Factors affecting swimming economy in children and adults

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 93, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 65-74

  Kjendlie, Per Ludvik ^a   Ingjer, Frank ^a   Stallman, Robert Keig ^a   Stray Gundersen, James ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF SPORT SCIENCES   (Norway)

^b Olympiatoppen   (Norway)

Author keywords

Children; Energy cost; Passive torque; Swimming; Swimming technique

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN;

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARM; ARTICLE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY SIZE; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENSITY; ENERGY COST; HAND MOVEMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LINEAR SYSTEM; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SWIMMING; TORQUE; VELOCITY; VOLUMETRY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGING; ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY CONSTITUTION; CHILD; ENERGY TRANSFER; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; SWIMMING; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 8444252080     PISSN: 14396319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-004-1164-8     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Alves F, Gomes-Pereira J (1997) Influence of stroke mechanics on swimming economy in front crawl. In: Eriksson BO, Gullstrand L (eds) Proceedings of the XIIth FINA world congress on sports medicine, Göteborg, April 1997, pp 407-415
2. Alves F, Gomes-Pereira J, Pereira F (1996) Determinants of energy cost of front crawl and backstroke swimming and competitive performance. In: Troup JP, Hollander AP, Strasse D, Cappaert JM, Trappe SW, Trappe TA (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VII. Spon, London, pp 185-191
3. Amirsheybani HR, Crecelius GM, Timothy NH, Pfeiffer M, Saggers GC, Manders EK (2001) The natural history of the growth of the hand: I. Hand area as a percentage of body surface area. Plast Reconstr Surg 107:726-733
4. 2 for differences in body size. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28:259-265
5. Åstrand PO (1952) Experimental studies of physical working capacity in relationship to sex and age. Munksgaard, Copenhagen
6. Capelli C, Zamparo P, Cigalotto A, Francescato MP, Soule RG, Termin B, Pendergast DR, di Prampero PE (1995) Bioenergetics and biomechanics of front crawl swimming. J Appl Physiol 78:674-679
7. Chatard JC, Padilla S, Carzorla G, Lacour JR (1985) Influence of body height, weight, hydrostatic lift and training on the energy cost of the front crawl. N Z J Sports Med 13:82-84
8. Chatard JC, Bourgoin B, Lacour JR (1990a) Passive drag is still a good evaluator of swimming aptitude. Eur J Appl Physiol 59:399-404
9. Chatard JC, Lavoie JM, Lacour JR (1990b) Analysis of determinants of swimming economy in front crawl. Eur J Appl Physiol 61:88-92
10. Chatard JC, Lavoie JM, Lacour JR (1991) Energy cost of front-crawl swimming in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 63:12-16
11. Chollet D, Chalies S, Chatard JC (2000) A new index of coordination for the crawl: Description and usefulness. Int J Sports Med 21:54-59
12. Clarys JP (1979) Human morphology and hydrodynamics. In: Terauds J, Bedingfield EW (eds) Swimming III. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 3-41
13. Fujishima M, Miyashita M (1999) Velocity degradation caused by its fluctuation in swimming and guidelines for improvement of average velocity. In: Keskinen K, Komi P, Hollander AP (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII. University of Jyväskylä, pp 41-45
14. Gehan EA, George SL (1970) Estimation of human body surface area from height and weight. Cancer Chemother Rep 54:225-235
15. Harris J, Benedict F (1919) A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, D.C.
16. Holmér I (1972) Oxygen uptake during swimming in man. J Appl Physiol 33:502-509
17. Holmér I (1974) Physiology of swimming man. Acta Physiol Scand [Suppl] 407:1-55
18. Huijing PA, Toussaint HM, Mackay R, Vervoorn K, Clarys JP, De Groot G, Hollander AP (1988) Active drag related to body dimensions. In: Ungerechts B, Wilke K, Reischle K (eds) Swimming science V. Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp 31-37
19. Keskinen K, Tilli LJ, Komi P (1989) Maximum velocity swimming: interrelationships of stroking characteristics, force production, and anthropometric variables. Scand J Sports Sci 11:87-92
20. Kjendlie PL, Stallman RK, Stray-Gundersen J (2003) Comparison of swimming techniques of children and adult swimmers. In: Chatard JC (ed) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming IX. Université de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, pp 139-143
21. Kjendlie PL, Stallman RK, Stray-Gundersen J (2004) Passive and active floating torque and during swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol (in press)
22. Kolmogorov SV, Duplisheva OA (1992) Active drag, useful mechanical power output and hydrodynamic force coefficient in different swimming strokes at maximal velocity. J Biomech 25:311-318
23. Madsen Ø (1982) Untersuchungen über Einflussgrössen auf Parameter des Energiestoffwechsels beim freien Kraulschwimmen. Dissertation, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Cologne
24. Montpetit RR, Lavoie JM (1983) Aerobic energy cost of swimming the front crawl at high velocity in international class and adolescent swimmers. In: Hollander AP, Huijing PA, De Groot G (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming. Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp 228-234
25. Montpetit RR, Carzorla G, Lavoie JM (1988) Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: A comparison between males and females. In: Ungerechts B, Wilke K, Reischle K (eds) Swimming science V. Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp 229-235
26. Nigg BM (1983) Selected methodology in biomechanics with respect to swimming. In: Hollander AP, Huijing PA, De Groot G (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming. Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp 72-80
27. Ogita F, Onodera T, Tabata I (1999) Effect of hand paddles on anaerobic energy release during supramaximal swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31:729-735
28. Pendergast DR, di Prampero PE, Craig AB, Wilson DR, Rennie DW (1977) Quantitative analysis of the front crawl in men and women. J Appl Physiol 43:475-479
29. Poujade B, Hautier CA, Rouard AH (2002) Determinants of the energy cost of front-crawl swimming in children. Eur J Appl Physiol 87:1-6
30. Prampero PE di (1986) The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. Int J Sports Med 7:55-72
31. Rowland TW, Auchinachie JA, Keenan TJ, Green GM (1987) Physiologic responses to treadmill running in adult and prepubertal males. Int J Sports Med 8:292-297
32. Rowland TW, Staab JS, Unnithan VB, Rambusch JM, Siconolfi SF (1990) Mechanical efficiency during cycling in prepubertal and adult males. Int J Sports Med 11:452-455
33. Schleihauf RE (1979) Hydrodynamic analysis of swimming propulsion. In: Terauds J, Bedingfield EW (eds) Swimming III. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 70-109
34. Toussaint HM (1990) Differences in propelling efficiency between competitive and thriathlon swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22:409-415
35. Toussaint HM, Beek PJ (1992) Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming. Sports Med 13:8-24
36. Toussaint HM, Hollander AP (1994) Energetics of competitive swimming: implications for training programmes. Sports Med 18:384-405
37. Toussaint HM, Meulemans A, De Groot G, Hollander AP, Schreurs W, Vervoorn K (1987) Respiratory valve for oxygen uptake measurements during swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 56:363-366
38. Toussaint HM, Janssen T, Kluft M (1989) The influence of paddles on propulsion. Swimming Tech 26:28-32
39. Toussaint HM, de Looze M, van Rossem B, Leijdekkers M, Dignum H (1990) The effect of growth on drag in young swimmers. Int J Sports Biomech 6:18-28
40. Toussaint HM, Janssen T, Kluft M (1991) Effect of propelling surface size on the mechanics and energetics of front crawl swimming. J Biomech 24:205-211
41. Vilas-Boas J, Santos P (1994) Comparison of swimming economy in three breaststroke techniques. In: Miyashita M, Richardson AB (eds) Medicine and science in aquatic sports. Karger, Basel, pp 48-54
42. Vorontsov AR, Rumyantsev VA (2000) Resistive forces in swimming. In: Zatsiorsky VM (ed) Biomechanics in sport: Performance enhancement and injury prevention. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 184-204
43. Wakayoshi K, D'Acquisto LJ, Cappaert JM, Troup JP (1995) Relationship between oxygen uptake, stroke rate and swimming velocity in competitive swimming. Int J Sports Med 16:19-23
44. Yanai T (2001) Rotational effect of buoyancy in frontcrawl: Does it really cause the legs to sink? J Biomech 34:235-243
45. Zamparo P, Antonutto G, Capelli C, Francescato MP, Girardis M, Sangoi R, Soule RG, Pendergast DR (1996a) Effects of body size, body density, gender and growth on underwater torque. Scand J Med Sci Sports 6:273-280
46. Zamparo P, Capelli C, Termin B, Pendergast DR, di Prampero PE (1996b) Effects of underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 73:195-201
47. Zamparo P, Capelli C, Cautero M, Di Nino A (2000) Energy cost of front crawl swimming at supramaximal speeds and underwater torque in young swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol 83:487-491
48. Zamparo P, Pendergast DR, Termin B, Minetti AE (2002) How fins affect the economy and efficiency of human swimming. J Exp Biol 205:2665-2676