Sulfur chemistry in the middle atmosphere of Venus

Icarus

Volumn 217, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 714-739

  Zhang, Xi ^a   Liang, Mao Chang ^b,c,d   Mills, Franklin P ^e,f   Belyaev, Denis A ^g,h   Yung, Yuk L ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b RESEARCH CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d INSTITUTE OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS   (Taiwan)

^e AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^f AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^g CNRS   (France)

^h Russian Academy of Sciences   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Atmospheres, chemistry; Atmospheres, composition; Photochemistry; Venus, atmosphere

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855351151     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.016     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Arnold F. Atmospheric aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei formation: A possible influence of cosmic rays?. Space Sci. Rev. 2006, 125:169-186.
2. Atkinson R., Baulch D.L., Cox R.A., Hampson R.F., Kerr J.A., Troe J. Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement III. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1989, 18(3):881-1097.
3. x species. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2004, 4:1461-1738.
4. Ayers G.P., Gillett R.W., Gras J.L. On the vapor pressure of sulfuric acid. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1980, 7:433-436.
5. Bahou M., Chung C.Y., Lee Y.P., Cheng B.M., Yung Y.L., Lee L.C. Absorption cross sections of HCl and DCl at 135-232 nanometers: Implications for photodissociation on Venus. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2001, 559:L179-L182.
6. Baulch D.L., Duxbury J., Grant S.J., Montague D.C. Evaluated kinetic data for high temperature reactions. Volume 4 homogeneous gas phase reactions of halogen- and cyanide-containing species. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1981, 1-721.
7. Baulch D.L., et al. Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modelling. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1992, 21:411-734.
8. 2 above Venus' clouds by means of Solar Occultation in the Infrared. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:E00B25. 10.1029/2008JE003143.
9. 2 and SO above Venus' clouds by SPICAV/SOIR Solar Occultations. Icarus 2012, 217(2):740-751.
10. 2O and HDO. Nature 2007, 450:646-649.
11. 2→ products at 300K between 1 and 5torr. J. Phys. Chem. A 1983, 87:4503-4514.
12. 2 and HNO. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 208:392-398.
13. 3. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1997, 24:3201-3204.
14. 4. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27:2493-2496.
15. Campbell I.M., Thrush B.A. The recombination of nitrogen atoms and the nitrogen afterglow. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 1967, 296:201-221.
16. Carlson, R.W., 2010. Venus' Ultraviolet Absorber and Sulfuric Acid Droplets. International Venus Conference, Aussois, France, 4-4.
17. Chase M.W., Davies C.A., Downey J.R., Frurip D.J., McDonald R.A., Syverud A.N. JANAF thermochemical tables. Third edition. I, Al-Co. II, Cr-Zr. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1985, 14(Suppl.):1-1856.
18. Clancy R.T., Sandor B., Moriarty-Schieven G. Venus upper atmospheric CO, temperature, and winds across the afternoon/evening terminator from June 2007 JCMT sub-millimeter line observations. Planet. Space Sci. 2008, 56:1344-1354.
19. -1 aqueous sulfuric acid from less than 200K to 328K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1995, 40:43-64.
20. Connes P., Connes J., Benedict W.S., Kaplan L.D. Traces of HCl and HF in atmosphere of Venus. Astrophys. J. 1967, 147:1230-1237.
21. Crisp D. Radiative forcing of the Venus mesosphere 1. Solar fluxes and heating rates. Icarus 1986, 67:484-514.
22. Dahneke B. Simple kinetic theory of Brownian diffusion in vapors and aerosols. Theory of Dispersed Multiphase Flow 1983, 97-133. Academic Press, New York. R.E. Meyer (Ed.).
23. - rovibronic transition on Io at 1.7μm. Icarus 2002, 156:296-301.
24. DeMore, W.B. et al., 1994. Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling: Evaluation Number 11.
25. DeMore, W.B. et al., 1997. Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling: Evaluation Number 12.
26. Dodonov A., Zelenov V., Strunin V., Talroze V. Mass-spectrometric determination of rate constants of reaction steps 7. Flow-rate and contact time in the mass-spectrometric probing of a diffusional cloud in a flow. Kinet. Catal. 1981, 22:689-697.
27. 4. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 420:438-442.
28. 2 absorption cross sections in the Herzberg continuum. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1982, 9:854-857.
29. Giauque W.F., Hornung E.W., Kunzler J.E., Rubin T.R. The thermodynamic properties of aqueous sulfuric acid solutions and hydrates from 15-degrees K to 300-degrees K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82:62-70.
30. Glaze L.S., Baloga S.M., Wimert J. Volcanic eruptions from linear vents on Earth, Venus and Mars: Comparisons with central vent eruptions. Lunar Planet. Sci. 2010, 41:1147-1148. (abstract).
31. Gmitro J.I., Vermeulen T. Vapor-liquid equilibria for aqueous sulfuric acid. AIChE J. 1964, 10:740-746.
32. Grillo A., Reed R., Slack M.W. Infrared measurements of sulfur-dioxide thermal-decomposition rate in shock-waves. J. Chem. Phys. 1979, 70:1634-1636.
33. 2 at moderate temperatures. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1993, 25:845-863.
34. -1 (345-420nm) region. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2009, 110:756-765.
35. Hintze P.E., Kjaergaard H.G., Vaida V., Burkholder J.B. Vibrational and electronic spectroscopy of sulfuric acid vapor. J. Phys. Chem. A 2003, 107:1112-1118.
36. Knollenberg R.G., Hunten D.M. The microphysics of the clouds of Venus: Results of the Pioneer Venus particle size spectrometer experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 1980, 85:8039-8058.
37. Krasnopolsky V.A. A sensitive search for nitric oxide in the lower atmospheres of Venus and Mars: Detection on Venus and upper limit for Mars. Icarus 2006, 182:80-91.
38. 2S, and latitudinal variations of CO and HF in the upper cloud layer. Icarus 2008, 197:377-385.
39. 2, CO, HF, and HCl at the cloud tops. Icarus 2010, 208:539-547.
40. 2 at the cloud tops. Icarus 2010, 209:314-322.
41. 2 emissions, and photochemical model. Icarus 2010, 207:17-27.
42. 4 profiles in Venus' troposphere. Icarus 1994, 109:58-78.
43. 4 saturation vapour pressures. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 93:696-701.
44. Lane J.R., Kjaergaard H.G. Calculated electronic transitions in sulfuric acid and implications for its photodissociation in the atmosphere. J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112:4958-4964.
45. 2O and HDO in the upper atmosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. - Planets 2009, 114:E00B28.
46. Lindzen R.S. Turbulence and stress owing to gravity-wave and tidal breakdown. J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans Atmos. 1981, 86:9707-9714.
47. 3 with water. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100:19911-19916.
48. 2 and the reaction O+SO at high temperatures. J. Phys. Chem. A 2003, 107:11020-11029.
49. Lu C.W., Wu Y.J., Lee Y.P., Zhu R.S., Lin M.C. Experimental and theoretical investigation of rate coefficients of the reaction S (3P)+OCS in the temperature range of 298-985K. J. Phys. Chem. 2006, 125:164329. 10.1063/1.2357739.
50. Lyons J.R. An estimate of the equilibrium speciation of sulfur vapor over solid sulfur and implications for planetary atmospheres. J. Sulfur Chem. 2008, 29:269-279.
51. Marcq E., Bezard B., Encrenaz T., Birlan M. Latitudinal variations of CO and OCS in the lower atmosphere of Venus from near-infrared nightside spectro-imaging. Icarus 2005, 179:375-386.
52. Marcq E., Encrenaz T., Bezard B., Birlan M. Remote sensing of Venus' lower atmosphere from ground-based IR spectroscopy: Latitudinal and vertical distribution of minor species. Planet. Space Sci. 2006, 54:1360-1370.
53. 2 in the lower atmosphere of Venus: Spectroscopic studies using VIRTIS-H. J. Geophys. Res. - Planets 2008, 113:E00B07. 10.1029/2008JE003074.
54. 2 content of the venusian mesosphere using SPICAV-UV in nadir mode. Icarus 2011, 211:58-69.
55. 2 above the clouds of Venus using SPICAV-UV in nadir mode. EGU General Assembly 2011, 13. EGU2011-2003.
56. Markiewicz W.J., et al. Morphology and dynamics of the upper cloud layer of Venus. Nature 2007, 450:633-636.
57. McGouldrick K., Toon O.B., Grinspoon D.H. Sulfuric acid aerosols in the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets. Planet. Space Sci. 2010, 10.1016/j.pss.2010.05.020.
58. 2O: Hydrogen hopping and photodissociation processes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128:9594-9595.
59. Miller Y., Gerber R.B., Vaida V. Photodissociation yields for vibrationally excited states of sulfuric acid under atmospheric conditions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L16820. 10.1029/2007GL030529.
60. Mills, F.P., 1998. I. Observations and Photochemical Modeling of the Venus Middle Atmosphere. II. Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy of Europa and Callisto. PhD Thesis, California Institute of Technology, pp. 1-277.
61. Mills F.P., Allen M. A review of selected issues concerning the chemistry in Venus' middle atmosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 2007, 55:1729-1740.
62. Mills M.J., et al. Photolysis of sulfuric acid vapor by visible light as a source of the polar stratospheric CN layer. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110:D08201. 10.1029/2004JD005519.
63. Mills F.P., Esposito L.W., Yung Y.L. Atmospheric composition, chemistry, and clouds. Exploring Venus as a Terrestrial Planet 2007, 73-100. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. L.W. Esposito, E.R. Stofan, T.E. Cravens (Eds.).
64. Moses J.I., Bezard B., Lellouch E., Gladstone G.R., Feuchtgruber H., Allen M. Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere II. Effects of an influx of external oxygen I. Icarus 2000, 145:166-202.
65. Moses J.I., Zolotov M.Y., Fegley B. Photochemistry of a volcanically driven atmosphere on Io: Sulfur and oxygen species from a Pele-type eruption. Icarus 2002, 156:76-106.
66. Pätzold M., et al. The structure of Venus' middle atmosphere and ionosphere. Nature 2007, 450:657-660.
67. Pernice H., et al. Laboratory evidence for a key intermediate in the Venus atmosphere: Peroxychloroformyl radical. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2004, 101:14007-14010.
68. Piccialli A., et al. Cyclostrophic winds from the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer temperature sounding: A preliminary analysis. J. Geophys. Res. - Planets 2008, 113:E00B11. 10.1029/2008JE003127.
69. Pollack J.B., Dalton J.B., Grinspoon D., Wattson R.B., Freedman R., Crisp D., Allen D.A., Bezard B., Debergh C., Giver L.P., Ma Q., Tipping R. Near-infrared light from Venus nightside - A spectroscopic analysis. Icarus 1993, 103:1-42.
70. Prinn R.G. Venus - Chemical and dynamical processes in stratosphere and mesosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 1975, 32:1237-1247.
71. Riley P.S., Cosic B., Fontijn A. The H+NO recombination reaction over a wide temperature range. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 2003, 35:374-380.
72. Sander S.P., et al. Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies: Evaluation Number 14 2002, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
73. Sander S.P., et al. Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies: Evaluation Number 15 2006, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
74. 2 and SO microwave spectra. Icarus 2010, 208:49-60.
75. 4 in the mesosphere of Venus. Icarus 2012, 217(2):839-844.
76. Seiff A. Models of Venus's atmospheric structure. Venus 1983, 1045-1048. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. D.M. Hunten, L. Colin, T.M. Donahue, V.I. Moroz (Eds.).
77. Seinfeld J.H., Pandis S.N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
78. 3P) with sulfur-containing-compounds. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1988, 17:1377-1437.
79. Smrekar S.E., et al. Recent hot-spot volcanism on Venus from VIRTIS emissivity data. Science 2010, 328:605-608.
80. Sonnabend G., et al. A new search for OCS in the middle atmosphere of Venus. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 2005, 37:750.
81. Stull D.R. Vapor pressure of pure substances-Inorganic compounds. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1947, 39:540-550.
82. 2O. J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105:6121-6128.
83. Sundaram, M.S., Mills, F.P., Allen, M., Yung, Y.L., 2011. An initial model assessment of NOx photochemistry on Venus with heterogeneous oxidation of CO. In: Proceedings of the 10th Australian Space Science Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 119-132.
84. 2O aerosol composition: Atmospheric implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1997, 24:1931-1934.
85. Vaida V., Kjaergaard H.G., Hintze P.E., Donaldson D.J. Photolysis of sulfuric acid vapor by visible solar radiation. Science 2003, 299:1566-1568.
86. Vandaele A.C., et al. Composition of the Venus mesosphere measured by Solar Occultation at Infrared on board Venus Express. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:E00B23. 10.1029/2008JE003140.
87. -1 (227-345nm) region. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2009, 110:2115-2126.
88. Von Zahn U., Krankowsky D., Mauersberger K., Nier A.O., Hunten D.M. Venus thermosphere - In situ composition measurements, the temperature profile, and the homopause altitude. Science 1980, 203:768-770.
89. Wilquet V., et al. Preliminary characterization of the upper haze by SPICAV/SOIR Solar Occultation in UV to mid-IR onboard Venus Express. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:E00B42. 10.1029/2008JE003186.
90. Woo R., Ishimaru A. Eddy diffusion-coefficient for the atmosphere of Venus from radio scintillation measurements. Nature 1981, 289:383-384.
91. Yung Y.L., DeMore W.B. Photochemistry of the stratosphere of Venus: Implications for atmospheric evolution. Icarus 1982, 51:199-247.
92. Yung Y.L., et al. Evidence for carbonyl sulfide (OCS) conversion to CO in the lower atmosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:E00B34. 10.1029/2008JE003094.
93. Zhang X., Liang M.C., Montmessin F., Bertaux J.L., Parkinson C., Yung Y.L. Photolysis of sulphuric acid as the source of sulphur oxides in the mesosphere of Venus. Nat. Geosci. 2010, 3:834-837.