메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 3-11

Osmolality and tear film dynamics

Author keywords

Dry eye; Osmolality of tears; Tears

Indexed keywords

CHEMISTRY; DRY EYE; HUMAN; LACRIMAL FLUID; METABOLISM; OSMOLARITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

EID: 84855201514     PISSN: 08164622     EISSN: 14440938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00634.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (134)

References (123)
  • 1
    • 20144369270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of tear film dynamics: Quantification approach
    • Tomlinson A, Khanal S. Assessment of tear film dynamics: Quantification approach. Ocul Surf 2005; 3: 81-94.
    • (2005) Ocul Surf , vol.3 , pp. 81-94
    • Tomlinson, A.1    Khanal, S.2
  • 2
    • 34347243555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The definition and classification of dry eye disease: Report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the international dry eye workshop (2007)
    • The definition and classification of dry eye disease: Report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the international dry eye workshop (2007). Ocul Surf 2007; 5: 75-92.
    • (2007) Ocul Surf , vol.5 , pp. 75-92
  • 3
    • 47949128479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The normal tear film
    • Tiffany JM. The normal tear film. Dev Ophthalmol 2008; 41: 1-20.
    • (2008) Dev Ophthalmol , vol.41 , pp. 1-20
    • Tiffany, J.M.1
  • 4
    • 0028217983 scopus 로고
    • Tear osmolarity-a new gold standard?
    • Farris RL. Tear osmolarity-a new gold standard? Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 350: 495-503.
    • (1994) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.350 , pp. 495-503
    • Farris, R.L.1
  • 5
    • 0028849933 scopus 로고
    • Report of the national eye institute/industry workshop on clinical trials in dry eyes
    • Lemp MA. Report of the national eye institute/industry workshop on clinical trials in dry eyes. CLAO J 1995; 21: 221-232.
    • (1995) CLAO J , vol.21 , pp. 221-232
    • Lemp, M.A.1
  • 6
    • 0017688307 scopus 로고
    • Tear physiology and dry eyes
    • Holly FJ, Lemp MA. Tear physiology and dry eyes. Surv Ophthalmol 1977; 22: 69-87.
    • (1977) Surv Ophthalmol , vol.22 , pp. 69-87
    • Holly, F.J.1    Lemp, M.A.2
  • 7
    • 0001324832 scopus 로고
    • The muco-contaneous junction of the lid margin and the distribution of tear fluid
    • Wolff E. The muco-contaneous junction of the lid margin and the distribution of tear fluid. Trans Ophthalmol Soc 1946; 66: 291-308.
    • (1946) Trans Ophthalmol Soc , vol.66 , pp. 291-308
    • Wolff, E.1
  • 8
    • 0002854323 scopus 로고
    • The thickness of the precorneal tear film
    • Ehlers N. The thickness of the precorneal tear film. Acta Ophthalmol 1965; 181 (Suppl): 5-136.
    • (1965) Acta Ophthalmol , vol.181 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 5-136
    • Ehlers, N.1
  • 9
    • 0000909133 scopus 로고
    • Some physiological aspects of the precorneal tear film
    • Mishima S. Some physiological aspects of the precorneal tear film. Arch Ophthalmol 1965; 73: 233-241.
    • (1965) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.73 , pp. 233-241
    • Mishima, S.1
  • 10
    • 0026650519 scopus 로고
    • Study of human precorneal tear film thickness and structure using laser interferometry
    • Prydal JI, Artal P, Woon H, Campbell FW. Study of human precorneal tear film thickness and structure using laser interferometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992; 33: 2006-2011.
    • (1992) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.33 , pp. 2006-2011
    • Prydal, J.I.1    Artal, P.2    Woon, H.3    Campbell, F.W.4
  • 11
    • 0028202179 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the tear film
    • Dilly PN. Structure and function of the tear film. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 350: 239-247.
    • (1994) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.350 , pp. 239-247
    • Dilly, P.N.1
  • 14
    • 0347379787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of mucins in the function of the corneal and conjunctival epithelia
    • Gipson IK, Argueso P. Role of mucins in the function of the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Int Rev Cytol 2003; 231: 1-46.
    • (2003) Int Rev Cytol , vol.231 , pp. 1-46
    • Gipson, I.K.1    Argueso, P.2
  • 15
    • 0842288698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of mucins at the ocular surface
    • Gipson IK. Distribution of mucins at the ocular surface. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78: 379-388.
    • (2004) Exp Eye Res , vol.78 , pp. 379-388
    • Gipson, I.K.1
  • 16
    • 33748754288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of 491 proteins in the tear fluid proteome reveals a large number of proteases and protease inhibitors
    • de Souza GA, Godoy LM, Mann M. Identification of 491 proteins in the tear fluid proteome reveals a large number of proteases and protease inhibitors. Genome Biol 2006; 7: R72.
    • (2006) Genome Biol , vol.7
    • de Souza, G.A.1    Godoy, L.M.2    Mann, M.3
  • 17
    • 33646895865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory findings in tear fluid analysis
    • Ohashi Y, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Laboratory findings in tear fluid analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 369: 17-28.
    • (2006) Clin Chim Acta , vol.369 , pp. 17-28
    • Ohashi, Y.1    Dogru, M.2    Tsubota, K.3
  • 18
    • 34548610979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocular surface expression and in vitro activity of antimicrobial peptides
    • Huang LC, Jean D, Proske RJ, Reins RY, McDermott AM. Ocular surface expression and in vitro activity of antimicrobial peptides. Curr Eye Res 2007; 32: 595-609.
    • (2007) Curr Eye Res , vol.32 , pp. 595-609
    • Huang, L.C.1    Jean, D.2    Proske, R.J.3    Reins, R.Y.4    McDermott, A.M.5
  • 19
    • 3042530909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the tear film and ocular surface from dry eye syndrome
    • Johnson ME, Murphy PJ. Changes in the tear film and ocular surface from dry eye syndrome. Prog Retinal Eye Res 2004; 23: 449-474.
    • (2004) Prog Retinal Eye Res , vol.23 , pp. 449-474
    • Johnson, M.E.1    Murphy, P.J.2
  • 20
    • 0031610413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The meibomian glands and tear film lipids. Structure, function and control
    • Bron AJ, Tiffany JM. The meibomian glands and tear film lipids. Structure, function and control. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 350: 281-295.
    • (1998) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.350 , pp. 281-295
    • Bron, A.J.1    Tiffany, J.M.2
  • 21
    • 11144227505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meibomian gland function and the tear lipid layer
    • McCulley JP, Shine WE. Meibomian gland function and the tear lipid layer. Ocul Surf 2003; 1: 97-106.
    • (2003) Ocul Surf , vol.1 , pp. 97-106
    • McCulley, J.P.1    Shine, W.E.2
  • 22
    • 0031055619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of the lipid layer in human tear film stability and evaporation
    • Craig J, Tomlinson A. Importance of the lipid layer in human tear film stability and evaporation. Optom Vis Sci 1997; 74: 8-13.
    • (1997) Optom Vis Sci , vol.74 , pp. 8-13
    • Craig, J.1    Tomlinson, A.2
  • 23
    • 0002974924 scopus 로고
    • The oily layer of the tear film and evaporation from the corneal surface
    • Mishima S, Maurice DM. The oily layer of the tear film and evaporation from the corneal surface. Exp Eye Res 1961; 1: 39-45.
    • (1961) Exp Eye Res , vol.1 , pp. 39-45
    • Mishima, S.1    Maurice, D.M.2
  • 25
    • 34250196492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The correlation between the tear film lipid layer and dry eye disease
    • Foulks GN. The correlation between the tear film lipid layer and dry eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2007; 52: 369-374.
    • (2007) Surv Ophthalmol , vol.52 , pp. 369-374
    • Foulks, G.N.1
  • 26
    • 0014367642 scopus 로고
    • Surface phenomena of tear films
    • McDonald JE. Surface phenomena of tear films. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1968; 66: 905-939.
    • (1968) Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc , vol.66 , pp. 905-939
    • McDonald, J.E.1
  • 27
    • 0032987673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Components responsible for the surface tension of human tears
    • Nagyova B, Tiffany JM. Components responsible for the surface tension of human tears. Curr Eye Res 1999; 19: 4-11.
    • (1999) Curr Eye Res , vol.19 , pp. 4-11
    • Nagyova, B.1    Tiffany, J.M.2
  • 28
    • 0031729782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathology of dry eye: The interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands
    • Stern ME, Beuerman RW, Fox RI, Gao J, Mircheff AK, Pflugfelder SC. The pathology of dry eye: The interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands. Cornea 1998; 17: 584-589.
    • (1998) Cornea , vol.17 , pp. 584-589
    • Stern, M.E.1    Beuerman, R.W.2    Fox, R.I.3    Gao, J.4    Mircheff, A.K.5    Pflugfelder, S.C.6
  • 31
    • 33645291531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations in a change in aqueous tear evaporation with a change in relative humidity and the impact
    • McCulley JP, Aronowicz JD, Uchiyama E, Shine WE, Butovich IA. Correlations in a change in aqueous tear evaporation with a change in relative humidity and the impact. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141: 758-760.
    • (2006) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.141 , pp. 758-760
    • McCulley, J.P.1    Aronowicz, J.D.2    Uchiyama, E.3    Shine, W.E.4    Butovich, I.A.5
  • 32
    • 0014635477 scopus 로고
    • Evaporation rate of water from the precorneal tear film and cornea in the rabbit
    • Iwata S, Lemp MA, Holly FJ, Dohlman CH. Evaporation rate of water from the precorneal tear film and cornea in the rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol 1969; 8: 613-619.
    • (1969) Invest Ophthalmol , vol.8 , pp. 613-619
    • Iwata, S.1    Lemp, M.A.2    Holly, F.J.3    Dohlman, C.H.4
  • 33
    • 0842288713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaporation from the ocular surface
    • Mathers W. Evaporation from the ocular surface. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78: 389-394.
    • (2004) Exp Eye Res , vol.78 , pp. 389-394
    • Mathers, W.1
  • 34
    • 77049109452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inputs and outputs of the lacrimal system: Review of production and evaporative loss
    • Tomlinson A. Inputs and outputs of the lacrimal system: Review of production and evaporative loss. Ocul Surf 2009; 7: 186-198.
    • (2009) Ocul Surf , vol.7 , pp. 186-198
    • Tomlinson, A.1
  • 35
    • 52049126249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions of evaporation and other mechanisms to tear film thinning and break-up
    • King-Smith PE, Nichols JJ, Nichols KK, Fink BA, Braun RJ. Contributions of evaporation and other mechanisms to tear film thinning and break-up. Optom Vis Sci 2008; 85: 623-630.
    • (2008) Optom Vis Sci , vol.85 , pp. 623-630
    • King-Smith, P.E.1    Nichols, J.J.2    Nichols, K.K.3    Fink, B.A.4    Braun, R.J.5
  • 38
    • 0002865805 scopus 로고
    • The lacrimal apparatus
    • Moses R, Hart WJ, eds. St Louis: CV Mosby Company
    • Milder B. The lacrimal apparatus. In: Moses R, Hart WJ, eds. Physiology of the Eye. Clinical Application. St Louis: CV Mosby Company, 1987. p 15-35.
    • (1987) Physiology of the Eye. Clinical Application , pp. 15-35
    • Milder, B.1
  • 40
    • 0031664968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tear dynamics and dry eye
    • Tsubota K. Tear dynamics and dry eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 1998; 17: 565-596.
    • (1998) Prog Retin Eye Res , vol.17 , pp. 565-596
    • Tsubota, K.1
  • 41
    • 0348133150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the preocular tear film
    • Korb D, Craig J, Houghty MJ, Guillon J-P, Tomlinson A, eds. Maryland Heights: Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Craig JP. Structure and function of the preocular tear film. In: Korb D, Craig J, Houghty MJ, Guillon J-P, Tomlinson A, eds. The Tear Film: Structure, Function and Clinical Examination. Maryland Heights: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. p 18-50.
    • (2002) The Tear Film: Structure, Function and Clinical Examination , pp. 18-50
    • Craig, J.P.1
  • 43
    • 4444359888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of relative contribution of the superior and inferior canaliculi to the lacrimal drainage system in health using the drop test
    • Murgatroyd H, Craig JP, Sloan B. Determination of relative contribution of the superior and inferior canaliculi to the lacrimal drainage system in health using the drop test. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004; 32: 404-410.
    • (2004) Clin Experiment Ophthalmol , vol.32 , pp. 404-410
    • Murgatroyd, H.1    Craig, J.P.2    Sloan, B.3
  • 44
    • 0021163499 scopus 로고
    • Relative roles of upper and lower lacrimal canaliculi in normal tear drainage
    • Nagashima K, Kido R. Relative roles of upper and lower lacrimal canaliculi in normal tear drainage. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1984; 28: 259-262.
    • (1984) Jpn J Ophthalmol , vol.28 , pp. 259-262
    • Nagashima, K.1    Kido, R.2
  • 45
    • 0027405629 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of tear drainage by fluorescein dye disappearance test after experimental canalicular obstruction
    • Ogut MS, Bavbek T, Kazokoglu H. Assessment of tear drainage by fluorescein dye disappearance test after experimental canalicular obstruction. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1993; 71: 69-72.
    • (1993) Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) , vol.71 , pp. 69-72
    • Ogut, M.S.1    Bavbek, T.2    Kazokoglu, H.3
  • 48
    • 0013874546 scopus 로고
    • Tear secretion in diseased eyes. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, diseases of the lacrimal system, ectropion, lagophthalmos, conjunctivitis, etc. studied by a new method: Lacrimal streak dilution test
    • Norn MS. Tear secretion in diseased eyes. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, diseases of the lacrimal system, ectropion, lagophthalmos, conjunctivitis, etc. studied by a new method: Lacrimal streak dilution test. Acta Ophthalmol 1966; 44: 25-32.
    • (1966) Acta Ophthalmol , vol.44 , pp. 25-32
    • Norn, M.S.1
  • 49
    • 0017520794 scopus 로고
    • Outflow of tears and its influence on tear secretion and break up time (B.U.T.)
    • Norn MS. Outflow of tears and its influence on tear secretion and break up time (B.U.T.). Acta Ophthalmol 1977; 55: 674-683.
    • (1977) Acta Ophthalmol , vol.55 , pp. 674-683
    • Norn, M.S.1
  • 50
    • 33744822754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective controlled study of vapor pressure tear osmolality and tear meniscus height in nasolacrimal duct obstruction
    • Stahl U, Francis IC, Stapleton F. Prospective controlled study of vapor pressure tear osmolality and tear meniscus height in nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141: 1051-1056.
    • (2006) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.141 , pp. 1051-1056
    • Stahl, U.1    Francis, I.C.2    Stapleton, F.3
  • 52
    • 0035126374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of punctal occlusion on tear production, tear clearance, and ocular surface sensation in normal subjects
    • Yen MT, Pflugfelder SC, Feuer WJ. The effect of punctal occlusion on tear production, tear clearance, and ocular surface sensation in normal subjects. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 131: 314-323.
    • (2001) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.131 , pp. 314-323
    • Yen, M.T.1    Pflugfelder, S.C.2    Feuer, W.J.3
  • 53
    • 0019005006 scopus 로고
    • Osmotic strength, osmolality, and osmolarity
    • Deardorff DL. Osmotic strength, osmolality, and osmolarity. Am J Hosp Pharm 1980; 37: 504-509.
    • (1980) Am J Hosp Pharm , vol.37 , pp. 504-509
    • Deardorff, D.L.1
  • 54
    • 33646897665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tear osmolarity
    • Murube J. Tear osmolarity. Ocul Surf 2006; 4: 62-73.
    • (2006) Ocul Surf , vol.4 , pp. 62-73
    • Murube, J.1
  • 55
    • 0027412576 scopus 로고
    • Limitations of methods of osmometry: Measuring the osmolality of biological fluids
    • Sweeney TE, Beuchat CA. Limitations of methods of osmometry: Measuring the osmolality of biological fluids. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: R469-R480.
    • (1993) Am J Physiol , vol.264
    • Sweeney, T.E.1    Beuchat, C.A.2
  • 56
    • 84855203813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wescor Inc. 5520 Vapro Vapor Pressure Osmometer User's Manual. Logan, UT: Wescor
    • Wescor Inc. 5520 Vapro Vapor Pressure Osmometer User's Manual. Logan, UT: Wescor; 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 57
    • 0018039728 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of dewpoint and freezing point osmometry
    • Mercier DE, Feld RD, Witte DL. Comparison of dewpoint and freezing point osmometry. Am J Med Technol 1978; 44: 1066-1069.
    • (1978) Am J Med Technol , vol.44 , pp. 1066-1069
    • Mercier, D.E.1    Feld, R.D.2    Witte, D.L.3
  • 58
    • 0029790446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical conductivity of tear fluid in healthy persons and keratoconjunctivitis sicca patients measured by a flexible conductimetric sensor
    • Ogasawara K, Mitsubayashi K, Tsuru T, Karube I. Electrical conductivity of tear fluid in healthy persons and keratoconjunctivitis sicca patients measured by a flexible conductimetric sensor. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996; 234: 542-546.
    • (1996) Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol , vol.234 , pp. 542-546
    • Ogasawara, K.1    Mitsubayashi, K.2    Tsuru, T.3    Karube, I.4
  • 61
    • 84855206000 scopus 로고
    • Tränenflüssigkeit
    • Hockwin O, ed. Stuttgart: Verlag
    • van Haeringen NJ. Tränenflüssigkeit. In: Hockwin O, ed. Biochemie des Auges. Stuttgart: Verlag, 1985. p 1-11.
    • (1985) Biochemie des Auges , pp. 1-11
    • van Haeringen, N.J.1
  • 62
    • 0022239725 scopus 로고
    • Colloid osmotic pressure of artificial tears
    • Holly FJ, Esquivel ED. Colloid osmotic pressure of artificial tears. J Ocul Pharmacol 1985; 1: 327-336.
    • (1985) J Ocul Pharmacol , vol.1 , pp. 327-336
    • Holly, F.J.1    Esquivel, E.D.2
  • 63
    • 33744830456 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the mechanism of salt and water secretion from the lacrimal gland
    • Yoshimura H, Hosokawa K. Studies on the mechanism of salt and water secretion from the lacrimal gland. Jpn J Physiol 1963; 15: 303-318.
    • (1963) Jpn J Physiol , vol.15 , pp. 303-318
    • Yoshimura, H.1    Hosokawa, K.2
  • 64
    • 0022212302 scopus 로고
    • Essential ions for the maintenance of the corneal epithelial surface
    • Bachman WG, Wilson G. Essential ions for the maintenance of the corneal epithelial surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26: 1484-1488.
    • (1985) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.26 , pp. 1484-1488
    • Bachman, W.G.1    Wilson, G.2
  • 65
    • 0016951924 scopus 로고
    • Human tear pH. Diurnal variations
    • Carney LG, Hill RM. Human tear pH. Diurnal variations. Arch Ophthalmol 1976; 94: 821-824.
    • (1976) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.94 , pp. 821-824
    • Carney, L.G.1    Hill, R.M.2
  • 66
    • 0017990383 scopus 로고
    • Flow and potentials during perfusion of lacrimal gland with electrolyte solutions
    • Botelho SY, Fuenmayor N, Hisada M. Flow and potentials during perfusion of lacrimal gland with electrolyte solutions. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: C8-C12.
    • (1978) Am J Physiol , vol.235
    • Botelho, S.Y.1    Fuenmayor, N.2    Hisada, M.3
  • 67
    • 0024364735 scopus 로고
    • Lacrimal fluid and electrolyte secretion: A review
    • Mircheff AK. Lacrimal fluid and electrolyte secretion: A review. Curr Eye Res 1989; 8: 607-617.
    • (1989) Curr Eye Res , vol.8 , pp. 607-617
    • Mircheff, A.K.1
  • 68
    • 0028202834 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of tear secretion
    • Dartt DA. Regulation of tear secretion. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 350: 1-9.
    • (1994) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.350 , pp. 1-9
    • Dartt, D.A.1
  • 69
    • 65549116961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ fluoresence measurment of tear film [Na+], [K+], [Cl-] and pH in mice shows marked hypertonicity in aquaporin-5 deficiency
    • Ruiz-Ederra J, Levin MH, Verkman AS. In situ fluoresence measurment of tear film [Na+], [K+], [Cl-] and pH in mice shows marked hypertonicity in aquaporin-5 deficiency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50: 2132-2138.
    • (2009) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.50 , pp. 2132-2138
    • Ruiz-Ederra, J.1    Levin, M.H.2    Verkman, A.S.3
  • 71
    • 0013502447 scopus 로고
    • Excretion of urea, sodium, potassium and chloride in human tears
    • Thaysen JH, Thorn NA. Excretion of urea, sodium, potassium and chloride in human tears. Am J Physiol 1954; 178: 160-164.
    • (1954) Am J Physiol , vol.178 , pp. 160-164
    • Thaysen, J.H.1    Thorn, N.A.2
  • 72
    • 0015815745 scopus 로고
    • Electrolytes in lacrimal gland fluid and in tears at various flow rates in the rabbit
    • Botelho SY, Martinez EV. Electrolytes in lacrimal gland fluid and in tears at various flow rates in the rabbit. Am J Physiol 1973; 225: 606-609.
    • (1973) Am J Physiol , vol.225 , pp. 606-609
    • Botelho, S.Y.1    Martinez, E.V.2
  • 74
    • 0020352197 scopus 로고
    • Changes in rabbit lacrimal gland fluid osmolarity with flow rate
    • Gilbard JP, Dartt DA. Changes in rabbit lacrimal gland fluid osmolarity with flow rate. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982; 23: 804-806.
    • (1982) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.23 , pp. 804-806
    • Gilbard, J.P.1    Dartt, D.A.2
  • 75
    • 0023035410 scopus 로고
    • Tear film osmolality determination: An evaluation of potential errors in measurement
    • Nelson JD, Wright JC. Tear film osmolality determination: An evaluation of potential errors in measurement. Curr Eye Res 1986; 5: 677-681.
    • (1986) Curr Eye Res , vol.5 , pp. 677-681
    • Nelson, J.D.1    Wright, J.C.2
  • 76
    • 0027440820 scopus 로고
    • Human basic tear fluid osmolality. Importance of sample collection strategy
    • White KM, Benjamin WJ, Hill RM. Human basic tear fluid osmolality. Importance of sample collection strategy. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1993; 71: 524-529.
    • (1993) Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) , vol.71 , pp. 524-529
    • White, K.M.1    Benjamin, W.J.2    Hill, R.M.3
  • 78
    • 0026575649 scopus 로고
    • Decreased tear osmolarity and absence of the inferior marginal tear strip after sleep
    • Gilbard JP, Cohen GR, Baum J. Decreased tear osmolarity and absence of the inferior marginal tear strip after sleep. Cornea 1992; 11: 231-233.
    • (1992) Cornea , vol.11 , pp. 231-233
    • Gilbard, J.P.1    Cohen, G.R.2    Baum, J.3
  • 79
    • 0017800013 scopus 로고
    • Human tear osmotic pressure. Diurnal variations and the closed eye
    • Terry JE, Hill RM. Human tear osmotic pressure. Diurnal variations and the closed eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 120-122.
    • (1978) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.96 , pp. 120-122
    • Terry, J.E.1    Hill, R.M.2
  • 80
    • 0014884304 scopus 로고
    • Osmotic pressure of the tears during adaptation to contact lenses
    • Uniacke NP, Hill RM. Osmotic pressure of the tears during adaptation to contact lenses. J Am Optom Assoc 1970; 41: 932-936.
    • (1970) J Am Optom Assoc , vol.41 , pp. 932-936
    • Uniacke, N.P.1    Hill, R.M.2
  • 81
    • 0036931112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using osmolarity to diagnose dry eye: A compartmental hypothesis and review of our assumptions
    • Bron A, Tiffany J, Yokoi N, Gouveia S. Using osmolarity to diagnose dry eye: A compartmental hypothesis and review of our assumptions. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 506: 1087-1095.
    • (2002) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.506 , pp. 1087-1095
    • Bron, A.1    Tiffany, J.2    Yokoi, N.3    Gouveia, S.4
  • 83
    • 0024322185 scopus 로고
    • Tonicity of human tear fluid sampled from the cul-de-sac
    • Benjamin WJ, Hill RM. Tonicity of human tear fluid sampled from the cul-de-sac. Br J Ophthalmol 1989; 73: 624-627.
    • (1989) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.73 , pp. 624-627
    • Benjamin, W.J.1    Hill, R.M.2
  • 84
    • 0028857152 scopus 로고
    • Effect of age on tear osmolality
    • Craig J, Tomlinson A. Effect of age on tear osmolality. Optom Vis Sci 1995; 72: 713-717.
    • (1995) Optom Vis Sci , vol.72 , pp. 713-717
    • Craig, J.1    Tomlinson, A.2
  • 86
    • 0029886437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tear film changes associated with normal aging
    • Mathers WD, Lane JA, Zimmermann MB. Tear film changes associated with normal aging. Cornea 1996; 15: 229-334.
    • (1996) Cornea , vol.15 , pp. 229-334
    • Mathers, W.D.1    Lane, J.A.2    Zimmermann, M.B.3
  • 87
    • 0000608110 scopus 로고
    • The total osmotic pressure of tears in normal and various pathologic conditions
    • Mastman GJ, Baldes EJ, Henderson JW. The total osmotic pressure of tears in normal and various pathologic conditions. Arch Ophthalmol 1961; 65: 509-513.
    • (1961) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.65 , pp. 509-513
    • Mastman, G.J.1    Baldes, E.J.2    Henderson, J.W.3
  • 89
    • 0029800921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test and symptoms in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and their correlation
    • Bjerrum KB. Test and symptoms in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and their correlation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1996; 74: 436-441.
    • (1996) Acta Ophthalmol Scand , vol.74 , pp. 436-441
    • Bjerrum, K.B.1
  • 90
    • 33748555164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient-reported symptoms in dry dye disease
    • Nichols KK. Patient-reported symptoms in dry dye disease. Ocul Surf 2006; 4: 137-145.
    • (2006) Ocul Surf , vol.4 , pp. 137-145
    • Nichols, K.K.1
  • 91
    • 7444258505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lack of association between signs and symptoms in patients with dry eye disease
    • Nichols KK, Nichols JJ, Mitchell GL. The lack of association between signs and symptoms in patients with dry eye disease. Cornea 2004; 23: 762-770.
    • (2004) Cornea , vol.23 , pp. 762-770
    • Nichols, K.K.1    Nichols, J.J.2    Mitchell, G.L.3
  • 92
    • 47949086915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current patterns in the use of diagnostic tests in dry eye evaluation
    • Smith J, Nichols KK, Baldwin EK. Current patterns in the use of diagnostic tests in dry eye evaluation. Cornea 2008; 27: 656-662.
    • (2008) Cornea , vol.27 , pp. 656-662
    • Smith, J.1    Nichols, K.K.2    Baldwin, E.K.3
  • 93
    • 0017857409 scopus 로고
    • Osmolarity of tear microvolumes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca
    • Gilbard JP, Farris RL, Santamaria II J. Osmolarity of tear microvolumes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 677-681.
    • (1978) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.96 , pp. 677-681
    • Gilbard, J.P.1    Farris, R.L.2    Santamaria, I.J.3
  • 94
    • 0025297978 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of diagnostic tests for keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Lactoplate, schirmer, and tear osmolarity
    • Lucca JA, Nunez JN, Farris RL. A comparison of diagnostic tests for keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Lactoplate, schirmer, and tear osmolarity. CLAO J 1990; 16: 109-112.
    • (1990) CLAO J , vol.16 , pp. 109-112
    • Lucca, J.A.1    Nunez, J.N.2    Farris, R.L.3
  • 96
    • 33645982610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tear film, contact lens and patient-related factors associated with contact lens-related dry eye
    • Nichols JJ, Sinnott LT. Tear film, contact lens and patient-related factors associated with contact lens-related dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 1319-1328.
    • (2006) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.47 , pp. 1319-1328
    • Nichols, J.J.1    Sinnott, L.T.2
  • 98
    • 0023629582 scopus 로고
    • Osmolality of the tear fluid in the contralateral eye during monocular contact lens wear
    • Martin DK. Osmolality of the tear fluid in the contralateral eye during monocular contact lens wear. Acta Ophthalmol 1987; 65: 551-555.
    • (1987) Acta Ophthalmol , vol.65 , pp. 551-555
    • Martin, D.K.1
  • 99
    • 0037578369 scopus 로고
    • Variations in tear fluid osmolality, chord diameter and movement during wear of high water content hydrogel contact lenses
    • Martin DK, Holden BA. Variations in tear fluid osmolality, chord diameter and movement during wear of high water content hydrogel contact lenses. Int Contact Lens Clin 1983; 10: 332-342.
    • (1983) Int Contact Lens Clin , vol.10 , pp. 332-342
    • Martin, D.K.1    Holden, B.A.2
  • 100
    • 0028952882 scopus 로고
    • Osmotic determinants of postlens tear film morphology and hydrogel lens movement
    • Little SA, Bruce AS. Osmotic determinants of postlens tear film morphology and hydrogel lens movement. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1995; 15: 117-124.
    • (1995) Ophthalmic Physiol Opt , vol.15 , pp. 117-124
    • Little, S.A.1    Bruce, A.S.2
  • 102
    • 1442304752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of tear-film osmolarity in different types of contact lenses
    • Iskeleli G, Karakoc Y, Aydin Ö, Yetik H, Uslu H, Kizilkaya M. Comparison of tear-film osmolarity in different types of contact lenses. CLAO J 2002; 28: 174-176.
    • (2002) CLAO J , vol.28 , pp. 174-176
    • Iskeleli, G.1    Karakoc, Y.2    Aydin, O.3    Yetik, H.4    Uslu, H.5    Kizilkaya, M.6
  • 103
    • 0022578618 scopus 로고
    • Tear analysis in contact lens wearers
    • Farris RL. Tear analysis in contact lens wearers. CLAO J 1986; 12: 106-111.
    • (1986) CLAO J , vol.12 , pp. 106-111
    • Farris, R.L.1
  • 104
    • 16544369314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of tear volume (by tear meniscus height and phenol thread test) and tear fluid osmolality measurements in non-lens wearers and in contact lens wearers
    • Miller WL, Doughty MJ, Narayanan S, Leach N, Tran A, Gaume AL, Bergmanson JPG. A comparison of tear volume (by tear meniscus height and phenol thread test) and tear fluid osmolality measurements in non-lens wearers and in contact lens wearers. Eye Contact Lens 2004; 30: 132-137.
    • (2004) Eye Contact Lens , vol.30 , pp. 132-137
    • Miller, W.L.1    Doughty, M.J.2    Narayanan, S.3    Leach, N.4    Tran, A.5    Gaume, A.L.6    Bergmanson, J.P.G.7
  • 106
    • 0345283011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in clinical parameters and tear film of tolerant and intolerant contact lens wearers
    • Glasson MJ, Stapleton F, Keay L, Sweeney D, Willcox M. Differences in clinical parameters and tear film of tolerant and intolerant contact lens wearers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 5116-5124.
    • (2003) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.44 , pp. 5116-5124
    • Glasson, M.J.1    Stapleton, F.2    Keay, L.3    Sweeney, D.4    Willcox, M.5
  • 107
    • 0024335720 scopus 로고
    • Tear film and ocular surface changes after closure of the meibomian gland orifices in the rabbit
    • Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Gray Heyda K. Tear film and ocular surface changes after closure of the meibomian gland orifices in the rabbit. Ophthalmology 1989; 96: 1180-1186.
    • (1989) Ophthalmology , vol.96 , pp. 1180-1186
    • Gilbard, J.P.1    Rossi, S.R.2    Gray Heyda, K.3
  • 109
    • 31044455375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JNK and ERK MAP kinases mediate induction of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-8 following hyperosmolar stress in human limbal epithelial cells
    • Li DQ, Luo L, Kim H-S, Song XJ, Pflugfelder SC. JNK and ERK MAP kinases mediate induction of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-8 following hyperosmolar stress in human limbal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82: 588-596.
    • (2006) Exp Eye Res , vol.82 , pp. 588-596
    • Li, D.Q.1    Luo, L.2    Kim, H.-S.3    Song, X.J.4    Pflugfelder, S.C.5
  • 110
    • 9444263191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental dry eye stimulates production of inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 and activates MAPK signaling pathways on the ocular surface
    • Luo L, Li D-Q, Doshi A, Farley W, Corrales RM, Pflugfelder SC. Experimental dry eye stimulates production of inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 and activates MAPK signaling pathways on the ocular surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 4293-4301.
    • (2004) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.45 , pp. 4293-4301
    • Luo, L.1    Li, D.-Q.2    Doshi, A.3    Farley, W.4    Corrales, R.M.5    Pflugfelder, S.C.6
  • 111
    • 0018389950 scopus 로고
    • Tear osmolarity and ocular surface disease in keratoconjunctivitis sicca
    • Gilbard JP, Farris RL. Tear osmolarity and ocular surface disease in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arch Ophthalmol 1979; 97: 1642-1646.
    • (1979) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.97 , pp. 1642-1646
    • Gilbard, J.P.1    Farris, R.L.2
  • 113
    • 0024349022 scopus 로고
    • Effect of punctal occlusion by freeman silicone plug insertion on tear osmolarity in dry eye disorders
    • Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Azar DT, Heyda KG. Effect of punctal occlusion by freeman silicone plug insertion on tear osmolarity in dry eye disorders. CLAO J 1989; 15: 216-218.
    • (1989) CLAO J , vol.15 , pp. 216-218
    • Gilbard, J.P.1    Rossi, S.R.2    Azar, D.T.3    Heyda, K.G.4
  • 114
    • 84855188510 scopus 로고
    • Quoted by Murubre. Tear osmolarity
    • Mishima S. Quoted by Murubre. Tear osmolarity. Ocul Surf 2006 1971; 4: 62-73.
    • (1971) Ocul Surf 2006 , vol.4 , pp. 62-73
    • Mishima, S.1
  • 115
    • 0019488311 scopus 로고
    • Basal and reflex human tear analysis I. Physical measurements: osmolarity, basal volumes, and reflex flow rate
    • Farris RL, Stuchell RN, Mandel ID. Basal and reflex human tear analysis I. Physical measurements: osmolarity, basal volumes, and reflex flow rate. Ophthalmology 1981; 88: 852-857.
    • (1981) Ophthalmology , vol.88 , pp. 852-857
    • Farris, R.L.1    Stuchell, R.N.2    Mandel, I.D.3
  • 117
    • 0021884922 scopus 로고
    • Tear diluents in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca
    • Gilbard JP, Kenyon KR. Tear diluents in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Ophthalmology 1985; 92: 646-650.
    • (1985) Ophthalmology , vol.92 , pp. 646-650
    • Gilbard, J.P.1    Kenyon, K.R.2
  • 118
    • 0028098188 scopus 로고
    • Human tear electrolyte concentrations in health and dry-eye disease
    • Winter
    • Gilbard JP. Human tear electrolyte concentrations in health and dry-eye disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1994; Winter 34: 27-35.
    • (1994) Int Ophthalmol Clin , vol.34 , pp. 27-35
    • Gilbard, J.P.1
  • 121
    • 34447524956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tear osmolality and ferning patterns in postmenopausal women
    • Srinivasan S, Joyce E, Jones LW. Tear osmolality and ferning patterns in postmenopausal women. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 84: 588-592.
    • (2007) Optom Vis Sci , vol.84 , pp. 588-592
    • Srinivasan, S.1    Joyce, E.2    Jones, L.W.3
  • 122
    • 67651021987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of tear film and contact lens osmolality on comfort in CL wear
    • Stahl U, Willcox M, Naduvilath T, Stapleton F. Influence of tear film and contact lens osmolality on comfort in CL wear. Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: 857-867.
    • (2009) Optom Vis Sci , vol.86 , pp. 857-867
    • Stahl, U.1    Willcox, M.2    Naduvilath, T.3    Stapleton, F.4
  • 123
    • 33344470023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of contact lens wear on the pre-corneal tear film. In: Zierhut M, Stern M, Sullivan D ed. Immunology of the eye: UK Taylor and Fancis
    • Glasson MJ, Stapleton F, Keay L, Ball M, Willcox M. Effect of contact lens wear on the pre-corneal tear film. In: Zierhut M, Stern M, Sullivan D ed. Immunology of the eye: UK Taylor and Fancis, 2005. p 239-254.
    • (2005) , pp. 239-254
    • Glasson, M.J.1    Stapleton, F.2    Keay, L.3    Ball, M.4    Willcox, M.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.