Environment and architectural stone

Stone in Architecture: Properties, Durability

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 317-346

  Brimblecombe, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855533793     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14475-2_5     Document Type: Chapter

References (63)

1. Alves C (2010) "White" crusts on recent buildings. Mater Sci Forum 636-637:1300-1305.
2. Benavente D, Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM (2008) Salt weathering and climate change: In: Colombini MP, Tassi L (eds) Trends in Analytical, Environmental and Cultural Heritage Chemistry, TSN Trivandrum.
3. Blocken B, Carmeliet J (2004) A review of wind-driven rain research in building science. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod 92:1079-1130.
4. Blocken B, Dezsö G, Van Beeck J. Carmeliet J (2010) Comparison of calculation models for winddriven rain deposition on building facades Atmosph Environ 44:1714-1725.
5. Bonazza A, Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM, Sabbioni C (2007) Carbon in black layers at the Tower of London. Environ Sci Tech 41:4199-4204.
6. Bonazza A, Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM, Messina P, Sabbioni C (2009a) Mapping the impact of climate change on surface recession of carbonate buildings in Europe. Sci Total Environ 407:2039-2050.
7. Bonazza A, Sabbioni C, Messina P, Guaraldi C, De Nuntiis P (2009b) Climate change impact: Mapping thermal stress on Carrara marble in Europe. Sci Total Environ 407(15):4506-4512.
8. Bowler C, Brimblecombe P (1990) The difficulties of abating smoke in late Victorian York. Atmospheric Environment 24 B: 49-45.
9. Brimblecombe P (1978) Interest in air pollution among early members of the Royal Society. Notes Rec R Soc Lond 32:123-129.
10. Brimblecombe P, Bowler C, Doktor P (1992) Air pollution and the cost of repairs to English cathedrals since 1700, Patriomonio Historico artistico y Contaminacion. Consorcio para la Organizacion de Madrid Capital Europea de la Cultura, Madrid.
11. Brimblecombe P (1996) Air Composition and Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
12. Brimblecombe P (1987) The Big Smoke. Methuen, London.
13. Brimblecombe P (2003) Documentary records. In: Mackay A, Battarbee R, Birks J, Oldfield F (eds) Global Change in the Holocene. Arnold, London.
14. Brimblecombe P (2010a) Heritage climatology. In: R.-A. Lefevre RA and C. Sabbioni C (eds) Climate Change and Cultural Heritage. Edipuglia, Bari - Italy.
15. Brimblecombe P (2010b) Mapping heritage climatologies In: Bunnik T, de Clercq H, van Hees R, Schellen H, Schueremans L (eds) Effect of Climate Change on Built Heritage. WTA-Publications, Pfaffenhofen, 34, pp. 18-30.
16. Brimblecombe P, Camuffo D (2003) Long term damage to the built environment. In: Brimblecombe P (ed) The Effects of Air Pollution on the Built Environment. pp. 1-30.
17. Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM (2004) The rate of darkening of material surfaces. In: Saiz-Jimenez C (ed) Air Pollution and Cultural Heritage. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam., pp. 193-198.
18. Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM (2005) Aesthetic thresholds and blackening of stone buildings. Sci Total Environ 349:175-189.
19. Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM, Harris I (2006) Climate change critical to cultural heritage. In: Fort R, Alvarez de Buergo, M, Gomez-Heras M, Vazquez-Calvo C (eds) Heritage, Weathering and Conservation. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 387-393.
20. Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM (2009) Millennium-long damage to building materials in London. Sci Total Environ 407:1354-1361.
21. Brischke C, Rapp AO, Bayerbach R, Morsing N, Fynholm P, Welzbacher CR (2008) Monitoring the "material climate" of wood to predict the potential for decay: Results from in situ measurements on buildings. Build Environ 43:1575-1582.
22. Cadle SH, Countess RJ, Kelly NA (1982) Nitric acid and ammonia in urban and rural locations. Atmos Environ 16:2501-2506.
23. Camuffo D, Del Monte M, Sabbioni C, Vittori O (1982) Wetting, deterioration and visual features of stone surfaces in an urban area. Atmos Environ 16:2253-2259.
24. Camuffo D (1987) Freezing of the Venetian Lagoon since the 9th century A. D. in comparison to the climate of western Europe and England. Clim Change 10:43-66.
25. Davidson CI., Tang, W, Finger S, Etyemezian V, Striegel MF, Sherwood SI (2000) Soiling patterns on a tall limestone building: Changes over 60 years. Environ Sci Technol 34(4):560-565.
26. Drake F (1736) Eboracium. London.
27. Gaviño M, Hermosin B, Vergès-Belmin V, Nowik W, Saiz-Jimenez C (2004) Composition of the black crusts from the Saint Denis Basilica, France, as revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep. Sci 27:513-523.
28. Gobbi G, Zappia G, Sabbioni C (1998) Sulphite quantification on damaged stones and mortars. Atmos Environ 32:783-789.
29. Grossi CM, Brimblecombe P (2004) Aesthetics of simulated soiling patterns on architecture. Environ Sci Technol 38:3971-3976.
30. Grossi CM, Brimblecombe P, Harris I (2007) Climate change and frost impact on the built heritage. Sci Total Environ 377:273-281.
31. Grossi CM, Brimblecombe P (2005) The White Tower and the perception of blackening. J Architect Conservat 1:34-44.
32. Grossi CM, Brimblecombe P, Esbert RM, Alonso FJ (2007) Colour changes in architectural limestones from pollution and cleaning. Color Res Appl 32:320-331.
33. Grossi CM, Brimblecombe P, et al. (2011) Climatology of salt damage on stone buildings (submitted Science of Total Environment).
34. Hall, K., André, M.-F. 2003 Rock thermal data at the grain scale: Applicability to granular disintegration in cold environments. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28(8):823-836.
35. Hawksmoor N (1934) Letters to the Dean. Wren Soc 11:32-34.
36. Hussein AS, El-Shishiny H (2009) Wind flow modeling and simulation over the Giza Plateau cultural heritage site in Egypt Journal of Computing and Cultural Heritage 2, art. no. 6.
37. Keepe H (1682) Monumenta Westmonasteriensa, London.
38. Kottek M, Grieser J, Beck C, Rudolf B, Rubel F (2006) World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol Z 15:259-263.
39. Krier JE, Ursin E (1977) Pollution and Policy. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA.
40. Kucera V (2005) Model for multipollutant impact and assessment of threshold levels for cultural heritage. Swedish corrosion Institute, Stockholm.
41. Kucera V, Tidblad J, Kreislova K, Knotkova D, Faller M, Reiss D, Snethlage R, Yates T, Henriksen J, Schreiner M, Melcher M, Ferm M, Lefevre R-A, Kobus J (2007) UN/ECE ICP materials dose-response functions for the multi-pollutant situation. Water Air Soil Pollut Focus 7:249-258.
42. Lamb H (1997) Through all the Changing Scenes of Life - a Meterologist's Tale. Taverner Publications, East Harling.
43. Lamschus C (1993) Die Holzversorgung der Luneburger Saline. in Mittelalter und frer Neuzeit. In: Urbanski S, Lamschus C, Ellermeyer J (eds) Recht und Alltag im Hanseraum. Frederkreis Industriedenkmal Saline, Luneburg, pp. 321-333.
44. Lipfert FW (1989) Atmospheric damage to calcareous stones: comparison and reconciliation of recent experimental findings. Atmos Environ 23:415-429.
45. Massey SW (1999) The effects of ozone and NO (x) on the deterioration of calcareous stone Sci Total Environ 227:109-121.
46. Matsuoka N (2008) Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern Swiss Alps: longterm (1994-2006) observations. Geomorphology 99:353-368.
47. McAlister MM, Smith BJ, Torok A (2008) Transition metals and water soluble ions on a building and their potential catalysis of stone decay. Atmos Environ 42:7657-7668.
48. Meleux F, Solmon F, Giorgi F (2007) Increase in summer European ozone amounts due to climate change. Atmos Environ 41:7577-7587.
49. Oke TR (1988) Boundary Layer Climates, Routledge, London.
50. Sabbioni C (2003) Mechanisms of air pollution damage to stone. In: Brimblecombe P (ed) The Effects of Air Pollution on the Built Environment. Imperial College Press, London. pp. 63-106.
51. Sabbioni C, Brimblecombe P, Cassar M (eds) (2010) The Atlas of Climate Change Impact on European Cultural Heritage, Anthem Press, London.
52. Schaffer RJ (1932) The Natural Weathering of Building Stones. Building Research Special Report No. 18. HMSO, London.
53. Sgobbi, M., Brimblecombe, P., Grossi, C., Biscontin, G., Zendri E (2010) Surface stratigraphy on limestone of Venetian palaces. J Arch Conserv, 16, 52-70.
54. Sikiotis D, Kirkitsos P (1995) The adverse effects of nitrates on stone monuments. Sci Total Environ 171:173-182.
55. Streets DG, Gupta S, Waldhoff ST, Wang MQ, Bond TC, Yiyun B (2001) Black carbon emissions in China. Atmos Environ 35:4281-4296.
56. Sulaiman FR, Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM (2009) Mobilization and loss of elements from roofing tiles. Environ Geol 58:795-801.
57. Tang W, Davidson CI, Finger S, Vance K (2004) Erosion of limestone building surfaces caused by wind-driven rain:1. Field measurements. Atmos Environ 38:5589-5599.
58. Tang W, Davidson CI (2004) Erosion of limestone building surfaces caused by wind-driven rain:2. Numerical modeling. Atmos Environ 38:5601-5609.
59. Trenhaile AS (2001) Twenty-year weathering re-measurements at St Paul's Cathedral, London. Earth Surf Proc Land 26:1129-1142.
60. Verhoef, L. G. W 2008. Soiling and cleaning of building facades. RILEM Report. New York, NY Chapman and Hall.
61. Vleugels G, Dewolfs R, Van Grieken R (1993) On the memory effect of limestone for air pollution. Atmos Environ 27 A: 1931-1934.
62. Watt J, Jarrett D, Hamilton R (2008) Dose-response functions for the soiling of heritage materials due to air pollution exposure. Sci Total Environ 400:415-424.
63. Wren C (1713) Report on Westminster Abbey to Francis Atterburg, Dean. In: Soo LM (ed) Wren's "tracts" on architecture and other writings (1998). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 79-92.