Dose-dependent cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterol/phytostanol- enriched margarine in statin users and statin non-users under free-living conditions

Public Health Nutrition

Volumn 14, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1823-1832

  Eussen, Simone R B M ^a,b   De Jong, Nynke ^b   Rompelberg, Cathy J M ^b   Garssen, Johan ^a   Verschuren, Wm Monique ^b   Klungel, Olaf H ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Effectiveness; Phytosterols phytostanols; Statins

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; MARGARINE; PHYTOSTEROL;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; QUESTIONNAIRE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ADULT; AGED; ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; CHOLESTEROL; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; FOOD, FORTIFIED; FOOD-DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LINEAR MODELS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MARGARINE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PHYTOSTEROLS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 84855371088     PISSN: 13689800     EISSN: 14752727     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980011000164     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Gotto AM Jr (1986) Treatment of hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 57, 11G-16G. (Pubitemid 16011553)
2. Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS & Al-Rubeaan K (2007) The atherogenic and metabolic impact of non-HDL cholesterol versus other lipid sub-components among non-diabetic and diabetic Saudis. Lipids Health Dis 6, 9.
3. Cui Y, Blumenthal RS, Flaws JA et al. (2001) Non-highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality. Arch Intern Med 161, 1413-1419. (Pubitemid 32681162)
4. Frost PH & Havel RJ (1998) Rationale for use of non-highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol rather than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a tool for lipoprotein cholesterol screening and assessment of risk and therapy. Am J Cardiol 81, 26B-31B. (Pubitemid 28113942)
5. Grundy SM (2001) Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as potential risk predictor and therapy target. Arch Intern Med 161, 1379-1380. (Pubitemid 32681157)
6. Orakzai SH, Nasir K, Blaha M et al. (2009) Non-HDL cholesterol is strongly associated with coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals. Atherosclerosis 202, 289-295.
7. Packard CJ & Saito Y (2004) Non-HDL cholesterol as a measure of atherosclerotic risk. J Atheroscler Thromb 11, 6-14.
8. Chelland Campbell S, Moffatt RJ & Stamford BA (2008) Smoking and smoking cessation - the relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipoprotein metabolism: a review. Atherosclerosis 201, 225-235.
9. Fransen HP, de Jong N, Wolfs M et al. (2007) Customary use of plant sterol and plant stanol enriched margarine is associated with changes in serum plant sterol and stanol concentrations in humans. J Nutr 137, 1301-1306. (Pubitemid 46701926)
10. de Jong A, Plat J & Mensink RP (2003) Metabolic effects of plant sterols and stanols. J Nutr Biochem 14, 362-369. (Pubitemid 36952655)
11. Marinangeli CP, Varady KA & Jones PJ (2006) Plant sterols combined with exercise for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: overview of independent and synergistic mechanisms of action. J Nutr Biochem 17, 217-224.
12. Plat J & Mensink RP (2005) Plant stanol and sterol esters in the control of blood cholesterol levels: mechanism and safety aspects. Am J Cardiol 96, 15D-22D. (Pubitemid 40898165)
13. Plat J & Mensink RP (2002) Increased intestinal ABCA1 expression contributes to the decrease in cholesterol absorption after plant stanol consumption. FASEB J 16, 1248-1253. (Pubitemid 34815413)
14. Trautwein EA (2003) Proposed mechanisms of cholesterollowering action of plant sterols. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 105, 171-185. (Pubitemid 36589232)
15. Eussen S, Klungel O, Garssen J et al. (2010) Support of drug therapy using functional foods and dietary supplements: focus on statin therapy. Br J Nutr 103, 1260-1277.
16. Demonty I, Ras RT, van der Knaap HC et al. (2009) Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDLcholesterol- lowering effect of phytosterol intake. J Nutr 139, 271-284.
17. Katan MB, Grundy SM, Jones P et al. (2003) Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin Proc 78, 965-978. (Pubitemid 36936128)
18. Freemantle N & Hessel F (2009) The applicability and generalizability of findings from clinical trials for healthpolicy decisions. PharmacoEconomics 27, 5-10.
19. Silverman SL (2009) From randomized controlled trials to observational studies. Am J Med 122, 114-120.
20. Cramer JA, Roy A, Burrell A et al. (2008) Medication compliance and persistence: terminology and definitions. Value Health 11, 44-47. (Pubitemid 351160875)
21. Liberopoulos EN, Florentin M, Mikhailidis DP et al. (2008) Compliance with lipid-lowering therapy and its impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Expert Opin Drug Saf 7, 717-725.
22. Verschuren WM, Blokstra A, Picavet HS et al. (2008) Cohort profile: the Doetinchem Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 37, 1236-1241.
23. Ocke MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Goddijn HE et al. (1997) The Dutch EPIC food frequency questionnaire. I. Description of the questionnaire, and relative validity and reproducibility for food groups. Int J Epidemiol 26, Suppl. 1, S37-S48. (Pubitemid 27129688)
24. Ocke MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Pols MA et al. (1997) The Dutch EPIC food frequency questionnaire. II. Relative validity and reproducibility for nutrients. Int J Epidemiol 26, Suppl. 1, S49-S58. (Pubitemid 27129689)
25. Voorlichtingsbureau voor de Voeding (1996) Stichting NEVO Nederlands Voedingsstoffenbestand 1996. The Hague: Voorlichtingsbureau voor de Voeding.
26. Herings RM, Bakker A, Stricker BH et al. (1992) Pharmacomorbidity linkage: a feasibility study comparing morbidity in two pharmacy based exposure cohorts. J Epidemiol Community Health 46, 136-140.
27. Institute for Drug Outcome Research (2002) PHARMO Records Linkage System. http://www.pharmo.nl/(accessed November 2009).
28. Hepburn P, Howlett J, Boeing H et al. (2008) The application of post-market monitoring to novel foods. Food Chem Toxicol 46, 9-33. (Pubitemid 350253107)
29. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (2010) Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment. http://www.whocc.no/ filearchive/publications/2010guidelines.pdf (accessed November 2009).
30. Penning-van Beest FJ, Termorshuizen F, Goettsch WG et al. (2007) Adherence to evidence-based statin guidelines reduces the risk of hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction by 40 %: a cohort study. Eur Heart J 28, 154-159.
31. Houterman S, Verschuren WM, Oomen CM et al. (2001) Trends in total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and their determinants in The Netherlands between 1993 and 1997. Int J Epidemiol 30, 1063-1070. (Pubitemid 33049041)
32. Greenland S (1989) Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis. Am J Public Health 79, 340-349. (Pubitemid 19077878)
33. Ketomaki A, Gylling H & Miettinen TA (2005) Noncholesterol sterols in serum, lipoproteins, and red cells in statin-treated FH subjects off and on plant stanol and sterol ester spreads. Clin Chim Acta 353, 75-86. (Pubitemid 40215433)
34. de Jong N, Zuur A, Wolfs MC et al. (2007) Exposure and effectiveness of phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarines. Eur J Clin Nutr 61, 1407-1415. (Pubitemid 350245915)
35. Simons LA (2002) Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 90, 737-740. (Pubitemid 35279393)
36. Anon. (1984) The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 251, 365-374.
37. Law MR, Wald NJ & Thompson SG (1994) By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 308, 367-372. (Pubitemid 24078498)
38. Crowley LV (2009) An Introduction to Human Disease. Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations, 8th ed. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
39. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H et al. (2000) Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 54, 715-725.
40. Weststrate JA & Meijer GW (1998) Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDLcholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 52, 334-343. (Pubitemid 28230699)
41. Noakes M, Clifton P, Ntanios F et al. (2002) An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 75, 79-86. (Pubitemid 34008024)
42. O'Neill FH, Brynes A, Mandeno R et al. (2004) Comparison of the effects of dietary plant sterol and stanol esters on lipid metabolism. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 14, 133-142. (Pubitemid 39090776)
43. de Jong A, Plat J, Ltjohann D et al. (2008) Effects of longterm plant sterol or stanol ester consumption on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in subjects on statin treatment. Br J Nutr 100, 937-941.
44. O'Neill F, Sanders TAB & Thompson G (2005) Comparison of efficacy of plant stanol ester and sterol ester: short-term and longer-term studies. Am J Cardiol 96, 29D-36D. (Pubitemid 40898167)
45. Wolfs M, de Jong N, Ocke MC et al. (2006) Effectiveness of customary use of phytosterol/-stanol enriched margarines on blood cholesterol lowering. Food Chem Toxicol 44, 1682-1688. (Pubitemid 44216077)