Mountain biodiversity conservation and management: A paradigm shift in policies and practices in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas

Ecological Research

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 909-923

  Sharma, Eklabya ^a   Chettri, Nakul ^a   Oli, Krishna Prasad ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT   (Nepal)

Author keywords

Community initiative; Landscape; Protected area; Regional cooperation; Wetland

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION PLANNING; DATABASE; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENT; NATURE CONSERVATION; PARADIGM SHIFT; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; PROTECTED AREA;

HIMALAYAS; HINDU KUSH;

EID: 84755160735     PISSN: 09123814     EISSN: 14401703     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11284-010-0747-6     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Andrew JH, Defries R (2007) Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands. Ecol Appl 17(4): 974-988.
2. Bajracharya S, Furley PA, Newton N (2005) Effectiveness of community involvement in delivering conservation benefits to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Environ Conserv 32(3): 239-247.
3. Balmford A, Bennum L, Brink BT, Copper D, Cote IM, Crane P, Dobson A, Dudley N, Dutton I, Green RE, Gregory RD, Harrison J, Kennedy ET, Kremen C, Leader-Williams N, Lovejoy TE, Mace G, May R, Mayaux P, Morling P, Phillips J, Redfort K, Ricketts TH, Rodriguez JP, Sanjayan M, Schei PJ, van Jaarsveld AS, Walther BA (2005) The convention of biological diversity's 2010 target. Science 307: 212-213.
4. Balooni K, Inoue M (2009) Joint forest management in India: the management change process. IIMB Manage Rev 21: 1-17.
5. Barber CV (2004) Designing protected area systems for a changing world. In: Barber CV, Miller KR, Bones M (eds) Securing protected areas in the face of global change: issues and strategies. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp 41-95.
6. Bennett AF (2003) Linkages in the landscapes: the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
7. Boyd C (2004) Protective landscapes, corridors, connectivity and ecological network. In: Biodiversity issues for consideration in planning, establishment and management of protected area sites and networks. Technical Series No 15, Secretariat of the Convention of Biological Diversity, Montreal, pp 73-81.
8. Brooks TM, Mittermeier RA, da Fonseca GAB, Gerlach J, Hoffmann M, Lamoreux JF, Mittermeier CG, Pilgrim JD, Rodrigues ASL (2006) Global biodiversity conservation priorities. Science 313: 58-61.
9. Canova L (2006) Protected areas and landscape conservation in the Lombardy plain (northern Italy): an appraisal. Landsc Urban Plan 74: 102-109.
10. CEPF (2005) Ecosystem profile: Indo-Burma hotspot, Eastern Himalayan Region. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, WWF US-Asian Program, Washington DC.
11. CEPF (2007) Ecosystem profile: Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, Indo-China region. CEPF, Washington, DC.
12. Chape S, Harrison M, Spalding M, Lysenko I (2005) Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos Trans R Soc B 360: 443-455.
13. Chettri N, Sharma E, Shakya B, Bajracharya B (2007) Developing forested conservation corridors in the Kangchenjunga landscape, Eastern Himalaya. Mt Res Dev 27(3): 211-214.
14. Chettri N, Shakya B, Thapa R, Sharma E (2008) Status of protected area system in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: an analysis of PA coverage. Int J Biodivers Sci Manag 4(3): 164-178.
15. Chettri N, Sharma E, Thapa R (2009) Long term monitoring using transect and landscape approaches within Hindu Kush Himalayas. In: Sharma E (ed) Proceedings on international mountain biodiversity conference. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal, 16-18 November 2008, pp 201-208. http://apps.icimod.org/elibrary/index.php/downloads/pd/612.
16. Dyurgerov MD, Meier MF (2005) Glaciers and changing Earth system: a 2004 snapshot. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
17. Eriksson M, Jianchu X, Shrestha AB, Vaidya RA, Nepal S, Sandström K (2009) The changing Himalayas: impact of climate change on water resources and livelihoods in the greater Himalayas. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://apps.icimod.org/elibrary/index.php/downloads/pd/593.
18. Gilmour DA, Fisher RJ (1991) Villagers, forests and foresters: the philosophy, process and practice of community forestry in Nepal. Sahayogi Press, Kathmandu, Nepal.
19. GoI (2008) National action plan on climate change. Government of India, New Delhi.
20. GoN/MoFSC (2006) Sacred Himalayan landscape (SHL) strategic plan: 2006-2016. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
21. GTOS (2008) Terrestrial observation of our planet: biennial report 50. GTOS Secretariat, FAO, Rome, Italy.
22. Guangwei C (2002) Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalayas: conservation through dialogue. Summary reports of the workshops on biodiversity conservation in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Ecoregion. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal.
23. Gurung PC (2004) Terai arc landscape: a new paradigm in conservation and sustainable development. In: Harmone D, Worboys GL (eds) Managing mountain protected areas: challenges and responses for the 21st century. Andromeda, Colledara, Italy, pp 80-86.
24. Hamilton LS (2002) Why mountain matters? World Conservation: The IUCN Bulletin 1/2002.
25. ICIMOD (2009) Mountain biodiversity and climate change. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://apps.icimod.org/elibrary/index.php/downloads/pd/613.
26. IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
27. IUCN (2005) Benefits beyond boundaries. Proceedings of the Vth IUCN world park congress. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2005-007.pdf.
28. Ives JD, Messerli B (1989) The Himalayan dilemma: reconciling development and conservation. Routledge, New York, USA.
29. Ives JD, Messerli B, Spiess E (2004) Mountains of the world: a global priorities. In: Messerli B, Ives JD (eds) Mountains of the world: a global priority. Parthenon, New York, pp 1-15.
30. Jenkins CN, Joppa L (2009) Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biol Conserv 142: 2166-2174. doi: 10. 1016/j. biocon. 2009. 04. 016.
31. Joshi AL (2000) Leasehold forestry, joint forest management and community forestry as appropriate programmes for mountain development. In: Price MF, Butt N (eds) Forests in sustainable mountain development: a state of knowledge report for 2000. CABI, Wallingford, UK.
32. Joshi R, Dhyani PP (2009) Environmental sustainability and tourism-implications of trend synergies of tourism in Sikkim Himalaya. Curr Sci 97(1): 33-41.
33. Korner C (2004) Mountain biodiversity, its causes and function. Ambio Suppl 13: 11-17.
34. Korner C, Ohsawa M (2005) Mountain systems. In: Hassan R, Scholes R, Ash N (eds) Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, vol 1. Island, Washington, DC, pp 681-716.
35. Kruk E, Banskota K (2007) Mountain tourism in Nepal: from impacts to sustainability. In: Bisht H, Rajwar GS (eds) Tourism and Himalayan biodiversity. Transmedia, Srinagar, pp 15-34.
36. Liu X, Chen B (2000) Climatic warming in Tibetan Plateau during recent decades. Int J Climatol 20: 1729-1742.
37. Loucks C, Rickets TH, Naidoo R, Lamoreux J, Hoekstra J (2008) Explaining the global pattern of protected area coverage: relative importance of vertebrate biodiversity, human activities and agricultural suitability. J Biogeogr 35: 1337-1348. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2699. 2008. 01899. x.
38. Maharana I, Rai SC, Sharma E (2000) Environmental economics of the Khangchendzonga National Park in the Sikkim Himalaya, India. GeoJournal 50: 329-337.
39. Martinez-Harms MJ, Gajardo R (2008) Ecosystem value in the Western Patagonia protected areas. J Nat Conserv 16: 72-87.
40. McNeely JA (2004) Sustainable landscape-linking conservation and production. In: Joe D (ed) Millennium development goals and conservation: managing nature's wealth for society's health. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, pp 89-105.
41. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Published for World Resources Institute, Island, Washington, DC.
42. Mittermeier RA, Gils PR, Hoffman M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermeier CG, Lamoreaux J, da Fonseca GAB (2004) Hotspots revisited. Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. Cemex, Mexico City.
43. Myers N (1988) Threatened biotas: 'hot-spots' in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8: 187-208.
44. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Foseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(24): 853-858.
45. Naughton-Treves L, Holland MB, Brandon K (2005) The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annu Rev Environ Resour 30: 219-252.
46. Nayak PK, Berkes F (2008) Politics of co-optation: community forest management versus joint forest management in Orissa, India. Environ Manag 41: 707-718. doi: 10. 1007/s00267-008-9088-4.
47. Nogues-Bravo D, Araujo MB, Errea MP, Marti{dotless}nez-Rica JP (2007) Exposure of global mountain systems to climate warming during the 21st century. Glob Environ Change 17: 420-428.
48. Nogues-Bravo D, Araujo MB, Romdal T, Rahbek C (2008) Scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients. Nature 453(8): 216-220.
49. Olson DM, Dinerstein E (2002) The global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation. Ann Mo Bot Gard 89: 199-224.
50. Pagiola S, Bishop J, Landell-Mills N (2002) Selling forest environmental services: market-based mechanisms for conservation and development. Earthscan, London.
51. Pai R, Datta S (2006) Measuring milestones. In: Proceedings of the national workshop on joint forest management (JFM), New Delhi, 17 October 2006. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India and Winrock International, New Delhi, India. http://www.upfor.org/downloadq/Proceedings.pdf.
52. Pandit MK, Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Bhaskar A, Brook BW (2007) Unreported yet massive deforestation driving loss of endemic biodiversity in Indian Himalaya. Biodivers Conserv 16: 153-163.
53. Pei S (1995) Banking on biodiversity: report on the regional consultations on biodiversity assessment in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. ICIMOD, Kathmandu.
54. Rhoades RE (1985) Farming on high. In: Tobias M (ed) Mountain peoples. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp 39-44.
55. Schild A (2008) The case of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: ICIMOD's position on climate change and mountain systems. Mt Res Dev 28(3/4): 328-331.
56. Secretariat to the CBD (2004) Biodiversity issues for consideration in planning, establishment and management of protected area sites and networks. Technical Series No 15, Secretariat of the Convention of Biological Diversity, Montreal.
57. Sharma E, Acharya R (2004) Summary report on mountain biodiversity in the convention on biological diversity (CBD). Mt Res Dev 24(3): 63-65.
58. Sharma E, Chettri N (2005) ICIMOD's transboundary biodiversity management initiative in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. Mt Res Dev 25(3): 280-283.
59. Sharma UR, Yonzon PB (2005) People and protected areas in South Asia. Resources Himalaya Foundation, Kathmandu and IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, South Asia, Bangkok.
60. Sharma E, Chettri N, Gyamtsho P (2006) Advances in community based natural resources management in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region. In: Gymtsho P, Singh BK, Rasul G (eds) Capitalisation and sharing of experiences on the interaction between forest policies and land use pattern in Asia, vol 2. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, pp 9-23. http://apps.icimod.org/elibrary/index.php/downloads/pd/17.
61. Sharma E, Chettri N, Gurung J, Shakya B (2007) Landscape approach in biodiversity conservation: a regional cooperation framework for implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Kangchenjunga Landscape. ICIMOD, Kathmandu. http://apps.icimod.org/elibrary/index.php/downloads/pd/501.
62. Sharma E, Chettri N, Tsering K, Shrestha AB, Jing F, Mool P, Eriksson M (2009) Climate change impacts and vulnerability in the Eastern Himalayas. ICIMOD Publication, Kathmandu. http://books.icimod.org/index.php/search/publication/675.
63. Sherpa LN, Peniston B, Lama W, Richard C (2003) Hands around Everest: transboundary cooperation for conservation and sustainable livelihoods. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu.
64. Sherpa M, Wangchuk S, Wikramanayake ED (2004) Creating biological corridors for conservation and development: a case study from Bhutan. In: Harmone D, Worboys GL (eds) Managing mountain protected areas: challenges and responses for the 21st century. Andromeda, Colledara, Italy, pp 128-134.
65. Shrestha AB, Wake CP, Mayewski PA, Dibb JE (1999) Maximum temperature trend in the Himalaya and its vicinity: an analysis based on temperature records from Nepal for the period 1971-'94. J Clim 12: 2775-2786.
66. Singh KD, Sinha B, Mukherji SD (2005) Exploring options for joint forest management in India. Forest policy and institutions working paper. World Bank, WWF and ATREE, 23 pp.
67. Spehn EM, Messerli B, Korner C (2002) A global assessment of mountain biodiversity: synthesis. In: Mountain biodiversity. A global assessment. Parthenon, Boca Raton.
68. Trisal C (2009) Wetland of the Hindu Kush Himalayas: ecosystem functions, services and implications of climate change. In: Sharma E (ed) Proceedings on international mountain biodiversity conference, 16-18 November 2008. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, pp 169-178.
69. UNEP (1992) Convention on biological diversity. http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp. Accessed 13 Aug 2009.
70. Viviroli D, Weingartner R (2004) Hydrological significance of mountains: from regional to global scale. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 8(6): 1016-1029.
71. Whiteman D (2000) Mountain meteorology. Oxford University Press, London.
72. Wikramanayake E, Dinerstein E, Loucks CJ, Olson DM, Morrison J, Lamoreus JL, McKnight M, Hedao P (2002) Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island, Washington, DC.
73. Worboys GL, Francis W, Lockwood M (eds) (2010) Connectivity conservation management: a global guide. Earthscan Ltd, London, UK.
74. WWF, ICIMOD (2001) Ecoregion-based conservation in the Eastern Himalaya: identifying important areas for biodiversity conservation. WWF Nepal, Kathmandu.
75. Xu J, Sharma R, Fang J, Xu Y (2008) Critical linkages between land-use transition and human health in Himalayan Region. Environ Int 34: 239-247.
76. Xu J, Grumbine ER, Shrestha A, Eriksson M, Yang X, Wang Y, Wilkes A (2009) The melting Himalayas: cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Conserv Biol 23(3): 520-530.
77. Yonzon P, Pradhan S, Bhujel R, Khaling S, Lachungpa U, Lachungpa C (2000) Kangchenjunga mountain complex: biodiversity assessment and conservation planning. WWF, Nepal, Kathmandu.
78. Zimmerer KS, Galt RE, Buck MV (2004) Globalization and multi-spatial trends in the coverage of protected-area conservation (1980-2000). Ambio 33(8): 520-529.