Recent advances in surfactant EOR

SPE Journal

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 889-907

  Hirasaki, George J ^a   Miller, Clarence A ^a   Puerto, Maura ^a  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIONIC SURFACTANTS; BLENDING; CALCITE; CARBONATION; CRUDE OIL; FLOODS; FOAM CONTROL; MICROEMULSIONS; OIL BEARING FORMATIONS; OIL WELL FLOODING; PHASE SEPARATION; POLYMERS; SODIUM CARBONATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SOLS; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; WETTING;

ALKALINE/SURFACTANT/POLYMER FLOODING; AQUEOUS SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS; COLLOIDAL DISPERSION; ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY; INTERNAL OLEFIN SULFONATES; SYNTHETIC SURFACTANTS; ULTRALOW INTERFACIAL TENSION; WETTABILITY ALTERATION;

ENHANCED RECOVERY;

EID: 84855538043     PISSN: 1086055X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2118/115386-PA     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (145)

1. Abbasi-Asl, Y, Pope, G. A., and Delshad, M. 2010. Mechanistic Modeling of Chemical Transport in Naturally Fractured Oil Reservoirs. Paper SPE 129661 presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April, doi: 10.2118/129661-MS.
2. Abe, M., Schechter, D., Schechter, R. S., Wade, W. H., Weerasooriya, U., and Yiv, S. 1986. Microemulsion Formation with Branched Tail Polyoxyethelene Sulfonate Surfactants. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 114(2):342-356. doi: 10.1016/0021-9797(86) 90420-0. (Pubitemid 17508776)
3. Adams, W. T and Schievelbein, V. H. 1987. Surfactant Flooding Carbonate Reservoirs. SPE Res Eng 2(4):619-626. SPE-12686-PA. doi: 10.2118/12686-PA.
4. Adibhatia, B. and Mohanty, K. K. 2007. Simulation of Surfactant-Aided Gravity Drainage in Fractured Carbonates. Paper SPE 106161 presented at the SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, Houston, 26-28 February. doi: 10.2118/106161-MS.
5. Adibhatia, B. and Mohanty, K. K. 2008. Oil Recovery From Fractured Carbonates by Surfactant-Aided Gravity Drainage: Laboratory Experiments and Mechanistic Simulations. SPE Res Eval & Eng 11(1):119-130. SPE-99773-PA. doi: 10.2118/99773-PA. (Pubitemid 351447669)
6. 2-in- Water Foams with Nonionic Hydrocarbon Surfactants. Langmuir 26(8):5335-5348. doi: 10.1021/la903663v.
7. Adkins, S. S., Chen, X., Nguyen, Q. P., Sanders, A. W, and Johnston, K. P. 2010b. Effect of branching on the interfacial properties of nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants at the air-water and carbon dioxide-water interfaces. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 346(2):455-463. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.12.059.
8. Anderson, G. A., Delshad, M., King, C. B., Mohammadi, H., and Pope, G. A. 2006. Optimization of Chemical Flooding in a Mixed-Wet Dolomite Reservoir. Paper SPE 100082 presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 22-26 April. doi: 10.2118/100082-MS.
9. Anderson, W. G. 1987a. Wettability Literature Survey-Part 4: Effects of Wettability on Capillary Pressure. J Pet Technol 39(10):1283-1300. SPE-15271-PA. doi: 10.2118/15271-PA.
10. Anderson, W. G. 1987b. Wettability Literature Survey-Part 5: The Effects of Wettability on Relative Permeability. J Pet Technol 39(11):1453-1468. SPE-16323-PA. doi: 10.2118/16323-PA.
11. Atkinson, H. 1927. Recovery of Petroleum from Oil Bearing Sands. US Patent No. 1, 651, 311.
12. Austad, T., Matte, B., Milter, J., Sævareid, A., and Øyno, L. 1998. Chemical flooding of oil reservoirs 8. Spontaneous oil expulsion from oil-and water-wet low permeable chalk material by imbibition of aqueous surfactant solutions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physlco. Eng. Aspects 137(1-3):117-129. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(97) 00378-6. (Pubitemid 28282751)
13. Babadagli, T. 2001. Scaling of Co-current and Counter-Current Capillary Imbibition for Surfactant and Polymer Injection in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs. SPEJ. 6(4):465-478. SPE-74702-PA. doi: 10.2118/74702-PA. (Pubitemid 34124923)
14. Bae, J. H. and Petrick, C. B. 1977. Adsorption/Retention of Petroleum Sulfonate in Berea Cores. SPE J. 17(5):353-357. SPE-5819-PA. doi: 10.2118/5819-PA. (Pubitemid 8563743)
15. Barnes, J. R., Dirkzwager, H., Smit, J. R., Smit, J. P., On, A., Navarrete, R. C., Ellison, B. H., and Buijse, M. A. 2010. Application of Internal Olefin Sulfonates and Other Surfactants to EOR. Part 1: Structure-Performance Relationships for Selection at Different Reservoir Conditions. Paper SPE 129766 presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April, doi: 10.2118/129766-MS.
16. Barnes, J. R., Smit, J. P., Smit, J. R., Shpakoff, P. G., Raney, K. H., and Puerto, M. C. 2008. Development of Surfactants for Chemical Flooding at Difficult Reservoir Conditions. Paper SPE 113313 presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 20-23 April, doi: 10.2118/113313-MS.
17. Baviere, M., Glenat, P., Plazanet, V., and Labrid, J. 1995. Improved EOR by Use of Chemicals in Combination. SPE Res Eng 10(3):187-193. SPE-27821-PA. doi: 10.2118/27821-PA.
18. Benton, W. J. and Miller, C. A. 1983. Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases and dispersions in dilute anionic surfactant-alcohol-brine systems. 1. Patterns of phase behavior. J. Phys. Chem. 87(24):4981-4991. doi: 10.1021/jl50642a042.
19. Bourrel, M. and Schechter, R. S. 1988. Microemulsions and Related Systems: Formulation, Solvency, and Physical Properties, Vol. 30. New York: Surfactant Science Series, Marcel Dekker.
20. Bryan, J., Mai, A., and Kantzas, A. 2008. Investigation into the Process Responsible for Heavy Oil Recovery by Alkali-Surfactant Flooding. Paper SPE 113993 presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 20-23 April, doi: 10.2118/113993-MS.
21. Buckley, J. S., Takamura, K., and Morrow, N. R. 1989. Influence of Electric Surface Charges on the Wetting Properties of Crude Oils. SPE Res Eng 4(3):332-340. SPE-16964-PA. doi: 10.2118/16964-PA.
22. Buijse, M. A., Prelicz, R. M., Barnes, J. R., and Cosmo, C. 2010. Application of Internal Olefin Sulfonates and Other Surfactants to EOR. Part 2: The Design and Execution of an ASP Field Test. Paper SPE 129769 presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April, doi: 10.2118/129769-MS.
23. Cayias, J. L., Schechter, R. S., and Wade, WH. 1977. The utilization of petroleum sulfonates for producing low interfacial tensions between hydrocarbons and water. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 59(1):31-38. doi: 10.1016/0021-9797(77) 90335-6.
24. Chen, H. L., Lucas, L. R., Nogaret, L. A. D., Yang, H. D., and Kenyon, D. E. 2000. Laboratory Monitoring of Surfactant Imbibition Using Computerized Tomography. Paper SPE 59006 presented at the SPE/DOE International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, Villahermosa, Mexico, 1-3 February, doi: 10.2118/59006-MS.
25. Cheng, K. H. 1986. Chemical Consumption During Alkaline Flooding: A Comparative Evaluation. Paper SPE 14944 presented at the SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 20-23 April, doi: 10.2118/14944-MS.
26. Cuiec, L. 1977. Study of Problems Related to the Restoration of the Natural State of Core Samples. J Can Pet Technol 16(4):68-80. JCPT Paper No. 77-04-09. doi: 10.2118/77-04-09. (Pubitemid 8576087)
27. Delshad, M., Najafabadi, N. F, and Sepehnoori, K. 2009. Scale Up Methodology for Wettability Modification in Fractured Carbonates. Paper SPE 118915 presented at the SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, The Woodlands, Texas, 2-4 February, doi: 10.2118/118915-MS.
28. Delshad, M., Najafabadi, N. F., Anderson, G. A., Pope, G. A., and Sepehrnoori, K. 2006. Modeling Wettability Alteration in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs. Paper SPE 100081 presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 22-26 April, doi: 10.2118/100081-MS.
29. Dubey, S. T and Doe, PH. 1993. Base Number and Wetting Properties of Crude Oil. SPE Res Eng 8(3):195-200. SPE-22598-PA. doi: 10.2118/22598-PA.
30. Dwarakanath, V., Chaturvedi, T., Jackson, A. C., Malik, T., Siregar, A., and Zhao, P. 2008. Using Co-Solvents to Provide Gradients and Improve Oil Recovery During Chemical Flooding in a Light Oil Reservoir. Paper SPE 113965 presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 19-23 April, doi: 10.2118/113965-MS.
31. Ehrlich, R. and Wygal, R. J. 1977. Interrelation of Crude Oil and Rock Properties with the Recovery of Oil by Caustic Waterflooding. SPE J. 17(4):263-270. SPE-5830-PA. doi: 10.2118/5830-PA.
32. Ehrlich, R., Hasiba, H. H., and Raimondi, P. 1974. Alkaline Waterflooding for Wettability Alteration-Evaluating a Potential Field Application. J Pet Technol 26(12):1335-1342. SPE-4905-PA. doi: 10.2118/4905-PA.
33. Falls, A. H., Thigpen, D. R., Nelson, R. C., Ciaston, J. W., Lawson, J. B., Good, PA., Ueber, R. C., and Shahin, G. T 1994. Field Test of Cosurfactant-Enhanced Alkaline Flooding. SPE Res Eng 9(3):217-223. SPE-24117-PA. doi: 10.2118/24117-PA.
34. Fan, T and Buckley, J. S. 2007. Acid Number Measurements Revisited. SPE J. 12(4):496-500. SPE-99884-PA. doi: 10.2118/99884-PA.
35. Farajzadeh, R., Wassing, B., and Boerrigter, P. 2010. Foam Assisted Gas Oil Gravity Drainage in Naturally-Fractured Reservoirs. Paper SPE 134203 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 19-27 September, doi: 10.2118/134203-MS.
36. Flaaten, A. K., Nguyen, Q. P., Pope, G. A., and Zhang, J. 2009. A Systematic laboratory Approach to Low-Cost, High-Performance Chemical Flooding. SPE Res Eval & Eng 12(5):713-723. SPE-113469-PA. doi: 10.2118/113469-PA.
37. Foster, WR. 1973. A Low Tension Waterflooding Process. J Pet Technol 25(2):205-210;
38. Trans., AIME, 255. SPE-3803-PA. doi: 10.2118/3803-PA.
39. Gao, S. and Gao, Q. 2010. Recent Progress and Evaluation of ASP Flooding for EOR in Daqing Oil Field. Paper SPE 127714 presented at the SPE EOR Conference at Oil & Gas West Asia, Muscat, Oman, 11-13 April, doi: 10.2118/127714-MS.
40. Ghosh, O. 1985. Liquid Crystal to Microemulsion Transitions in Anionic Surfactant-Oil-Brine Systems. PhD thesis, Rice University, Ann Arbor, Michigan (October 1985).
41. Glover, C. J., Puerto, M. C., Maerker, J. M., and Sandvik, E. L. 1979. Surfactant Phase Behavior and Retention in Porous Media. SPE J. 19(3):183-193. SPE-7053-PA. doi: 10.2118/7053-PA. (Pubitemid 9462427)
42. Gogarty, WB. 1977. Oil recovery with surfactants: History and a current appraisal. In Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding, ed. D. O. Shah and R. S. Schechter, 27-54. New York: Academic Press.
43. Gupta, R., Mohan, K., and Mohanty, K. K. 2009. Surfactant Screening for Wettability Alteration in Oil-Wet Fractured Carbonates. Paper SPE 124822 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 19-27 September, doi: 10.2118/124822-MS.
44. Gupta, R. and Mohanty, K. 2010. Temperature Effects on Surfactant-Aided Imbibition Into Fractured Carbonates. SPE J. 15(3):588-597. SPE-110204-PA. doi: 10.2118/110204-PA.
45. Gupta, R. and Mohanty, K. K. 2008. Wettability Alteration of Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs. Paper SPE 113407 presented at SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 20-23 April, doi: 10.2118/113407-MS.
46. Gupta, S. P 1982. Dispersive Mixing Effects on the Sloss Field Micellar System. SPE J. 22(4):481-492. SPE-9782-PA. doi: 10.2118/9782-PA.
47. Gupta, S. P. and Trushenski, S. P. 1979. Micellar Flooding-Compositional Effects on Oil Displacement. SPE J. 19(2):116-128;
48. Trans., AIME, 267. SPE-7063-PA. doi: 10.2118/7063-PA.
49. Haugen, A., Ferno, M. A., Graue, A., and Bertin, H. J. 2010. Experimental Study of Foam Flow in Fractured Oil-Wet Limestone for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Paper SPE 129763 presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April, doi: 10.2118/129763-MS.
50. Healey, R. N. and Reed, R. L. 1974. Physicochemical Aspects of Microemulsion Flooding. SPE J. 14(5):491-501;
51. Trans., AIME, 265. SPE-4583-PA. doi: 10.2118/4583-PA.
52. Healy, R. N., Reed, R. L., and Stenmark, D. K. 1976. Multiphase Microemulsion Systems. SPE J. 16(3):147-160;
53. Trans., AIME, 261. SPE-5565-PA. doi: 10.2118/5565-PA.
54. Hill, H. J., Helfferich, EG., Lake, L. W., and Reisberg, J. 1977. Cation Exchange and Chemical Flooding. J Pet Technol 29(10):1336-1338. SPE-6642-PA. doi: 10.2118/6642-PA. (Pubitemid 8552056)
55. Hill, H. J., Reisberg, J., and Stegemeier, G. L. 1973. Aqueous Surfactant Systems For Oil Recovery. J Pet Techol 25(2):186-194. SPE-3798-PA. doi: 10.2118/3798-PA.
56. Hirasaki, G. and Zhang, D. L. 2004. Surface Chemistry of Oil Recovery From Fractured, Oil-Wet, Carbonate Formation. SPE J. 9(2):151-162. SPE-88365-PA. doi: 10.2118/88365-PA.
57. Hirasaki, G., Miller C. A., Pope, G. A., and Jackson, R. E. 2005. Surfactant Based Enhanced Oil Recovery and Foam Mobility Control. 2nd Annual Technical Report (July 2004-June 2005), Contract No. DE-FC26-03NT15406, US DOE, Washington, DC (July 2005).
58. Hirasaki, G. J. 1981. Application of the Theory of Multicomponent, Multiphase Displacement to Three-Component, Two-Phase Surfactant Flooding. SPE J. 21(2):191-204. SPE-8373-PA. doi: 10.2118/8373-PA.
59. Hirasaki, G. J. 1982. Ion Exchange With Clays in the Presence of Surfactant. SPE J. 22(2):181-192. SPE-9279-PA. doi: 10.2118/9279-PA.
60. Hirasaki, G. J. and Lawson, J. B. 1986. An Electrostatic Approach to the Association of Sodium and Calcium with Surfactant Micelles. SPE Res Eng 1(2):119-130; (Pubitemid 16573548)
61. Trans., AIME, 281. SPE-10921-PA. doi: 10.2118/10921-PA.
62. Hirasaki, G. J. et al. 1997. Field Demonstration of the Surfactant/Foam Process for Aquifer Remediation. SPE 39292 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, 5-8 October, doi: 10.2118/39292-MS.
63. Hirasaki, G. J., Jackson, R. E., Jin, M., Lawson, J. B., Londergan, J., Meinardus, H., Miller, C. A., Pope, G. A., Szafranski, R., and Tanzil, D. 2000. Field Demonstration of the Surfactant/Foam Process for Remediation of a Heterogeneous Aquifer Contaminated with DNAPL. In NAPL Removal: Surfactants, Foams, and Mlcroemulslons, ed. S. Fiorenza, C. A. Miller, C. L. Oubre, and C. H. Ward, Part 1, 3-163. AATDF monograph series, Boca Raton, Florida, USA: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press.
64. Hirasaki, G. J., van Domselaar, H. R., and Nelson, R. C. 1983. Evaluation of the Salinity Gradient Concept in Surfactant Flooding. SPE J. 23(3):486-500. SPE-8825-PA. doi: 10.2118/8825-PA. (Pubitemid 13576672)
65. Høgnesen, E. J., Olsen, M., and Austad, T. 2006. Capillary and Gravity Dominated Flow Regimes in Displacement of Oil from an Oil-Wet Chalk Using Cationic Surfactant. Energy Fuels 20(3):1118-1122. doi: 10.1021/ef050297s. (Pubitemid 43984735)
66. Høgnesen, E. J., Standnes, D. C., and Austad, T. 2004. Scaling Spontaneous Imbibition of Aqueous Surfactant Solution Into Preferential Oil-Wet Carbonates. Energy Fuels 18(6):1665-1675. doi: 10.1021/ef040035a.
67. Holm, L. W 1977. Soluble oils for improved oil recovery. In Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding, ed. D. O. Shah and R. S. Schechter, 453-485. New York: Academic Press.
68. Holm, L. W. and Robertson, S. D. 1981. Improved Micellar/Polymer Flooding With High-pH Chemicals. J Pet Technol 33(1):161-171. SPE-7583-PA. doi: 10.2118/7583-PA.
69. Huh, C. 1979. Interfacial tensions and solubilizing ability of a microemulsion phase that coexists with oil and brine. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 71(2):408-426. doi: 10.1016/0021-9797(79) 90249-2.
70. Jadhunandan, P. P. and Morrow, N. R. 1995. Effect of Wettability on Waterflood Recovery for Crude-Oil/Brine/Rock Systems. SPE Form Eval 10(1):40-46. SPE-22597-PA. doi: 10.2118/22597-PA.
71. Jennings, H. Y. Jr. 1975. A Study of Caustic Solution-Crude Oil Interfacial Tensions. SPE J. 15(3):197-202. SPE-5049-PA. doi: 10.2118/5049-PA.
72. Jensen, J. A. and Radke, C. J. 1988. Chromatographic Transport of Alkaline Buffers Through Reservoir Rock. SPE Res Eng 3(3):849-856. SPE-14295-PA. doi: 10.2118/14295-PA.
73. Johnson, C. E. Jr. 1976. Status of Caustic and Emulsion Methods. J Pet Technol 28(1):85-92. SPE-5561-PA. doi: 10.2118/5561-PA.
74. Kang, W., Liu, S., Meng, L., Cao, D., and Fan, H. 2010. A Novel Ultra-low Interfacial Tension Foam Flooding Agent to Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery. Paper SPE 129175 presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April, doi: 10.2118/129175-MS.
75. Kumar, R. and Mohanty, K. K. 2010. ASP Flooding of Viscous Oil. Paper SPE 135265 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 19-27 September, doi: 10.2118/135265-MS.
76. Kumar, R., Dao, E., and Mohanty, K. K. 2010. Emulsion Flooding of Heavy Oil. Paper SPE 129914 presented at the SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 20-23 April, doi: 10.2118/129914-MS.
77. Lake, L. W. 1989. Enhanced Oil Recovery, 166. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
78. Lawson, J. B. and Reisberg, J. 1980. Alternate Slugs of Gas and Dilute Surfactant for Mobility Control During Chemical Flooding. Paper SPE 8839 presented at the SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 20-23 April, doi: 10.2118/8839-MS.
79. Levitt, D. B., Jackson, A. C., Heinson, C., Britton, L. N., Malik, T., Dwarakanath, V., and Pope, G. A. 2009. The Identification and Evaluation of High-Performance EOR Surfactants. SPE Res Eval & Eng 12(2):243-253. SPE-100089-PA. doi: 10.2118/100089-PA.
80. Li, R. F., Yan, W., Liu, S., Hirasaki, G., and Miller, C. A. 2010. Foam Mobility Control for Surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery. SPE J. 15(4):928-942. SPE-113910-PA. doi: 10.2118/113910-PA.
81. Liu, Q., Dong, M., and Ma, S. 2006. Alkaline/Surfactant Flood Potential in Western Canadian Heavy Oil Reservoirs. Paper SPE 99791 presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 22-26 April, doi: 10.2118/99791-MS.
82. Liu, S. 2007. Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes. Ph. D. thesis, Rice University, Ann Arbor, Michigan (December 2007). http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~gjh/Consortium/Manuscripts/Liu-Thesis.pdf.
83. Liu, S., Feng Li, R., Miller, C. A., and Hirasaki, G. J. 2010. Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Processes: Wide Range of Conditions for Good Recovery. SPE J. 15(2):282-293. SPE-113936-PA. doi: 10.2118/113936-PA.
84. Liu, S., Zhang, D. L., Yan, W., Puerto, M., Hirasaki, G. J., and Miller, C. A. 2008. Favorable Attributes of Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding. SPE J. 13(1):5-16. SPE-99744-PA. doi: 10.2118/99744-PA.
85. Lopez-Salinas, J. L., Miller, C. A., Koo, K. H. K., Puerto, M., and Hirasaki, G. J. 2009 Viscometer for opaque, sealed microemulsion samples. Paper SPE 121575 presented at the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 20-22 April, doi: 10.2118/121575-MS.
86. Lyklema, J. 1995. Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science. Volume II: Solid-Liquid Interfaces, Appendix 3, A3.1-A3.6. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
87. Maerker, J. M. and Gale, WW 1992. Surfactant Flood Process Design for Loudon. SPE Res Eng 7(1):36-44; Trans., AIME, 293. SPE-20218-PA. doi: 10.2118/20218-PA.
88. Melrose, J. C. and Brandner, C. F 1974. Role of Capillary Forces In Detennining Microscopic Displacement Efficiency For Oil Recovery By Waterflooding. J Can Pet Technol 13(4):54-62. JCPT Paper No. 74-04-05. doi: 10.2118/74-04-05.
89. Miller, C. A., Ghosh, O., and Benton, W. J. 1986. Behavior of dilute lamellar liquid-crystalline phases. Colloids and Surfaces 19(2-3):197-223. doi: 10.1016/0166-6622(86) 80336-5.
90. Milter, J. and Austad, T 1996a. Chemical flooding of oil reservoirs 6. Evaluation of the mechanism for oil expulsion by spontaneous imbibition of brine with and without surfactant in water-wet, lowpermeable, chalk material. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 113(3):269-278. doi: 10.1016/0927-7757(96) 03631-X. (Pubitemid 26292276)
91. Milter, J. and Austad, T 1996b. Chemical flooding of oil reservoirs 7. Oil expulsion by spontaneous imbibition of brine with and without surfactant in mixed-wet, low permeability chalk material. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 111(1-2):109-115. doi: 10.1016/0927-7757(96) 03693-X. (Pubitemid 26293491)
92. Mohammadi, H., Delshad, M., and Pope, G. A. 2009. Mechanistic Modeling of Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Floods. SPE Res Eval & Eng 12(4):518-527. SPE-110212-PA. doi: 10.2118/110212-PA.
93. Morrow, N. R. 1990. Wettability and Its Effect on Oil Recovery. J Pet Technol 24(12):1476-1484. SPE-21621-PA. doi: 10.2118/21621-PA.
94. Morrow, N. R. and Mason, G. 2001. Recovery of Oil by Spontaneous Imbibition. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 6(4):321-337. doi: 10.1016/S1359-0294(01) 00100-5. (Pubitemid 32878585)
95. Najafabadi, N. F., Delshad, M., Sepehrnoori, K., Nguyen, Q. R, and Zhang, J. 2008. Chemical Flooding of Fractured Carbonates Using Wettability Modifiers. Paper SPE 113369 presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 20-23 April. doi: 10.2118/113369-MS.
96. Nelson, R. C. 1981. Further Studies on Phase Relations in Chemical Flooding. In Surface Phenomena in Enhanced Oil Recovery, ed. D. O. Shah, 73-104. New York: Plenum Publishing. (Pubitemid 12527780)
97. Nelson, R. C. and Pope, G. A. 1978. Phase Relationships in Chemical Flooding. SPE J. 18(5):325-338;
98. Trans., AIME, 265. SPE-6773-PA. doi: 10.2118/6773-PA.
99. Nelson, R. C., Lawson, J. B., Thigpen, D. R., and Stegemeier, G. L. 1984. Cosurfactant-Enhanced Alkaline Flooding. Paper SPE 12672 presented at the SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 15-18 April, doi: 10.2118/12672-MS.
100. Novosad, Z. and Novosad, J. 1984. Determination of Alkalinity Losses Resulting From Hydrogen Ion Exchange in Alkaline Flooding. SPE J. 24(1):49-52. SPE-10605-PA. doi: 10.2118/10605-PA. (Pubitemid 14527534)
101. Pennell, K. D., Pope, G. A., and Abriola, L. M. 1996. Influence of Viscous and Buoyancy Forces on the Mobilization of Residual Tetrachloroethylene during Surfactant Flushing. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(4):1328-1335. doi: 10.1021/es9505311. (Pubitemid 26100880)
102. Peru, D. A. and Lorenz, PB. 1990. Surfactant-Enhanced Low-pH Alkaline Flooding. SPE Res Eng 5(3):327-332. doi: 10.2118/17117-PA.
103. Pope, G. A. 1980. The Application of Fractional Flow Theory to Enhanced Oil Recovery. SPE J. 20(3):191-205. SPE-7660-PA. doi: 10.2118/7660-PA.
104. Pope, G. A., Lake, L. W., and Helfferich, F. G. 1978. Cation Exchange in Chemical Flooding: Part 1-Basic Theory Without Dispersion. SPE J. 18(6):418-434. SPE-6771-PA. doi: 10.2118/6771-PA. (Pubitemid 9410347)
105. Pope, G. A., Wang, B., and Tsaur, K. 1979. A Sensitivity Study of Micellar/Polymer Flooding. SPE J. 19(6):357-368. SPE-7079-PA. doi: 10.2118/7079-PA.
106. Puerto, M., Hirasaki, G. J., and Miller, C. A. 2010. Surfactant Systems for EOR in High-Temperature, High-Salinity Environments. Paper SPE 129675 presented at SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April, doi: 10.2118/129675-MS.
107. Qutubuddin, S., Miller, C. A., Benton, W. J., and Fort, T Jr. 1985. Effects of polymers, electrolytes, and pH on microemulsion phase behavior. In Macro-and Microemulsions: Theory and Applications, ed. D. O. Shah, No. 272, 223-251. Washington, DC: Symposium Series, ACS.
108. Ramakrishnan, T. S. and Wasan, D. T 1988. The Role of Adsorption in High pH Flooding. Paper SPE 17408 presented at the SPE California Regional Meeting, Long Beach, California, USA, 23-25 March, doi: 10.2118/17408-MS.
109. Ramakrishnan, T. S. and Wasan, D. T. 1989. Fractional-Flow Model for High-pH Flooding. SPE Res Eng 4(1):59-68. SPE-14950-PA. doi: 10.2118/14950-PA.
110. Reed, R. L. and Healy, R. N. 1977. Some physico-chemical aspects of microemulsion flooding: a review. In Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding, ed. D. O. Shah and R. S. Schechter, 383-437. New York: Academic Press.
111. Sahni, V., Dean, R. M., Britton, C., Weerasooriya, U., and Pope, G. A. 2010. The Role of Co-Solvents and Co-Surfactants in Making Chemical Floods Robust. Paper SPE 130007 presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April, doi: 10.2118/130007-MS.
112. Salager, J. L., Bourrel, M., Schechter, R. S., and Wade, WH. 1979. Mixing Rules for Optimum Phase-Behavior Formulations of Surfactant/Oil/Water Systems. SPE J. 19(5):271-278. SPE-7584-PA. doi: 10.2118/7584-PA. (Pubitemid 10421942)
113. Salter, S. J. 1977. The Influence of Type and Amount of Alcohol on Surfactant-Oil-Brine Phase Behavior and Properties. Paper SPE 6843 presented at SPE Annual Meeting, Denver, 9-12 October. doi: 10.2118/6843-MS.
114. Schechter, D. S., Zhou, D., and Orr, F. M. Jr. 1994. Low IFT drainage and imbibition. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 11(4):283-300. doi: 10.1016/0920-4105(94) 90047-7. (Pubitemid 286286)
115. Scriven, L. E. 1976. Equilibrium bicontinuous structure. Nature 263 (09 September 1976):123-125. doi: 10.1038/263123a0.
116. Seethepalli, A., Adibhatla, B., and Mohanty, K. K. 2004. Physicochemical Interactions During Surfactant Flooding of Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs. SPE J. 9(4):411-418. SPE-89423-PA. doi: 10.2118/89423-PA. (Pubitemid 40181892)
117. Somasundaran, P. and Zhang, L. 2006. Adsorption of surfactant on minerals for wettability control in improved oil recovery processes. J Pet Sci Eng 52(1-4):198-212. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2006.03.022. (Pubitemid 43869444)
118. Southwick, J. G. 1985. Solubility of Silica in Alkaline Solutions: Implications for Alkaline Flooding, SPE J. 25(6):857-864. SPE-12771-PA. doi: 10.2118/12771-PA. (Pubitemid 16460481)
119. Srivastava, M. and Nguyen, Q. P 2010. Application of Gas for Mobility Control in Chemical EOR in Problematic Carbonate Reservoirs. Paper SPE 129840 presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April, doi: 10.2118/129840-MS.
120. Standnes, D. C. and Austad, T. 2000. Wettability alteration in chalk 2. Mechanism for wettability alteration from oil-wet to water-wet using surfactants. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 28(3):123-143. doi: 10.1016/S0920-4105(00) 00084-X. (Pubitemid 32043450)
121. Standnes, D. C., Nogaret, L. A. D., Chen, H.-C, and Austad, T. 2002. An Evaluation of Spontaneous Imbibition of Water into Oil-Wet Carbonate Reservoir Cores Using a Nonionic and a Cationic Surfactant. Energy Fuels 16(6):1557-1564. doi: 10.1021/ef0201127. (Pubitemid 35474425)
122. Stegemeier, G. L. 1977. Mechanisms of entrapment and mobilization of oil in porous media. In Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding, ed. D. O. Shah and R. S. Schechter, 55-91. New York: Academic Press.
123. Stoll, W. M., al Shureqi, H., Finol, J., Al-Harthy, A. A., Oyemade, S., de Kruijf, A., van Wunnik, J., Arkesteijn, F, Bouwmeester, R., and Faber, M. J. 2010. Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood: From the Laboratory to the Field. Paper SPE 129164 presented at the SPE EOR Conference at Oil & Gas West Asia, Muscat, Oman, 11-13 April, doi: 10.2118/129164-MS.
124. Surkalo, H. 1990. Enhanced Alkaline Flooding. J Pet Technol 42(1):6-7. SPE-19896-PA. doi: 10.2118/19896-PA.
125. Sydansk, R. D. 1982. Elevated-Temperature Caustic/Sandstone Interaction: Implications for Improving Oil Recovery. SPE J. 22(4):453-462. SPE-9810-PA. doi: 10.2118/9810-PA.
126. Tabatabal, A., Gonzalez, M. V., Harwell, J. H., and Scamehorn, J. F 1993. Reducing Surfactant Adsorption in Carbonate Reservoirs. SPE Res Eng 8(2):117-122. SPE-24105-PA. doi: 10.2118/24105-PA. (Pubitemid 23670467)
127. Taber, J. J. 1969. Dynamic and Static Forces Required To Remove a Discontinuous Oil Phase from Porous Media Containing Both Oil and Water. SPE J. 9(1):3-12. SPE-2098-PA. doi: 10.2118/2098-PA.
128. Takamura, K. and Chow, R. S. 1985. The electric properties of the bitumen/water interface Part II. Application of the ionizable surfacegroup model. Colloids and Surfaces 15:35-48. doi: 10.1016/0166-6622(85) 80053-6. (Pubitemid 15549319)
129. Talley, L. D. 1988. Hydrolytic Stability of Alkylethoxy Sulfates. SPE Res Eng 3(1):235-242. SPE-14912-PA. doi: 10.2118/14912-PA.
130. Tham, M. J., Nelson, R. C, and Hirasaki, G. J. 1983. Study of the Oil Wedge Phenomenon Through the Use of a Chemical Flood Simulator. SPE J. 23(5):746-758. SPE-10729-PA. doi: 10.2118/10729-PA.
131. Treiber, L. E. and Owens, WW 1972. A Laboratory Evaluation of the Wettability of Fifty Oil-Producing Reservoirs. SPE J. 12(6):531-540. SPE-3526-PA. doi: 10.2118/3526-PA.
132. Trushenski, S. P 1977. Micellar flooding: sulfonate-polymer interaction. In Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding, ed. D. O. Shah and R. S. Schechter, 555-575. New York: Academic Press.
133. Uren, L. C and Fahmy, E. H. 1927. Factors Influencing the Recovery of Petroleum from Unconsolidated Sands by Waterflooding. SPE-927318-G. Petroleum Transactions, AIME, 77:318-335.
134. Wagner, O. R. and Leach, R. O. 1959. Improving Oil Displacement Efficiency by Wettability Adjustment. SPE-1101-G. Trans., AIME, 216:65-72.
135. Wang, D., Cheng, J., Yang, Z., Li, Q., Wu, W, and Yu, H. 2001. Successful Field Test of the First Ultra-Low Interfacial Tension Foam Flood. Paper SPE 72147 presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Improved Oil Recovery Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 6-9 October. doi: 10.2118/72147-MS.
136. Wang, F. H. L. 1993. Effects of Reservoir Anaerobic, Reducing Conditions on Surfactant Retention in Chemical Flooding. SPE Res Eng 8(2):108-116. SPE-22648-PA. doi: 10.2118/22648-PA. (Pubitemid 23670468)
137. Wellington, S. L. and Richardson, E. A. 1997. Low Surfactant Concentration Enhanced Waterflooding. SPE J. 2(4):389-405. SPE-30748-PA. doi: 10.2118/30748-PA.
138. Wessen, L. L. and Harwell, J. H. 2000. Surfactant Adsorption in Porous Media. In Surfactants: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry, ed. L. L. Schramm. New York: Cambridge University Press.
139. Yan, W., Miller, C. A., and Hirasaki, G. J. 2006. Foam sweep in fractures for enhanced oil recovery. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 282-283:348-359. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa. 2006.02.067. (Pubitemid 43833341)
140. Yang, H. D. and Wadleigh, E. E. 2000. Dilute Surfactant IOR-Design Improvement for Massive, Fractured Carbonate Applications. Paper SPE 59009 presented at the SPE International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, Villahermosa, Mexico, 1-3 February, doi: 10.2118/59009-MS.
141. Zhang, D. L., Liu, S., Puerto, M., Miller, C. A., and Hirasaki, G. J. 2006. Wettability alteration and spontaneous imbibition in oil-wet carbonate formations. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 52(1-4):213-226. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2006.03.009. (Pubitemid 43843046)
142. Zhang, J., Nguyen, Q. P., Flaaten, A. K., and Pope, G. A. 2008. Mechanisms of Enhanced Natural Imbibition with Novel Chemicals. Paper SPE 113453 to be presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 20-23 April, doi: 10.2118/113453-MS.
143. Zhang, R. and Somasundaran, P. 2006. Advances in adsorption of surfactants and their mixtures at solid/solution interfaces. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 123-126 (Special Issue, 16 November 2006):213-229. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2006.07.004. (Pubitemid 44665832)
144. Zhang, Y., Yue, X., Dong, J., and Liu, Y 2000. New and Effective Foam Flooding To Recover Oil in Heterogeneous Reservoir. Paper SPE 59367 presented at the SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 3-5 April, doi: 10.2118/59367-MS.
145. Zhao, P., Jackson, A. C., Britton, C., Kim, D. H., Britton, L. N., Levitt, D. B., and Pope, G. A. 2008. Development of High Performance Surfactants for Difficult Oils. Paper SPE 113432 presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 20-23 April. doi: 10.2118/113432-MS.