, doi:10.2307/1352081. (Pubitemid 11273062)
65. Gedan, K. B., M. L. Kirwan, E. Wolanski, E. B. Barbier, and B. R. Silliman (2011), The present and future role of coastal wetland vegetation in protecting shorelines: Answering recent challenges to the paradigm, Clim. Change, 106, 7-29, doi:10.1007/s10584-010-0003-7.
66. Gehrels, W. R., B. W. Hayward, R. M. Newnham, and K. E. Southall (2008), A 20th century acceleration of sea-level rise in New Zealand, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02717, doi:10.1029/2007GL032632. (Pubitemid 351392186)
67. Gleason, M. L., D. A. Elmer, N. C. Pien, and J. S. Fisher (1979), Effects of stem density upon sediment retention by salt marsh cord grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Estuaries, 2(4), 271-273, doi:10.2307/1351574.
68. Gutierrez, M., and M. Wangen (2005), Modeling of compaction and overpressuring in sedimentary basins, Mar. Pet. Geol., 22(3), 351-363, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2005.01.003. (Pubitemid 40393630)
69. Hack, J. T. (1957), Studies of longitudinal profiles in Virginia and Maryland, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 294-B, 45-97.
70. Hartig, E. K., V. Gornitz, A. Kolker, F. Mushacke, and D. Fallon (2002), Anthropogenic and climate-change impacts on salt marshes of Jamaica Bay, New York City, Wetlands, 22, 71-89, doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0071:AACCIO]2.0. CO;2.
71. Hood, W. G. (2006), A conceptual model of depositional, rather than erosional, tidal channel development in the rapidly prograd-ing Skagit River Delta (Washington, USA), Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 31(14), 1824-1838, doi:10.1002/esp.1381. (Pubitemid 46020124)
72. Howes, N. C., D. M. Fitzgerald, Z. J. Hughes, I. Y. Georgiou, M. A. Kulp, M. D. Miner, J. M. Smith, and J. A. Barras (2010), Hurricane-induced failure of low salinity wetlands, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107, 14,014-14,019, doi:10.1073/pnas.0914582107.
73. Hughes, Z. J., D. M. FitzGerald, C. A. Wilson, S. C. Pennings, K. Wieski, and A. Mahadevan (2009), Rapid headward erosion of marsh creeks in response to relative sea level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L03602, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL036000.
74. Jevrejeva, S., J. C. Moore, A. Grinsted, and P. L. Woodworth (2008), Recent global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08715, doi:10.1029/2008GL033611.
75. Kairis, P., and J. M. Rybczyk (2010), A spatially explicit relative elevation model for Padilla Bay, WA, Ecol. Modell., 221(7), 1005-1016, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.025.
76. Kearney, M. S., R. E. Grace, and J. C. Stevenson (1988), Marsh loss in the Nanticoke Estuary, Chesapeake Bay, Geogr. Rev., 78, 205-220, doi:10.2307/214178.
77. Kearney, M. S., A. S. Rogers, J. R. G. Townshend, E. Rizzo, D. Stutzer, J. C. Stevenson, and K. Sundborg (2002), Landsat imagery shows decline of coastal marshes in Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(16), 173-178, doi:10.1029/2002EO000112.
78. Kim, S. C., C. T. Friedrichs, J. P. Y. Maa, and L. D. Wright (2000), Estimating bottom stress in tidal boundary layer from Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter data, J. Hydraul. Eng., 126(6), 399-406, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733- 9429(2000)126:6(399).
79. Kirwan, M. L., and G. R. Guntenspergen (2009), Accelerated sea-level rise: A response to Craft et al., Frontiers Ecol. Environ, 7, 126-127, doi:10.1890/09.WB.005.
80. Kirwan, M. L., and G. R. Guntenspergen (2010), The influence of tidal range on the stability of coastal marshland, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F02009, doi:10.1029/2009JF001400.
81. Kirwan, M. L., and A. Murray (2007), A coupled geomorphic and ecological model of tidal marsh evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104(15), 6118-6122, doi:10.1073/pnas.0700958104. (Pubitemid 47186058)
82. Kirwan, M. L., and A. B. Murray (2008a), Tidal marshes as disequilibrium landscapes? Lags between morphology and Holocene sea level change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L24401, doi:10.1029/2008GL036050.
83. Kirwan, M. L., and A. B. Murray (2008b), Ecological and morphological response of brackish tidal marshland to the next century of sea level rise: Westham Island, British Columbia, Global Planet. Change, 60, 471-486, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.05.005.
84. Kirwan, M. L., and S. Temmerman (2009), Coastal marsh response to historical and future sea-level acceleration, Quat. Sci. Rev., 28, 1801-1808, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.022.
85. Kirwan, M. L., A. Murray, and W. Boyd (2008), Temporary vegetation disturbance as an explanation for permanent loss of tidal wetlands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05403, doi:10.1029/2007GL032681. (Pubitemid 351676005)
86. Kirwan, M. L., G. R. Guntenspergen, and J. T. Morris (2009), Latitudinal trends in Spartina alterniflora productivity and the response of coastal marshes to global change, Global Change Biol., 15(8), 1982-1989, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2008.01834.x.
87. Kirwan, M. L., G. R. Guntenspergen, A. D'Alpaos, J. T. Morris, S. M. Mudd, and S. Temmerman (2010), Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23401, doi:10.1029/2010GL045489.
88. Langley, J. A., K. L. Mckee, D. R. Cahoon, J. A. Cherry, and J. P. Megonigal (2009), Elevated CO2 stimulates marsh elevation gain, counterbalancing sea-level rise, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 106(15), 6182-6186.
89. Le Hir, P., Y. Monbet, and F. Orvain (2007), Sediment erodability in sediment transport modeling: Can we account for biota effects?, Cont. Shelf Res., 27, 1116-1142, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2005.11.016. (Pubitemid 46634691)
90. Leonard, L. A. (1997), Controls on sediment transport and deposition in an incised mainland marsh basin, southeastern North Carolina, Wetlands, 17, 263-274, doi:10.1007/BF03161414.
91. Leonard, L. A., and A. L. Croft (2006), The effect of standing biomass on flow velocity and turbulence in Spartina alterniflora canopies, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69(3-4), 325-336, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.004. (Pubitemid 44353889)
92. Leonard, L. A., and M. E. Luther (1995), Flow hydrodynamics in tidal marsh canopies, Limnol. Oceanogr., 40(8), 1474-1484, doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.8. 1474. (Pubitemid 3025617)
93. Li, H., and S. L. Yang (2009), Trapping effect of tidal marsh vegetation on suspended sediment, Yangtze Delta, J. Coastal Res., 25(4), 915-936, doi:10.2112/08-1010.1.
94. Lightbody, A. F., and H. M. Nepf (2006), Prediction of velocity profiles and longitudinal dispersion in emergent salt marsh vegetation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 218-228, doi:10.4319/lo.2006.51. 1.0218. (Pubitemid 43259709)
95. Marani, M., S. Lanzoni, D. Zandolin, G. Seminara, and A. Rinaldo (2002), Tidal meanders, Water Resour. Res., 38(11), 1225, doi:10.1029/2001WR000404.
96. Marani, M., S. Lanzoni, E. Belluco, A. D'Alpaos, A. Defina, and A. Rinaldo (2003), On the drainage density of tidal networks, Water Resour. Res., 39(2), 1040, doi:10.1029/2001WR001051.
97. Marani, M., S. Lanzoni, S. Silvestri, and A. Rinaldo (2004), A Tidal landforms, patterns of halophytic vegetation and the fate of the lagoon of Venice, J. Mar. Syst., 51(1-4), 191-210, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.05.012. (Pubitemid 39444333)
98. Marani, M., E. Belluco, S. Ferrari, S. Silvestri, A. D'Alpaos, S. Lanzoni, A. Feola, and A. Rinaldo (2006), Analysis, synthesis and modelling of high-resolution observations of salt marsh eco-geomorphological patterns in the Venice lagoon, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69(3-4), 414-426, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006. 05.021. (Pubitemid 44376687)
99. Marani, M., A. D'Alpaos, S. Lanzoni, L. Carniello, and A. Rinaldo (2007), Biologically controlled multiple equilibria of tidal land-forms and the fate of the Venice lagoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11402, doi:10.1029/2007GL030178. (Pubitemid 47272394)
100. Marani, M., A. D'Alpaos, S. Lanzoni, L. Carniello, and A. Rinaldo (2010), The importance of being coupled: Stable states and catastrophic shifts in tidal biomorphodynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F04004, doi:10.1029/2009JF001600.
101. Marciano, R., Z. B. Wang, A. Hibma, H. J. de Vriend, and A. Defina (2005), Modeling of channel patterns in short tidal basins, J. Geophys. Res., F01001, doi:10.1029/2003JF000092. (Pubitemid 44618946)
102. Marion, C., E. J. Anthony, and A. Trentesaux (2009), Short-term (<= 2 yrs) estuarine mudflat and saltmarsh sedimentation: High-resolution data from ultrasonic altimetery, rod surface-elevation table, and filter traps., Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 83, 475-484 doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.03.039.
103. Mariotti, G., and S. Fagherazzi (2010), A numerical model for the coupled long-term evolution of salt marshes and tidal flats, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F01004, doi:10.1029/2009JF001326.
104. Mariotti, G., S. Fagherazzi, P. L. Wiberg, K. J. McGlathery, L. Carniello, and A. Defina (2010), Influence of storm surges and sea level on shallow tidal basin erosive processes, J. Geo-phys. Res., 115, C11012, doi:10.1029/2009JC005892.
105. Martin, J. F., E. Reyes, G. P. Kemp, H. Mashriqui, and J. W. Day (2002), Landscape modeling of the Mississippi Delta, BioSci-ence, 52(4), 357-365, doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0357: LMOTMD]2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 34290338)
106. McKee, K. L., and W. H. Patrick (1988), The relationship of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) to tidal datums: A review, Estuaries, 11(3), 143-151, doi:10.2307/1351966. (Pubitemid 19324654)
107. Mcleod, E., B. Poulter, J. Hinkel, E. Reyes, and R. Salm (2010), Sea-level rise impact models and environmental conservation: A review of models and their applications, Ocean Coast. Manage., 53, 507-517, doi:10.1016/j. ocecoaman.2010.06.009.
108. Mesri, G., T. D. Stark, M. A. Ajlouni, and C. S. Chen (1997), Secondary compression of peat with or without surcharging, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(5), 411-421, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:5(411). (Pubitemid 27386643)
109. Minkoff, D. R., M. Escapa, F. E. Ferramola, S. D. Maraschn, J. O. Pierini, G. M. E. Perillo, and C. Delrieux (2006), Effects of crab-halophytic plant interactions on creek growth in a S.W. Atlantic salt marsh: A Cellular Automata model, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69, 403-413, doi:10.1016/j.ecss. 2006.05.008. (Pubitemid 44353884)
110. Möller, I., T. Spencer, J. R. French, D. J. Leggett, and M. Dixon (1999), Wave transformation over salt marshes: A field and numerical modelling study from North Norfolk, England, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 49, 411-426, doi:10.1006/ecss.1999.0509. (Pubitemid 29475341)
111. Morris, J. T. (2006), Competition among marsh macrophystes by means of geomorphological displacement in the intertidal zone, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69, 395-402, doi:10.1016/j. ecss.2006.05.025. (Pubitemid 44353885)
112. Morris, J. T., and W. B. Bowden (1986), Amechanistic, numerical model of sedimentation, mineralization, and decomposition for marsh sediments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50(1), 96-105. (Pubitemid 17270639)
113. Morris, J. T., and P. M. Bradley (1999), Effects of nutrient loading on the carbon balance of coastal wetland sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44(3), 699-702, doi:10.4319/lo.1999.44.3.0699. (Pubitemid 29233663)
114. Morris, J. T., and B. Haskin (1990), A 5-yr record of aerial primary production and stand characteristics of Spartina alterniflora, Ecology, 71(6), 2209-2217, doi:10.2307/1938633.
115. Morris, J. T., P. V. Sundareshwar, C. T. Nietch, B. Kjerfve, and D. R. Cahoon (2002), Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level, Ecology, 83(10), 2869-2877, doi:10.1890/0012-9658 (2002)083[2869:ROCWTR]2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 36524714)
116. Morris, J. T., D. Porter, M. Neet, P. A. Noble, L. Schmidt, L. A. Lapine, and J. R. Jensen (2005), Integrating LIDAR elevation data, multi-spectral imagery and neural network modelling for marsh characterization, Int. J. Remote Sens., 26, 5221-5234, doi:10.1080/01431160500219018. (Pubitemid 43878410)
117. Mudd, S. M. (2011), The life and death of salt marshes in response to anthropogenic disturbance of sediment supply, Geology, 39(5), 511-512, doi:10.1130/focus052011.1.
118. Mudd, S. M., S. Fagherazzi, J. T. Morris, and D. J. Furbish (2004), Flow, sedimentation, and biomass production on a vegetated salt marsh in South Carolina: Toward a predictive model of marsh morphologic and ecologic evolution, in The Ecogeomorphology of Tidal Marshes, Coastal and Estuarine Stud., vol. 59, edited by S. Fagherazzi, A. Marani, and L. K. Blum, pp. 165-187, AGU, Washington, D. C.
119. Mudd, S. M., S. M. Howell, and J. T. Morris (2009), Impact of dynamic feedbacks between sedimentation, sea-level rise, and biomass production on near surface marsh stratigraphy and carbon accumulation, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 82(3), 377-389, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.01.028.
120. Mudd, S. M., A. D'Alpaos, and J. T. Morris (2010), How does vegetation affect sedimentation on tidal marshes? Investigating particle capture and hydrodynamic controls on biologically mediated sedimentation, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F03029, doi:10.1029/2009JF001566.
121. Nepf, H. M. (1999), Drag, turbulence, and diffusion in flow through emergent vegetation, Water Resour. Res., 35(2), 479-489, doi:10.1029/ 1998WR900069. (Pubitemid 29062623)
122. Neubauer, S. C. (2008), Contributions of mineral and organic components to tidal freshwater marsh accretion, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 78(1), 78-88, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.11.011.
123. Neumeier, U. (2007), Velocity and turbulence variations at the edge of saltmarshes, Cont. Shelf Res., 27(8), 1046-1059, doi:10.1016/j. csr.2005.07.009. (Pubitemid 46634686)
124. Neumeier, U., and C. L. Amos (2006), Turbulence reduction by the canopy of coastal Spartina salt marshes, J. Coastal Res., 1, 433-439.
125. Neumeier, U., and P. Ciavola (2004), Flow resistance and associated sedimentary processes in a Spartina maritima salt marsh, J. Coastal Res., 20, 435-447, doi:10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020 [0435:FRAASP]2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38965276)
126. Novakowski, K. I., R. Torres, L. R. Gardner, and G. Voulgaris (2004), Geomorphic analysis of tidal creek networks, Water Resour. Res., 40, W05401, doi:10.1029/2003WR002722.
127. Nyman, J. A., R. J. Walters, R. D. Delaune, and W. H. Patrick (2006), Marsh vertical accretion via vegetative growth, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69(3-4), 370-380, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.041. (Pubitemid 44353892)
128. Ogden, J. C., S. M. Davis, K. J. Jacobs, T. Barnes, and H. E. Fling (2005), The use of conceptual ecological models to guide ecosystem restoration in south Florida, Wetlands, 25(4), 795-809, doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0795: TUOCEM]2.0.CO;2.
129. Orson, R., W. Panageotou, and S. P. Leatherman (1985), Response of tidal salt marshes of the United States Atlantic and Gulf Coasts to rising sea levels, J. Coastal Res., 1(1), 29-37. (Pubitemid 16274805)
130. Orton, P. M., and G. C. Kineke (2001), Comparing calculated and observed vertical suspended-sediment distributions from a Hudson River estuary turbidity maximum, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 52(3), 401-410, doi:10.1006/ecss.2000. 0747. (Pubitemid 32608225)
131. Palmer, M. R., H. M. Nepf, and T. J. R. Pettersson (2004), Observations of particle capture on a cylindrical collector: Implications for particle accumulation and removal in aquatic systems, Lim-nol. Oceanogr., 49(1), 76-85, doi:10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0076. (Pubitemid 38154288)
132. Park, R. A., T. V. Armentano, and C. L. Cloonan (1986), Predicting the effects of sea level rise on coastal wetlands, in Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate, vol. 4, Sea Level Rise, edited by J. G. Titus, pp. 129-152, U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D. C.
133. Park, R. A., M. S. Trehan, P. W. Mausel, and R. C. Howe (1989), The effects of sea level rise on US coastal wetlands and lowlands, Coop. Agreement CR814578-01, final report, U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D. C.
134. Partheniades, E. (1965), Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 91, 105-139.
135. Perillo, G. M. E., D. Minkoff, and M. Piccolo (2005), Novel mechanism of stream formation in coastal wetlands by crab-fish-groundwater interaction, Geo-Mar. Lett., 25, 214-220, doi:10.1007/s00367-005-0209-2. (Pubitemid 41236357)
136. Pestrong, R. (1965), The development of drainage patterns on tidal marshes, Stanford Publ. Geol. Sci. Tech. Rep. 10, 87 pp., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
137. Pethick, J. S. (1980), Velocity surges and asymmetry in tidal channels, Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci., 11, 331-345, doi:10.1016/S0302-3524(80)80087-9.
138. Pethick, J. S. (1981), Long-term accretion rates on tidal salt marshes, J. Sediment. Res., 51, 571-577.
139. Priestas, A. M., and S. Fagherazzi (2011), Morphology and hydrodynamics of wave-cut gullies, Geomorphology, 131(1-2), 1-13, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011. 04.004.
140. Rahmstorf, S. (2007), A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise, Science, 315, 368-370, doi:10.1126/science. 1135456.
141. Redfield, A. C. (1965), Ontogeny of a salt marsh estuary, Science, 147, 50-55, doi:10.1126/science.147.3653.50.
142. Redfield, A. C. (1972), Development of a New England salt marsh, Ecol. Monogr., 42, 201-237, doi:10.2307/1942263.
143. Reed, D. J. (1995), The response of coastal marshes to sea-level rise: Survival or submergence?, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 20, 39-48, doi:10.1002/esp.3290200105.
144. Reed, D. J., T. Spencer, A. L. Murray, J. R. French, and L. Leonard (1999), Marsh surface sediment deposition and the role of tidal creeks: Implications for created and managed coastal marshes, J. Coast. Conserv., 5, 81-90, doi:10.1007/BF02802742. (Pubitemid 29532415)
145. Reyes, E., M. L. White, J. F. Martin, G. P. Kemp, J. W. Day, and V. Aravamuthan (2000), Landscape modeling of coastal habitat change in the Mississippi Delta, Ecology, 81(8), 2331-2349, doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000) 081[2331:LMOCHC]2.0.CO;2.
146. Reyes, E., et al. (2003), Impacts of sea-level rise on coastal landscapes, in Preparing for a Changing Climate: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change-Gulf Coast Region., edited by Z. H. Ning et al., pp. 105-114, Gulf Coast Clim. Change Assess. Counc. and La. St. Univ. Graphic Serv., Baton Rouge, La.
147. Reyes, E., et al. (2004a), Assessing coastal management plans using watershed spatial models for the Mississippi Delta, USA, and the Ususmacinta-Grijalva Delta, Mexico, Ocean Coast. Manage., 47, 693-708, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.12.008.
148. Reyes, E., et al. (2004b), River forcing at work: Ecological modeling of prograding and regressive deltas, Wetlands Ecol. Manage., 12, 103-114, doi:10.1023/B:WETL.0000021663.50750.45. (Pubitemid 38463796)
149. Rinaldo, A., S. Fagherazzi, S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, and W. E. Dietrich (1999a), Tidal networks: 2. Watershed delineation and comparative network morphology, Water Resour. Res., 35(12), 3905-3917, doi:10.1029/1999WR900237.
150. Rinaldo, A., S. Fagherazzi, S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, and W. E. Dietrich (1999b), Tidal networks: 3. Landscape-forming discharges and studies in empirical geomorphic relationships, Water Resour. Res., 35(12), 3919-3929, doi:10.1029/1999WR900238.
151. Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., and A. Rinaldo (1997), Fractal River Basins: Chance and Self-Organization, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
152. Rybczyk, J. M., and D. R. Cahoon (2002), Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta, Estuaries, 25(5), 985-998, doi:10.1007/BF02691346. (Pubitemid 35235614)
153. Rybczyk, J. M., and J. C. Callaway (2009), Surface elevation models, in Coastal Wetlands: An Ecosystem Integrated Approach, edited by G. M. E. Perillo et al., pp. 834-853, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
154. Rybczyk, J. M., J. C. Callaway, and J. W. Day (1998), A relative elevation model for a subsiding coastal forested wetland receiving wastewater effluent, Ecol. Modell., 112(1), 23-44, doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00125-2. (Pubitemid 28494508)
155. Sharma, P., L. R. Gardner, W. S. Moore, and M. S. Bollinger (1987), Sedimentation and bioturbation in a salt marsh as revealed by Pb-210, Cs-137, and Be-7 studies, Limnol. Oceanogr., 32(2), 313-326, doi:10.4319/lo.1987.32.2. 0313.
156. Silver, W. L., and R. K. Miya (2001), Global patterns in root decomposition: Comparisons of climate and litter quality effects, Oecologia, 129(3), 407-419. (Pubitemid 33066007)
157. Silvestri, S., A. Defina, and M. Marani (2005), Tidal regime, salinity and salt marsh plant zonation, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 62(1-2), 119-130, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2004.08.010. (Pubitemid 39588152)
158. Sklar, F. H., et al. (1985), Dynamic spatial simulation modelling of coastal wetland habitat succession, Ecol. Modell., 29, 261-281, doi:10.1016/0304-3800(85)90056-0. (Pubitemid 17247031)
159. Sklar, F. H., et al. (1990), Model conceptualization, in Wetlands and Shallow Continental Water Bodies, vol. 1, edited by B. C. Patten, chap. 27, pp. 625-658, SPB Acad. Publ., Amsterdam.
160. Solari, L., G. Seminara, S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, and A. Rinaldo (2002), Sand bars in tidal channels: Part 2. Tidal meanders, J. Fluid Mech., 451, 203-238, doi:10.1017/S0022112001006565. (Pubitemid 34788960)
161. Soulsby, R. L. and Dyer, K. R. (1981) The form of the near-bed velocity profile in a tidally accelerating flow, J. Geophys. Res., 86(C9), 8067-8074, doi:10.1029/JC086iC09p08067.
162. Spalding, E. A., and M. W. Hester (2007), Interactive effects of hydrology and salinity on oligohaline plant species productivity: Implications of relative sea-level rise, Estuaries Coasts, 30(2), 214-225. (Pubitemid 46982491)
163. Stapleton, K. R., and D. A. Huntley (1995), Seabed stress determinations using the inertial dissipation method and the turbulent kinetic energy method, Earth Surface Processes Landforms, 20(9), 807-815. (Pubitemid 26442467)
164. Steel, T. J., and K. Pye (1997) The development of saltmarsh tidal creek networks: Evidence from the UK, in Proceedings of the Canadian Coastal Conference, University of Guelph, 22-25 May 1997, pp. 267-280, Can. Coastal Sci. and Eng. Assoc., Burlington, Ont., Canada.
165. Steers, J. A. (1960), Physiography and evolution: The physiography and evolution of Scolt Head Island, in Scolt Head Island, 2nd ed., edited by J. A. Steers, pp. 12-66, Heffer, Cambridge, U. K.
166. Stefanon, L., L. Carniello, A. D'Alpaos, and S. Lanzoni (2010), Experimental analysis of tidal network growth and development, Cont. Shelf Res., doi:10.1016/j.csr.2009.08.018.
167. Stevenson, J. C., L. G. Ward, and M. S. Kearney (1986), Vertical accretion in marshes with varying rates of sea-level rise, in Estuarine Variability, edited by D. A. Wolfe, pp. 241-259, Academic, Orlando, Fla.
168. Stoddart, D. R., D. J. Reed, and J. R. French (1989), Understanding salt marsh accretion, Scolt Head Island, Norfolk, England, Estuaries, 12(4), 228-236, doi:10.2307/1351902. (Pubitemid 20398543)
169. Struyf, E., S. Temmerman, and P. Meire (2007), Dynamics of biogenic Si in freshwater tidal marshes: Si regeneration and retention in marsh sediments (Scheldt Estuary), Biogeochemistry, 82, 41-53, doi:10.1007/s10533-006-9051-5. (Pubitemid 47226476)
170. Stumpf, R. P. (1983), The process of sedimentation on the surface of a salt marsh, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 17, 495-508, doi:10.1016/0272-7714(83) 90002-1.
171. Swenson, E. M., and C. M. Swarzenski (1995), Water levels and salinity in the Barataria-Terrebonne estuarine system, in Status and Historical Trends of Hydrologic Modification, Reduction in Sediment Availability, and Habitat Loss/Modification in the Barataria and Terrebonne Estuarine Systems. BTNEP Publ. 20, edited by D. J. Reed, pp. 129-201, Barataria-Terrebonne Natl. Estuary Program, Thibodaux, La.
172. Tanino, Y., and H. M. Nepf (2008), Laboratory investigation of mean drag in a random array of rigid, emergent cylinders, J. Hydraul. Eng., 134(1), 34-41, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:1(34).
173. Temmerman, S., G. Govers, P. Meire, and S. Wartel (2003a), Modelling long-term tidal marsh growth under changing tidal conditions and suspended sediment concentrations, Scheldt Estuary, Belgium, Mar. Geol., 193, 151-169, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227 (02)00642-4. (Pubitemid 36093375)
174. Temmerman, S., G. Goers, S. Wartel, and P. Meire (2003b), Spatial and temporal factors controlling short-term sedimentation in a salt and freshwater tidal marsh, Scheldt Estuary, Belgium, SW Netherlands, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 28, 739-755, doi:10.1002/esp.495. (Pubitemid 37024320)
175. Temmerman, S., G. Govers, P. Meire, and S. Wartel (2004), Simulating the long-term development of levee-basin topography on tidal marshes, Geomorphology, 63(1-2), 39-55, doi:10.1016/j. geomorph.2004.03.004. (Pubitemid 39447678)
176. Temmerman, S., T. J. Bouma, G. Govers, and D. Lauwaet (2005a), Flow paths of water and sediment in a tidal marsh: Relations with marsh developmental stage and tidal inundation height, Estuaries, 28(3), 338-352, doi:10.1007/BF02693917. (Pubitemid 41139771)
177. Temmerman, S., T. J. Bouma, G. Govers, Z. B. Wang, M. B. De Vries, and P. M. J. Herman (2005b), Impact of vegetation on flow routing and sedimentation patterns: Three-dimensional modeling for a tidal marsh, J. Geophys. Res., 110, F04019, doi:10.1029/2005JF000301.
178. Temmerman, S., T. J. Bouma, J. Van de Koppel, D. Van der Wal, M. B. De Vries, and P. M. J. Herman (2007), Vegetation causes channel erosion in a tidal landscape, Geology, 35(7), 631-634, doi:10.1130/G23502A.1. (Pubitemid 47099250)
179. Tonelli, M., S. Fagherazzi, and M. Petti (2010), Modeling wave impact on salt marsh boundaries, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C09028, doi:10.1029/2009JC006026.
180. Torres, R., and R. Styles (2007), Effects of topographic structure on salt marsh currents, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F02023, doi:10.1029/2006JF000508. (Pubitemid 47342567)
181. Townend, I. H., C. A. Fletcher, M. A. F. Knaapen, and S. K. Rossington (2010), A review of salt marsh dynamics, Water Environ. J., 24, 1-12.
182. Turner, R. E., E. M. Swenson, and C. S. Milan (2001), Organic and inorganic contributions to vertical accretion in salt marsh sediments, in Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology, edited by M. Weinstein and K. Kreeger, pp. 583-595, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands.
183. Van de Koppel, J., D. Van der Wal, J. P. Bakker, and P. M. J. Herman (2005), Self-organization and vegetation collapse in salt marsh ecosystems, Am. Nat., 165, E1-E12, doi:10.1086/426602.
184. van de Plassche, O., K. van der Borg, and A. F. M. de Jong (1998), Sea level-climate correlation during the past 1400 yr, Geology, 26, 319-322.
185. van der Wal, D., and K. Pye (2004), Patterns, rates, and possible causes of salt marsh erosion in the Greater Thames area (UK), Geo-morphology, 61(3-4), 373-391, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.02. 005. (Pubitemid 38921153)
186. van der Wal, D., A. Wielemaker-Van den Dool, and P. M. J. Herman (2008), Spatial patterns, rates and mechanisms of salt-marsh cycles (Westerschelde, the Netherlands), Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 76, 357-368, doi:10.1016/j.ecss. 2007.07.017. (Pubitemid 350213225)
187. Van Proosdij, D., R. G. D. Davidson-Arnott, and J. Ollerhead (2006), Controls on spatial patterns of sediment deposition across a macro-tidal salt marsh surface over single tidal cycles, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69, 64-86, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.04.022. (Pubitemid 44051737)
188. Wallace, K. J., J. C. Callaway, and J. B. Zedler (2005), Evolution of tidal creek networks in a high sedimentation environment: A 5-year experiment at Tijuana Estuary, California, Estuaries, 28(6), 795-811, doi:10.1007/BF02696010. (Pubitemid 43136434)
189. Wang, F. C., et al. (1993), Intertidal marsh suspended sediment transport processes, Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana, USA, J. Coastal Res., 9(1), 209-220. (Pubitemid 267091)
190. Weinstein, M. P., and D. A. Kreeger (2000), Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology, 864 pp., Springer, New York.
191. Woolnough, S. J., J. R. L. Allen, and W. L. Wood (1995), An exploratory numerical model of sediment deposition over tidal marshes, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 41, 515-543, doi:10.1016/0272-7714(95)90025-X. (Pubitemid 26441386)
192. Yang, S. L. (1998), The role of Scirpus marsh in attenuation of hydrodynamics and retention of fine sediment in the Yangtze Estuary, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 47, 227-233, doi:10.1006/ecss.1998.0348. (Pubitemid 28382512)
193. Yang, S. L., H. Li, T. Ysebaert, T. J. Bouma, W. X. Zhang, Y. Wang, P. Li, M. Li, and P. Ding (2008), Spatial and temporal variations in sediment grain size in tidal wetlands, Yangtze Delta: On the role of physical and biotic controls, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 77(4), 657-671, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2007. 10.024.
194. Yapp, R. H., D. Johns, and O. T. Jones (1916), The salt marshes of the Dovey Estuary: Part I. Introductory, J. Ecol., 4, 27-42, doi:10.2307/2255448.
195. Yapp, R. H., D. Johns, and O. T. Jones (1917) The salt marshes of the Dovey Estuary: Part II. The salt marshes, J. Ecol., 5, 65-103.