Gene expression and metabolite profiling of developing highbush blueberry fruit indicates transcriptional regulation of flavonoid metabolism and activation of abscisic acid metabolism

Plant Physiology

Volumn 158, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 200-224

  Zifkin, Michael ^a   Jin, Alena ^b   Ozga, Jocelyn A ^b   Irina Zaharia, L ^c   Schernthaner, Johann P ^d   Gesell, Andreas ^a,f   Abrams, Suzanne R ^c   Kennedy, James A ^e   Peter Constabel, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^c NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

^d OTTAWA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE   (Canada)

^e CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VACCINIUM; VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM;

EID: 84855253928     PISSN: 00320889     EISSN: 15322548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.180950     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Abrams SR, Nelson K, Ambrose SJ (2003) Deuterated abscisic acid analogs for mass spectrometry and metabolism studies. J Label Cmpd Radiopharm 46: 273-283.
2. Akagi T, Ikegami A, Suzuki Y, Yoshida J, Yamada M, Sato A, Yonemori K (2009a) Expression balances of structural genes in shikimate and flavonoid biosynthesis cause a difference in proanthocyanidin accumulation in persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit. Planta 230: 899-915.
3. Akagi T, Ikegami A, Tsujimoto T, Kobayashi S, Sato A, Kono A, Yonemori K (2009b) DkMyb4 is a Myb transcription factor involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in persimmon fruit. Plant Physiol 151: 2028-2045.
4. Akagi T, Ikegami A, Yonemori K (2010) DkMyb2 wound-induced transcription factor of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), contributes to proanthocyanidin regulation. Planta 232: 1045-1059.
5. Allan AC, Hellens RP, Laing WA (2008) MYB transcription factors that colour our fruit. Trends Plant Sci 13: 99-102.
6. Andersen CL, Jensen JL, Ørntoft TF (2004) Normalization of real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR data: a model-based variance estimation approach to identify genes suited for normalization, applied to bladder and colon cancer data sets. Cancer Res 64: 5245-5250.
7. Aron PM, Kennedy JA (2008) Flavan-3-ols: nature, occurrence and biological activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 52: 79-104.
8. Ayres MP, Clausen TP, MacLean SF, Redman AM, Reichardt PB (1997) Diversity of structure and antiherbivore activity in condensed tannins. Ecology 78: 1696-1712.
9. Basu A, Rhone M, Lyons TJ (2010) Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health. Nutr Rev 68: 168-177.
10. Baudry A, Caboche M, Lepiniec L (2006) TT8 controls its own expression in a feedback regulation involving TTG1 and homologous MYB and bHLH factors, allowing a strong and cell-specific accumulation of flavonoids in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 46: 768-779.
11. Bogs J, Downey MO, Harvey JS, Ashton AR, Tanner GJ, Robinson SP (2005) Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves. Plant Physiol 139: 652-663.
12. Bogs J, Ebadi A, McDavid D, Robinson SP (2006) Identification of the flavonoid hydroxylases from grapevine and their regulation during fruit development. Plant Physiol 140: 279-291.
13. Bogs J, Jaffé FW, Takos AM, Walker AR, Robinson SP (2007) The grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis during fruit development. Plant Physiol 143: 1347-1361.
14. Boss PK, Davies C, Robinson SP (1996) Analysis of the expression of anthocyanin pathway genes in developing Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz grape berries and the implications for pathway regulation. Plant Physiol 111: 1059-1066.
15. Böttcher C, Keyzers RA, Boss PK, Davies C (2010) Sequestration of auxin by the indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3-1 in grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.) and the proposed role of auxin conjugation during ripening. J Exp Bot 61: 3615-3625.
16. Broun P (2005) Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis: a complex network of conserved regulators involved in multiple aspects of differentiation in Arabidopsis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8: 272-279.
17. Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL, et al (2009) The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative realtime PCR experiments. Clin Chem 55: 611-622.
18. Bustin SA, Nolan T (2004) Pitfalls of quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. J Biomol Tech 15: 155-166.
19. Cadot Y, Chevalier M, Barbeau G (2011) Evolution of the localisation and composition of phenolics in grape skin between veraison and maturity in relation to water availability and some climatic conditions. J Sci Food Agric 91: 1963-1976.
20. Castellarin SD, Matthews MA, Di Gaspero G, Gambetta GA (2007) Water deficits accelerate ripening and induce changes in gene expression regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berries. Planta 227: 101-112.
21. Chervin C, El-Kereamy A, Roustan JP, Latche A, Lamon J, Bouzayen M (2004) Ethylene seems required for the berry development and ripening in grape, a non-climacteric fruit. Plant Sci 167: 1301-1305.
22. Coombe BG, Hale CR (1973) The hormone content of ripening grape berries and the effects of growth substance treatments. Plant Physiol 51: 629-634.
23. Curtis MD, Grossniklaus U (2003) A Gateway cloning vector set for highthroughput functional analysis of genes in planta. Plant Physiol 133: 462-469.
24. Davies C, Boss PK, Robinson SP (1997) Treatment of grape berries, a nonclimacteric fruit with a synthetic auxin, retards ripening and alters the expression of developmentally regulated genes. Plant Physiol 115: 1155-1161.
25. Debeaujon I, Léon-Kloosterziel KM, Koornneef M (2000) Influence of the testa on seed dormancy, germination, and longevity in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 122: 403-414.
26. Deluc L, Bogs J, Walker AR, Ferrier T, Decendit A, Merillon JM, Robinson SP, Barrieu F (2008) The transcription factor VvMYB5b contributes to the regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in developing grape berries. Plant Physiol 147: 2041-2053.
27. Deluc LG, Quilici DR, Decendit A, Grimplet J, Wheatley MD, Schlauch KA, Mérillon JM, Cushman JC, Cramer GR (2009) Water deficit alters differentially metabolic pathways affecting important flavor and quality traits in grape berries of Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. BMC Genomics 10: 212
28. de Vetten N, ter Horst J, van Schaik HP, de Boer A, Mol J, Koes R (1999) A cytochrome b5 is required for full activity of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 involved in the formation of blue flower colors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 778-783.
29. Downey MO, Harvey JS, Robinson SP (2003) Analysis of tannins in seeds and skins of Shiraz grapes throughout berry development. Aust J Grape Wine Res 9: 15-27.
30. Dubos C, Stracke R, Grotewold E, Weisshaar B, Martin C, Lepiniec L (2010) MYB transcription factors in Arabidopsis. Trends Plant Sci 15: 573-581.
31. El-Agamy SZA, Aly MM, Biggs RH (1982) Fruit maturity as related to ethylene in 'Delite' blueberry. Proc Fla State Hortic Soc 95: 245-246.
32. Feller A, Machemer K, Braun EL, Grotewold E (2011) Evolutionary and comparative analysis of MYB and bHLH plant transcription factors. Plant J 66: 94-116.
33. Ford CM, Boss PK, Hoj PB (1998) Cloning and characterization of Vitis vinifera UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase, a homologue of the enzyme encoded by the maize Bronze-1 locus that may primarily serve to glucosylate anthocyanidins in vivo. J Biol Chem 273: 9224-9233.
34. Frenkel C (1972) Involvement of peroxidase and indole-3-acetic acid oxidase isozymes from pear, tomato, and blueberry fruit in ripening. Plant Physiol 49: 757-763.
35. Gordillo G, Fang H, Khanna S, Harper J, Phillips G, Sen CK (2009) Oral administration of blueberry inhibits angiogenic tumor growth and enhances survival of mice with endothelial cell neoplasm. Antioxid Redox Signal 11: 47-58.
36. Gutierrez L, Mauriat M, Guénin S, Pelloux J, Lefebvre JF, Louvet R, Rusterucci C, Moritz T, Guerineau F, Bellini C, et al (2008) The lack of a systematic validation of reference genes: a serious pitfall undervalued in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in plants. Plant Biotechnol J 6: 609-618.
37. Gutmann M, Feucht W (1991) A new method for selective localization of flavan-3-ols in plant tissues involving glycolmethacrylate embedding and microwave irradiation. Histochemistry 96: 83-86.
38. Halbwirth H (2010) The creation and physiological relevance of divergent hydroxylation patterns in the flavonoid pathway. Int J Mol Sci 11: 595-621.
39. Hamauzu Y, Yasui H, Inno T, Kume C, Omanyuda M (2005) Phenolic profile, antioxidant property, and anti-influenza viral activity of Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and apple (Malus domestica Mill.) fruits. J Agric Food Chem 53: 928-934.
40. Han Y, Vimolmangkang S, Soria-Guerra RE, Rosales-Mendoza S, Zheng D, Lygin AV, Korban SS (2010) Ectopic expression of apple F3'H genes contributes to anthocyanin accumulation in the Arabidopsis tt7 mutant grown under nitrogen stress. Plant Physiol 153: 806-820.
41. Hellens RP, Allan AC, Friel EN, Bolitho K, Grafton K, Templeton MD, Karunairetnam S, Gleave AP, Laing WA (2005) Transient expression vectors for functional genomics, quantification of promoter activity and RNA silencing in plants. Plant Methods 1: 13
42. Iuchi S, Kobayashi M, Taji T, Naramoto M, Seki M, Kato T, Tabata S, Kakubari Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (2001) Regulation of drought tolerance by gene manipulation of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J 27: 325-333.
43. Jaakola L, Määttä K, Pirttilä AM, Törrönen R, Kärenlampi S, Hohtola A (2002) Expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in relation to anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol levels during bilberry fruit development. Plant Physiol 130: 729-739.
44. Jaakola L, Pirttilä AM, Halonen M, Hohtola A (2001) Isolation of high quality RNA from bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit. Mol Biotechnol 19: 201-203.
45. Janes HW, Chin CK, Frenkel C (1978) Respiratory upsurge in blueberries and strawberries as influenced by ethylene and acetaldehyde. Bot Gaz 139: 50-52.
46. Jia HF, Chai YM, Li CL, Lu D, Luo JJ, Qin L, Shen YY (2011) Abscisic acid plays an important role in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening. Plant Physiol 157: 188-199.
47. Kennedy JA, Hayasaka Y, Vidal S, Waters EJ, Jones GP (2001) Composition of grape skin proanthocyanidins at different stages of berry development. J Agric Food Chem 49: 5348-5355.
48. Kennedy JA, Jones GP (2001) Analysis of proanthocyanidin cleavage products following acid-catalysis in the presence of excess phloroglucinol. J Agric Food Chem 49: 1740-1746.
49. Kennedy JA, Matthews MA, Waterhouse AL (2000) Changes in grape seed polyphenols during fruit ripening. Phytochemistry 55: 77-85.
50. Kennedy JA, Taylor AW (2003) Analysis of proanthocyanidins by highperformance gel permeation chromatography. J Chromatogr A 995: 99-107.
51. Kobayashi S, Ishimaru M, Ding CK, Yakushiji H, Goto N (2001) Comparison of UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene sequences between white grapes (Vitis vinifera) and their sports with red skin. Plant Sci 160: 543-550.
52. Kobayashi S, Ishimaru M, Hiraoka K, Honda C (2002) Myb-related genes of the Kyoho grape (Vitis labruscana) regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. Planta 215: 924-933.
53. Koerner JL, Hsu VL, Lee JM, Kennedy JA (2009) Determination of proanthocyanidin A2 content in phenolic polymer isolates by reversed- phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1216: 1403-1409.
54. Kondo S, Inoue K (1997) Abscisic acid (ABA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid (ACC) content during growth of 'Satohnishiki' cherry fruit, and the effect of ABA and ethephon application on fruit quality. J Hortic Sci 72: 221-227.
55. Koyama K, Sadamatsu K, Goto-Yamamoto N (2010) Abscisic acid stimulated ripening and gene expression in berry skins of the Cabernet Sauvignon grape. Funct Integr Genomics 10: 367-381.
56. Lacampagne S, Gagné S, Gény L (2010) Involvement of abscisic acid in controlling the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway in grape skin: new elements regarding the regulation of tannin composition and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) activities and expression. J Plant Growth Regul 29: 81-90.
57. Lau FC, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA (2005) The beneficial effects of fruit polyphenols on brain aging. Neurobiol Aging (Suppl 1) 26: 128-132.
58. Lees GL, Suttill NH, Gruber MY (1993) Condensed tannins in sainfoin. 1. A histological and cytological survey of plant tissues. Can J Bot 71: 1147-1152.
59. Lees GL, Suttill NH, Wall KM, Beveridge TH (1995) Localization of condensed tannins in apple fruit peel, pulp, and seeds. Can J Bot 73: 1897-1904.
60. Lepiniec L, Debeaujon I, Routaboul JM, Baudry A, Pourcel L, Nesi N, Caboche M (2006) Genetics and biochemistry of seed flavonoids. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57: 405-430.
61. Mellway RD, Tran LT, Prouse MB, Campbell MM, Constabel CP (2009) The wound-, pathogen-, and ultraviolet B-responsive MYB134 gene encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis in poplar. Plant Physiol 150: 924-941.
62. Moze S, Polak T, Gasperlin L, Koron D, Vanzo A, Poklar Ulrih N, Abram V (2011) Phenolics in Slovenian bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). J Agric Food Chem 59: 6998-7004.
63. Nagel J, Culley LK, Lu Y, Liu E, Matthews PD, Stevens JF, Page JE (2008) EST analysis of hop glandular trichomes identifies an O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of xanthohumol. Plant Cell 20: 186-200.
64. Nambara E, Marion-Poll A (2005) Abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism. Annu Rev Plant Biol 56: 165-185.
65. Neto CC (2007) Cranberry and blueberry: evidence for protective effects against cancer and vascular diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 51: 652-664.
66. O'Brien TP, McCully ME (1981) The Study of Plant Structure, Principles and Selected Methods. Termarcarphi, Melbourne, Australia
67. Owen SJ, Lafond MD, Bowen P, Bogdanoff C, Usher K, Abrams SR (2009) Profiles of abscisic acid and its catabolites in developing Merlot grape (Vitis vinifera) berries. Am J Enol Vitic 60: 277-284.
68. Ozga JA, Saeed A, Reinecke DM (2006) Anthocyanins and nutrient components of saskatoon fruits (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.). Can J Plant Sci 86: 193-197.
69. Peer WA, Brown DE, Tague BW, Muday GK, Taiz L, Murphy AS (2001) Flavonoid accumulation patterns of transparent testa mutants of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 126: 536-548.
70. Peirson SN, Butler JN, Foster RG (2003) Experimental validation of novel and conventional approaches to quantitative real-time PCR data analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 31: e73
71. Peppi MC, Walker MA, Fidelibus MW (2008) Application of abscisic acid rapidly upregulated UFGT gene expression and improved color of grape berries. Vitis 47: 11-14.
72. Pfaffl MW (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 29: e45
73. Pfaffl MW (2004) Quantification strategies in real-time PCR. In SA Bustin, ed, A-Z of Quantitative PCR. International University Line, La Jolla, CA, pp 87-112.
74. Porter LJ, Hrstich LN, Chan BG (1986) The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochemistry 25: 223-230.
75. Pourcel L, Routaboul JM, Kerhoas L, Caboche M, Lepiniec L, Debeaujon I (2005) TRANSPARENT TESTA10 encodes a laccase-like enzyme involved in oxidative polymerization of flavonoids in Arabidopsis seed coat. Plant Cell 17: 2966-2980.
76. Prior RL, Cao G, Martin A, Sofic E, McEwen J, O'Brien C, Lischner N, Ehlenfeldt M, Kalt W, Krewer G, et al (1998) Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and anthocyanin content, maturity, and variety of Vaccinium species. J Agric Food Chem 46: 2686-2693.
77. Prior RL, Gu L (2005) Occurrence and biological significance of proanthocyanidins in the American diet. Phytochemistry 66: 2264-2280.
78. Prior RL, Lazarus SA, Cao G, Muccitelli H, Hammerstone JF (2001) Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.) using high-performance liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 49: 1270-1276.
79. Rasmussen SE, Frederiksen H, Struntze Krogholm K, Poulsen L (2005) Dietary proanthocyanidins: occurrence, dietary intake, bioavailability, and protection against cardiovascular disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 49: 159-174.
80. Reid KE, Olsson N, Schlosser J, Peng F, Lund ST (2006) An optimized grapevine RNA isolation procedure and statistical determination of reference genes for real-time RT-PCR during berry development. BMC Plant Biol 6: 27
81. Robichaud JL, Noble AC (1990) Astringency and bitterness of selected phenolics in wine. J Sci Food Agric 53: 343-353.
82. Ross ARS, Ambrose SJ, Cutler AJ, Feurtado JA, Kermode AR, Nelson K, Zhou R, Abrams SR (2004) Determination of endogenous and supplied deuterated abscisic acid in plant tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. Anal Biochem 329: 324-333.
83. Ruijter JM, Ramakers C, Hoogaars WMH, Karlen Y, Bakker O, van den Hoff MJB, Moorman AFM (2009) Amplification efficiency: linking baseline and bias in the analysis of quantitative PCR data. Nucleic Acids Res 37: e45
84. Sanoner P, Guyot S, Marnet N, Molle D, Drilleau JP (1999) Polyphenol profiles of French cider apple varieties (Malus domestica sp.). J Agric Food Chem 47: 4847-4853.
85. Schnitzler JP, Jungblut TP, Heller W, Kofferlein M, Hutzler P, Heinzmann U, Schmelzer E, Ernst D, Langebartels C, Sandermann H (1996) Tissue localization of UV-B-screening pigments and of chalcone synthase mRNA in needles of Scots pine seedlings. New Phytol 132: 247-258.
86. Shimura I, Kobayashi M, Ishikawa S (1986) Characteristics of fruit growth and development in highbush and rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. and V. ashei Reade) and the differences among their cultivars. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 55: 46-50.
87. Solovchenko A, Schmitz-Eiberger M (2003) Significance of skin flavonoids for UV-B-protection in apple fruits. J Exp Bot 54: 1977-1984.
88. Suzuki A, Kikuchi T, Aoba K (1997a) Changes of ethylene evolution, ACC content, ethylene forming enzyme activity and respiration in fruits of highbush blueberry. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 66: 23-27.
89. Suzuki A, Kikuchi T, Aoba L (1997b) Effects of ethylene on fruit set and maturation of highbush blueberry. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 66: 267-272.
90. Takos AM, Jaffé FW, Jacob SR, Bogs J, Robinson SP, Walker AR (2006) Light-induced expression of a MYB gene regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples. Plant Physiol 142: 1216-1232.
91. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24: 1596-1599.
92. Tanner GJ, Francki KT, Abrahams S, Watson JM, Larkin PJ, Ashton AR (2003) Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants: purification of legume leucoanthocyanidin reductase and molecular cloning of its cDNA. J Biol Chem 278: 31647-31656.
93. Terrier N, Torregrosa L, Ageorges A, Vialet S, Verriès C, Cheynier V, Romieu C (2009) Ectopic expression of VvMybPA2 promotes proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapevine and suggests additional targets in the pathway. Plant Physiol 149: 1028-1041.
94. Treutter D (2006) Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance: a review. Environ Chem Lett 4: 147-157.
95. Ueki S, Lacroix B, Krichevsky A, Lazarowitz SG, Citovsky V (2009) Functional transient genetic transformation of Arabidopsis leaves by biolistic bombardment. Nat Protoc 4: 71-77.
96. Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A, Speleman F (2002) Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RTPCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol 3: 0034.1-0034.11
97. Wheeler S, Loveys B, Ford C, Davies C (2009) The relationship between the expression of abscisic acid biosynthesis genes, accumulation of abscisic acid and the promotion of Vitis vinifera L. berry ripening by abscisic acid. Aust J Grape Wine Res 15: 195-204.
98. Wilson MF, Whelan CJ (1990) The evolution of fruit color in fleshy-fruited plants. Am Nat 136: 790-809.
99. Windus ND, Shutak VG, Gough RE (1976) CO2 and C2H4 evolution by highbush blueberry fruit. HortScience 11: 515-517.
100. Wrangham RW, Waterman PG (1983) Condensed tannins in fruits eaten by chimpanzees. Biotropica 15: 217-222.
101. Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL (2006) Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption. J Agric Food Chem 54: 4069-4075.
102. Xie DY, Sharma SB, Dixon RA (2004) Anthocyanidin reductases from Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana. Arch BiochemBiophys 422: 91-102.
103. Zaharia LI, Galka MM, Ambrose SJ, Abrams SR (2005a) Preparation of deuterated abscisic acid metabolites for use in mass spectrometry and feeding studies. J Label Cmpd Radiopharm 48: 435-445.
104. Zaharia LI, Walker-Simmons MK, Rodríguez CN, Abrams SR (2005b) Chemistry of abscisic acid, abscisic acid catabolites and analogs. J Plant Growth Regul 24: 274-284.
105. Zhao J, Pang Y, Dixon RA (2010) The mysteries of proanthocyanidin transport and polymerization. Plant Physiol 153: 437-443