Top-/bottom-soil ratios and enrichment factors: What do they really show?

Applied Geochemistry

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 138-145

  Sucharovà, Julie ^a   Suchara, Ivan ^a   Hola, Marie ^a   Marikova, Sarka ^a   Reimann, Clemens ^b   Boyd, Rognvald ^b   Filzmoser, Peter ^c   Englmaier, Peter ^d  

^a SILVA TAROUCA RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL GARDENING   (Czech Republic)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

^c VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS; ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS; CLOSED SYSTEMS; CZECH REPUBLIC; DE-COUPLING; EARTH SURFACE; ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS; ELEMENT EXCHANGE; ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION; ENRICHMENT FACTORS; GEOCHEMICAL BACKGROUND; SOIL FORMATIONS; SOIL PROFILES;

BIOSPHERICS; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; GEOCHEMISTRY; SOILS;

SOIL POLLUTION;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; BIOSPHERE; ENRICHMENT; SAMPLING; SOIL CHEMISTRY; SOIL DEPTH; SOIL HORIZON; SOIL POLLUTION; SOIL PROFILE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION;

CZECH REPUBLIC;

EID: 84855436064     PISSN: 08832927     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.09.025     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Atteia O. Major and trace elements in precipitation on western Switzerland. Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28:3617-3624.
2. Blaser P., Zimmermann S., Luster J., Shotyk W. Critical examination of trace element enrichments and depletions in soils: As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Swiss forest soils. Sci. Total Environ. 2000, 249:257-280.
3. Chester R., Stoner J.H. Pb in particulates from the lower atmosphere of the eastern Atlantic. Nature 1973, 245:27-28.
4. Cobbett C.S. Phytochelatins and their roles in heavy metal detoxification. Plant Physiol. 2000, 123:825-832.
5. Facchinelli A., Sacchi E., Mallen L. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environ. Pollut. 2001, 114:313-324.
6. Goldschmidt V.M. The principles of distribution of chemical elements in minerals and rocks. J. Chem. Soc., London 1937, 655-673.
7. Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: a sedimentological approach. Water Res. 1980, 14:975-1001.
8. Loska K., Cebula J., Pelczar J., Wiechula D., Kwapilinski J. Use of enrichment and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1997, 93:347-365.
9. Manta D.S., Angelone M., Bellanca A., Neri R., Sprovieri M. Heavy metals in urban soils: a case study from the city of Palermo (Sicily), Italy. Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 300:229-243.
10. Massas, I., Ehliotis, C., Gerontidis, S., Sarris, E., 2009. Elevated heavy metal concentrations in top soils of an Aegean island town (Greece): total and available forms, origin and distribution. Environ. Monit. Assess. 151, 105.116.
11. Müller G. Schwermetalle in den Sedimenten des Rheins - Veränderungen seit 1971. Umschau 1979, 79:778-783.
12. Reimann C., Caritat P.de Intrinsic flaws of element enrichment factors (EFs) in environmental geochemistry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:5084-5091.
13. Reimann C., Caritat P.de Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources for elements in the environment: regional geochemical surveys versus enrichment factors. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 337:91-107.
14. Reimann C., Kashulina G., Caritat P.de, Niskavaara H. Multi-element, multi-medium regional geochemistry in the European arctic: element concentration, variation and correlation. Appl. Geochem. 2001, 16:759-780.
15. Reimann C., Arnoldussen A., Englmaier P., Filzmoser P., Finne T.E., Garrett R.G., Koller F., Nordgulen Ø. Element concentrations and variations along a 120km long transect in south Norway-Anthropogenic vs. Geogenic vs. biogenic element sources and cycles. Appl. Geochem. 2007, 22:851-871.
16. Reimann C., Filzmoser P., Garrett R.G., Dutter R. Statistical Data Analysis Explained 2008, Applied Environmental Statistics with R. Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
17. Reimann C., Englmaier P., Flem B., Gough L., Lamothe P., Nordgulen Ø., Smith D. Geochemical gradients in soil O-horizon samples from southern Norway: Natural or anthropogenic?. Appl. Geochem. 2009, 24:62-76.
18. Shotyk W. Comment on " The biosphere: A homogeniser of Pb-isotope signals" by C. Reimann, B. Flem, A. Arnoldussen, P. Englmaier, T.E. Finne, F. Koller and Ø. Nordgulen. Appl. Geochem. 2008, 23:2514-2518.
19. Singh R., Singh D.P., Kumar N., Bhargava S.K., Barman S.C. Accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and plants from fly ash contaminated area. J. Environ. Biol. 2010, 31:421-430.
20. Steinnes E., Njåstad O. Enrichment of metals in the organic surface layer of natural soil: identification of contributions from different sources. Analyst 1995, 120:1479-1483.
21. Steinnes E., Solberg W., Petersen H.M., Wren C.D. Heavy-metal pollution by long-range atmospheric transport in natural soils of southern Norway. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1989, 45:207-218.
22. Sucharova J., Suchara I., Hola M., Reimann C., Boyd R., Filzmoser P., Englamaier P. Linking chemical elements in forest floor humus (Oh-horizon) in the Czech Republic to contamination sources. Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159:1205-1214.
23. Teutsch N., Erel Y., Halicz L., Chadwick O.A. The influence of rainfall on metal concentration and behaviour in the soil. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:3499-3511.
24. Yang C.L., Wu Z.F., Zhang H.H., Guo R.P., Wu Y.Q. Risk assessment and distribution of soil Pb in Guandong, China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2009, 159:381-391.