Ice as a reservoir for pathogenic human viruses: Specifically, caliciviruses, influenza viruses, and enteroviruses

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 63, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 560-566

  Smith, Alvin W ^a   Skilling, Douglas E ^a   Castello, John D ^b   Rogers, Scott O ^c  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALICIVIRUS; ECOLOGY; ENTEROVIRUS; FREEZING; HUMAN; INFLUENZA VIRUS; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESERVOIR; REVIEW; VIRUS ACTIVATION; VIRUS CHARACTERIZATION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS INFECTIVITY;

ENTEROVIRUS; FUNGI; INFLUENZA VIRUS;

EID: 8444236624     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.05.011     Document Type: Article

References (25)

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3. Holland J. Replicative error, quasispecies populations, and extreme evolution rates of RNA viruses. Morse S.S. Emerging viruses. 1993;203-218 Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
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5. Parker LV, Martel CJ, Long-term survival of enteric microorganisms in frozen wastewater. US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research and Development Center, ERDC/CRREL TR-02-16; 2002
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7. Prato C, Skilling DE, Akers TG, Herpes virus isolate from northern fur seals (untyped). Naval Biosciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. Unpublished Data. Virus held in the Laboratory for Calicivirus Studies Repositories at Oregon State University; 1975
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17. 48) isolated from a diseased pig in Fontana, California in 1948 and stored in the USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease virus Repository, Plum Island, New York. Unpublished Data. Laboratory for Calicivirus Studies, Oregon State University; 2002
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21. Smith A.W., Skilling D.E., Dardiri A.H., Latham A.B. Calicivirus pathogenic for swine: a new serotype isolated from opal eye (Girella nigricans) an ocean fish. Science. 209:1980;940-941
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23. Smith A.W., Skilling D.E., Matson D.O., Kroeker A.D., Stein D.A., Berke T., Iversen P.L. Detection of vesicular exanthema of swine-like crus in tissues from a naturally infected spontaneously aborted bovine fetus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220:2002;455-458
24. Smith A.W., Skilling D.E., Prato C.M., Bray H.L. Calicivirus (SMSV-5) infection in experimentally inoculated opal eye fish (Girella nigricans). Arch. Virol. 67:1981;165-168
25. H.Watkins M.S., G.Worthington R.L., Latham A.B. Isolation of an enterovirus from the California gray whale (Eschrictius gibbosis). Bacteriol. Proc. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 69:1969;180