The role of glutamate signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Volumn 100, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 726-735

  Wu, Ke ^a,d   Hanna, Gregory L ^c   Rosenberg, David R ^b   Arnold, Paul D ^a  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^b WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^d MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Genetic association studies; Glutamate; Knockout mouse models; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NMDA antagonists; Riluzole

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLCYSTEINE; AMANTADINE; AMPA RECEPTOR; AUTOANTIBODY; CHOLERA TOXIN; CYCLOSERINE; CYSTINE; EGLUMETAD; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 3; FLUOXETINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCINE; LAMOTRIGINE; MEMANTINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2B; PLACEBO; POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95; RILUZOLE; TAURINE; TOPIRAMATE;

AGGRESSION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMINOACIDURIA; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ATTENUATION; AUTISM; AUTOIMMUNITY; BORNA DISEASE VIRUS; BRAIN FUNCTION; CAUDATE NUCLEUS; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EXAMINATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPULSION; CONSTRUCT VALIDITY; CORPUS STRIATUM; DELUSION; DISEASE MODEL; FACE VALIDITY; GENE DELETION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; GROOMING; GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION; HABIT; HAIR LOSS; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; MICROSATELLITE MARKER; MISSENSE MUTATION; NAUSEA; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SKIN DEFECT; THALAMOCORTICAL TRACT; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; TRICHOTILLOMANIA; VOMITING;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84855562649     PISSN: 00913057     EISSN: 18735177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.007     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O'Roak BJ, Baek DY, Stillman AA, Morgan TM, et al. Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette's syndrome. Science 2005;310: 317-20. (Pubitemid 41457198)
2. Aboujaoude E, Barry JJ, Gamel N.Memantine augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive- compulsive disorder: an open-label trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29:51-5.
3. Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D, Deacon BJ. Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:e29-30. author reply e31-2.
4. Ahmad Y, Bhatia MS, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK, Negi H, Chosdol K, et al. Association between the ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate3 (GRIK3) Ser310Ala polymorphism and schizophrenia in the Indian population.World J Biol Psychiatry 2009:1-4.
5. Albelda N, Joel D. Current animal models of obsessive compulsive disorder: an update. Neuroscience 2011.
6. Albelda N, Bar-On N, Joel D. The role of NMDA receptors in the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010;210: 13-24.
7. Alkin T, Onur E, Ozerdem A. Co-occurence of blepharospasm, tourettism and obsessive- compulsive symptoms during lamotrigine treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:1339-40. (Pubitemid 47086359)
8. Arnold PD, Rosenberg DR,Mundo E, TharmalingamS, Kennedy JL, RichterMA. Association of a glutamate (NMDA) subunit receptor gene (GRIN2B) with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;174:530-8. (Pubitemid 39119342)
9. Arnold PD, Sicard T, Burroughs E, Richter MA, Kennedy JL. Glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:769-76.
10. Arnold PD, Macmaster FP, Hanna GL, Richter MA, Sicard T, Burroughs E, et al. Glutamate system genes associated with ventral prefrontal and thalamic volume in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2009a;3:64-76.
11. Arnold PD, Macmaster FP, Richter MA, Hanna GL, Sicard T, Burroughs E, et al. Glutamate receptor gene (GRIN2B) associated with reduced anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentration in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009b;172:136-9.
12. Begni S, Popoli M, Moraschi S, Bignotti S, Tura GB, Gennarelli M. Association between the ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate 3 (GRIK3) ser310ala polymorphism and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:416-8. (Pubitemid 34499364)
13. Berlin HA, Koran LM, Jenike MA, Shapira NA, Chaplin W, Pallanti S, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;72:716-21.
14. Bhattacharyya S, Khanna S, Chakrabarty K, Mahadevan A, Christopher R, Shankar SK. Anti-brain autoantibodies and altered excitatory neurotransmitters in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;34:2489-96.
15. Bienvenu OJ, Wang Y, Shugart YY, Welch JM, Grados MA, Fyer AJ, et al. Sapap3 and pathological grooming in humans: results from the OCD collaborative genetics study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009;150B:710-20.
16. Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, Coric V, Bracken MB, Leckman JF. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11:622-32. (Pubitemid 43989810)
17. Bode L, Durrwald R, RantamFA, Ferszt R, Ludwig H. First isolates of infectious human Borna disease virus from patients with mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 1996;1:200-12. (Pubitemid 126441293)
18. Bode L, Reckwald P, SeverusWE, Stoyloff R, Ferszt R, Dietrich DE, et al. Borna disease virusspecific circulating immune complexes, antigenemia, and free antibodies-the key marker triplet determining infection and prevailing in severe mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2001;6:481-91. (Pubitemid 32566103)
19. Bozkurt A, Zilles K, Schleicher A, Kamper L, Arigita ES, Uylings HB, et al. Distributions of transmitter receptors in the macaque cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 2005;25: 219-29. (Pubitemid 40292053)
20. Brilot F, Merheb V, Ding A, Murphy T, Dale RC. Antibody binding to neuronal surface in Sydenham chorea, but not in PANDAS or Tourette syndrome. Neurology 2011;76: 1508-13.
21. Bronstein YI, Cummings JL. Neurochemistry of frontal subcortical circuits. In: Lichter DG, Cummings JL, editors. Frontal-subcortical circuits in psychiatric and neurological disorders. New York and London: The Guilford Press; 2001. p. 63-6.
22. Calvocoressi L, Libman D, Vegso SJ, McDougle CJ, Price LH. Global functioning of inpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression. Psychiatr Serv 1998;49:379-81. (Pubitemid 28117306)
23. Campbell KM, de Lecea L, Severynse DM, Caron MG, McGrath MJ, Sparber SB, et al. OCD-Like behaviors caused by a neuropotentiating transgene targeted to cortical and limbic D1+ neurons. J Neurosci 1999;19:5044-53. (Pubitemid 29270139)
24. Carlsson ML. On the role of prefrontal cortex glutamate for the antithetical phenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001;25:5-26. (Pubitemid 32173787)
25. Chakrabarty K, Bhattacharyya S, Christopher R, Khanna S. Glutamatergic dysfunction in OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:1735-40. (Pubitemid 43086030)
26. Coric V, Taskiran S, Pittenger C, Wasylink S, Mathalon DH, Valentine G, et al. Riluzole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label trial. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:424-8. (Pubitemid 41219711)
27. Dean O, Giorlando F, BerkM. N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry: current therapeutic evidence and potential mechanisms of action. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011;36:78-86.
28. Delorme R, Krebs MO, Chabane N, Roy I, Millet B, Mouren-Simeoni MC, et al. Frequency and transmission of glutamate receptors GRIK2 and GRIK3 polymorphisms in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuroreport 2004;15:699-702. (Pubitemid 38457164)
29. Dickel DE, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Cox NJ,Wu X, Fischer DJ, Van Etten-LeeM, et al. Association testing of the positional and functional candidate gene SLC1A1/EAAC1 in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:778-85.
30. Dietrich DE, Zhang Y, Bode L, Munte TF, Hauser U, Schmorl P, et al. Brain potential amplitude varies as a function of Borna disease virus-specific immune complexes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2005;10(515):519-20. (Pubitemid 40897033)
31. do Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF, Curi M, Quatrano S, Katsovitch L, Miguel EC, et al. A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005;136:92-7. (Pubitemid 40917536)
32. Egashira N, Okuno R, Harada S, Matsushita M, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, et al. Effects of glutamate-related drugs on marble-burying behavior in mice: implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;586:164-70.
33. El Mansari M, Blier P. Mechanisms of action of current and potential pharmacotherapies of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30:362-73. (Pubitemid 43841738)
34. Feusner JD, Hembacher E, Phillips KA. The mouse who couldn't stop washing: pathologic grooming in animals and humans. CNS Spectr 2009a;14:503-13.
35. Feusner JD, Kerwin L, Saxena S, Bystritsky A. Differential efficacy of memantine for obsessive-compulsive disorder vs. generalized anxiety disorder: an open-label trial. Psychopharmacol Bull 2009b;42:81-93.
36. Franklin ME, Foa EB. Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2011;7:229-43.
37. Frizzo ME, Dall'Onder LP, Dalcin KB, Souza DO. Riluzole enhances glutamate uptake in rat astrocyte cultures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004;24:123-8. (Pubitemid 38233735)
38. Graff J, Kim D, Dobbin MM, Tsai LH. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in physiologica and pathological brain processes. Physiol Rev 2011;91:603-49.
39. Grant P, Lougee L, Hirschtritt M, Swedo SE. An open-label trial of riluzole, a glutamate antagonist, in children with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007;17:761-7. (Pubitemid 351158597)
40. Green LB, Hornyak JE, Hurvitz EA. Amantadine in pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective, case-controlled study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:893-7. (Pubitemid 39557470)
41. Hanna GL, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Cox NJ, Boehnke M, Himle JA, Curtis GC, et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis of families with obsessive-compulsive disorder ascertained through pediatric probands. Am J Med Genet 2002;114:541-52. (Pubitemid 34680583)
42. Hanna GL, Himle JA, Curtis GC, Gillespie BW. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder with pediatric probands. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005;134:13-9. (Pubitemid 40411102)
43. Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1568-78. (Pubitemid 32923644)
44. Hezel DM, Beattie K, Stewart SE. Memantine as an augmenting agent for severe pediatric OCD. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:237.
45. Hollander E, Dell'Osso B. Topiramate plus paroxetine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;21:189-91. (Pubitemid 43740312)
46. Jamain S, Betancur C, Quach H, Philippe A, Fellous M, Giros B, et al. Linkage and association of the glutamate receptor 6 gene with autism. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7: 302-10. (Pubitemid 34280638)
47. Jane DE, Lodge D, Collingridge GL. Kainate receptors: pharmacology, function and therapeutic potential. Neuropharmacology 2009;56:90-113.
48. Joel D, Ben-Amir E, Doljansky J, Flaisher S. 'Compulsive' lever-pressing in rats is attenuated by the serotonin re-uptake inhibitors paroxetine and fluvoxamine but not by the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine or the anxiolytic diazepam. Behav Pharmacol 2004;15:241-52. (Pubitemid 38859607)
49. Kanai Y, Hediger MA. The glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter family SLC1: molecular, physiological and pharmacological aspects. Pflugers Arch 2004;447:469-79. (Pubitemid 38241433)
50. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:593-602. (Pubitemid 40973434)
51. Kumar TC, Khanna S. Lamotrigine augmentation of serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000;34:527-8. (Pubitemid 30389427)
52. Kushner MG, Kim SW, Donahue C, Thuras P, Adson D, Kotlyar M, et al. D-cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:835-8. (Pubitemid 47488217)
53. Kwon JS, Joo YH,NamHJ, LimM, Cho EY, JungMH, et al. Association of the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 with atypical antipsychotics-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:1233-41.
54. Lafleur DL, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B, Gardner T, Wasylink S, Malison RT, et al. N-acetylcysteine augmentation in serotonin reuptake inhibitor refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006;184:254-6. (Pubitemid 43084809)
55. Langen M, Kas MJ, Staal WG, van Engeland H, Durston S. The neurobiology of repetitive behavior: of mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35:345-55.
56. LimM, Park DY, Kwon JS, Joo YH, Hong KS. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of obsessive-compulsive symptoms associated with atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:712-3. (Pubitemid 351339464)
57. MacMaster FP. Translational neuroimaging research in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2010;12:165-74.
58. McGrath MJ, Campbell KM, Parks CR, Burton FH. Glutamatergic drugs exacerbate symptomatic behavior in a transgenic model of comorbid Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Res 2000;877:23-30.
59. Moran MM, McFarland K, Melendez RI, Kalivas PW, Seamans JK. Cystine/glutamate exchange regulates metabotropic glutamate receptor presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmission and vulnerability to cocaine seeking. J Neurosci 2005;25: 6389-93. (Pubitemid 40962534)
60. Mowla A, Khajeian AM, Sahraian A, Chohedri AH, Kashkoli F. TopiramateAugmentation in Resistant OCD: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. CNS Spectr. 2010 Nov 1. pii: Mowla. PMID: 21632011 [Epub ahead of print].
61. Murphy TK, Storch EA, Lewin AB, Edge PJ, Goodman WK. Clinical factors associated with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. J Pediatr 2011 August 25. PMID:21868033 [Epub ahead of print].
62. Nordstrom EJ, Burton FH. A transgenic model of comorbid Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder circuitry. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:617-25. 524.
63. Ovanesov MV, Vogel MW, Moran TH, Pletnikov MV. Neonatal Borna disease virus infection in rats is associated with increased extracellular levels of glutamate and neurodegeneration in the striatum. J Neurovirol 2007;13:185-94. (Pubitemid 47050645)
64. Ozkara C, Ozmen M, Erdogan A, Yalug I. Topiramate related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2005;20:78-9. (Pubitemid 40092398)
65. Pacheco R, Gallart T, Lluis C, Franco R. Role of glutamate on T-cell mediated immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2007;185:9-19. (Pubitemid 46497434)
66. Parent A, Hazrati LN. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1995;20:91-127.
67. Pasquini M, Biondi M. Memantine augmentation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30:1173-5. (Pubitemid 43928231)
68. Pittenger C, Krystal JH, Coric V. Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.NeuroRx 2006;3:69-81. (Pubitemid 43276634)
69. Poyurovsky M, Weizman R, Weizman A, Koran L. Memantine for treatment-resistant OCD. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:2191-2.
70. Provencher SW. Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra. Magn Reson Med 1993;30:672-9. (Pubitemid 23360802)
71. Real E, Labad J, Alonso P, Segalas C, Jimenez-Murcia S, Bueno B, et al. Stressful life events at onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with a distinct clinical pattern. Depress Anxiety 2011;28:367-76.
72. Rosenberg DR, Keshavan MS. A.E. Bennett Research Award. Toward a neurodevelopmental model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1998;43:623-40. (Pubitemid 28222383)
73. Rosenberg DR, MacMaster FP, Keshavan MS, Fitzgerald KD, Stewart CM, Moore GJ. Decrease in caudate glutamatergic concentrations in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients taking paroxetine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39: 1096-103.
74. Rosenberg DR, MacMillan SN, Moore GJ. Brain anatomy and chemistry may predict treatment response in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2001;4:179-90.
75. Rosenberg DR, Mirza Y, Russell A, Tang J, Smith JM, Banerjee SP, et al. Reduced anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations in childhood OCD and major depression versus healthy controls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:1146-53. (Pubitemid 39096872)
76. Rosenberg DR, Macmaster FP, Mirza Y, Smith JM, Easter PC, Banerjee SP, et al. Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate in pediatric major depression: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:700-4. (Pubitemid 41547237)
77. Rotge JY, Aouizerate B, Tignol J, Bioulac B, Burbaud P, Guehl D. The glutamate-based genetic immune hypothesis in obsessive-compulsive disorder. An integrative approach from genes to symptoms. Neuroscience 2010;165:408-17.
78. Ruscio AM, Stein DJ, Chiu WT, Kessler RC. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Mol Psychiatry 2010;15:53-63.
79. Sampaio AS, Fagerness J, Crane J, Leboyer M, Delorme R, Pauls DL, et al. Association between polymorphisms in GRIK2 gene and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a family-based study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010;17:141-7.
80. Samuels J, Wang Y, Riddle MA, Greenberg BD, Fyer AJ, McCracken JT, et al. Comprehensive family-based association study of the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011;156:472-7.
81. Saxena S, Bota RG, Brody AL. Brain-behavior relationships in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2001;6:82-101.
82. Schmitt A, Zink M, Petroianu G, May B, Braus DF, Henn FA. Decreased gene expression of glial and neuronal glutamate transporters after chronic antipsychotic treatment in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2003;347:81-4. (Pubitemid 36836221)
83. Scimemi A, Tian H, Diamond JS. Neuronal transporters regulate glutamate clearance, NMDA receptor activation, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 2009;29:14581-95.
84. Seemuller F, Dehning S, Grunze H, Muller N. Tourette's symptoms provoked by lamotrigine in a bipolar patient. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:159. (Pubitemid 43050121)
85. Seo HJ, Chiesa A, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Han C, Masand PS, et al. Safety and tolerability of lamotrigine: results from 12 placebo-controlled clinical trials and clinical implications. Clin Neuropharmacol 2011;34:39-47.
86. Shmelkov SV, Hormigo A, Jing D, Proenca CC, Bath KG, Milde T, et al. Slitrk5 deficiency impairs corticostriatal circuitry and leads to obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors in mice. Nat Med 2010;16:598-602. 1 pp. following 602.
87. Shugart YY, Wang Y, Samuels JF, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Knowles JA, et al. A familybased association study of the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 in obsessive-compulsive disorder in 378 families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009;150B:886-92.
88. Smith EJ. Amantadine-induced psychosis in a young healthy patient. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:1613.
89. Starck G, Ljungberg M, Nilsson M, Jonsson L, Lundberg S, Ivarsson T, et al. A (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder: relationship between metabolite concentrations and symptom severity. J Neural Transm 2008;115:1051-62.
90. Stewart SE, Fagerness JA, Platko J, Smoller JW, Scharf JM, Illmann C, et al. Association of the SLC1A1 glutamate transporter gene and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007;144B:1027-33. (Pubitemid 350207777)
91. Stewart SE, Fagerness J, Moorjani P, Jenike E, Beattie K, Illmann C, et al. Family-based association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and glutamate receptor candidate genes. WCPG 2008 Annual Meeting; 2008.
92. Stewart SE, Jenike EA, Hezel DM, Stack DE, Dodman NH, Shuster L, et al. A singleblinded case-control study of memantine in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010;30:34-9.
93. Storch EA, Murphy TK, Goodman WK, Geffken GR, Lewin AB, Henin A, et al. A preliminary study of D-cycloserine augmentation of cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:1073-6.
94. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, Mittleman B, Allen AJ, Perlmutter S, et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:264-71. (Pubitemid 28074291)
95. Thuile J, Even C, Guelfi JD. Topiramate may induce obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;60:394.
96. Ting JT, Feng G. Glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Chem Genomics 2008;2:62-75.
97. Ting JT, Feng G. Neurobiology of obsessive -compulsive disorder: insights into neural circuitry dysfunction through mouse genetics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011 May 24. PMID: 21605970 [Epub ahead of print].
98. Urbani A, Belluzzi O. Riluzole inhibits the persistent sodium current in mammalian CNS neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2000;12:3567-74.
99. Uzun O. Lamotrigine as an augmentation agent in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. J Psychopharmacol 2010;24:425-7.
100. Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Bennett M. Topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a retrospective, open-label case series. Depress Anxiety 2006;23:1-5.
101. van Grootheest DS, Cath DC, Beekman AT, Boomsma DI. Twin studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. Twin Res Hum Genet 2005;8:450-8. (Pubitemid 41499486)
102. van Spronsen M, Hoogenraad CC. Synapse pathology in psychiatric and neurologic disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010;10:207-14.
103. Walker DL, Ressler KJ, Lu KT, Davis M. Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. J Neurosci 2002;22:2343-51. (Pubitemid 35386533)
104. Wang SJ, Wang KY, Wang WC. Mechanisms underlying the riluzole inhibition of glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Neuroscience 2004;125:191-201.
105. Wang Y, Adamczyk A, Shugart YY, Samuels JF, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, et al. A screen of SLC1A1 for OCD-related alleles. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010;153B:675-9.
106. Welch JM, Lu J, Rodriguiz RM, Trotta NC, Peca J, Ding JD, et al. Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice. Nature 2007;448:894-900. (Pubitemid 47312780)
107. Wendland JR, Moya PR, Timpano KR, Anavitarte AP, Kruse MR, Wheaton MG, et al. A haplotype containing quantitative trait loci for SLC1A1 gene expression and its association with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:408-16.
108. Whiteside SP, Port JD, Deacon BJ, Abramowitz JS. A magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety. Psychiatry Res 2006;146:137-47.
109. Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U, Tolin DF, Meunier SA, Pearlson GD, Reese HE, et al. Augmentation of behavior therapy with D-cycloserine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:335-41. quiz 409.
110. Willour VL, Yao Shugart Y, Samuels J, Grados M, Cullen B, Bienvenu III OJ, et al. Replication study supports evidence for linkage to 9p24 in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2004;75:508-13. (Pubitemid 39095826)
111. Yang XW, Lu XH. Molecular and cellular basis of obsessive-compulsive disorder-like behaviors: emerging view from mouse models. Curr Opin Neurol 2011;24:114-8.
112. Yucel M, Wood SJ, Wellard RM, Harrison BJ, Fornito A, Pujol J, et al. Anterior cingulate glutamate-glutamine levels predict symptom severity in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008;42:467-77. (Pubitemid 351891125)
113. Zuchner S, Wendland JR, Ashley-Koch AE, Collins AL, Tran-Viet KN, Quinn K, et al. Multiple rare SAPAP3 missense variants in trichotillomania and OCD. Mol Psychiatry 2009;14:6-9.