Histological variants of prostatic carcinoma and their significance

Histopathology

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 59-74

  Humphrey, Peter A ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Prostate; Variants

Indexed keywords

2 METHYLACYL COENZYME A RACEMASE; ANTIANDROGEN; CISPLATIN; CYTOKERATIN; MUCIN; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATE SPECIFIC MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; PROTEIN P63; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ERG; VIMENTIN;

ACINAR CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA; ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; ATROPHY; AUTOPSY; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOSARCOMA; CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA; CLINICAL FEATURE; COLLOID CARCINOMA; CYTOLOGY; CYTOPLASM; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FOAMY GLAND ADENOCARCINOMA; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GIANT CELL; GIANT CELL CARCINOMA; GLEASON SCORE; HEMATURIA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; LARGE CELL CARCINOMA; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHOEPITHELIOMA; MICROCYSTIC ADENOCARCINOMA; MICROSCOPY; MORPHOMETRICS; NEEDLE BIOPSY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PANCREAS ATROPHY; PELVIS EXENTERATION; PLEOMORPHIC GIANT CELL ADENOCARCINOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE; PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA; PROSTATE BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; PROSTATE CLEAR CELL ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE DISEASE; PROSTATE DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; PROSTATE MUCINOUS ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE ONCOCYTIC ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE PIN LIKE ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE SARCOMATOID CARCINOMA; PROSTATE SMALL CELL CARCINOMA; PROSTATE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; PROSTATE TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA; PROSTATECTOMY; PSEUDOHYPERPLASTIC PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA; REVIEW; SIGNET RING CARCINOMA; SMALL CELL CARCINOMA; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SURVIVAL RATE; TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR VOLUME; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ADENOCARCINOMA; CARCINOMA, ACINAR CELL; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84255199223     PISSN: 03090167     EISSN: 13652559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04039.x     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Humphrey PA. Variants of prostatic carcinoma. Prostate pathology. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2003; 390-429.
2. Humphrey PA. Unusual prostatic neoplasms. Prostate pathology. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2003; 430-455.
3. Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA. Tumours of the prostate. In Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA eds. Tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. Lyon: IARC Press, 2004; 159-214.
4. Epstein JI, Cubilla AL, Humphrey PA. Tumors of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis, and scrotum. AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Washington, DC: American Registry of Pathology, 2011; 239-267.
5. Weiner EJC, Simpson JA, eds. The compact Oxford English dictionary, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007; 2215.
6. Yaskiv O, Cao D, Humphrey PA. Microcystic adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a variant of pseudohyperplastic and atrophic patterns. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2010; 34; 556-561.
7. Hameed O, Humphrey PA. Stratified epithelium in prostatic carcinoma: a mimic of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Mod. Pathol. 2006; 19; 899-906.
8. Tavora F, Epstein JI. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial-like ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a clinicopathologic study of 28 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008; 32; 1060-1067.
9. Evans AJ, Humphrey PA, Belani J, van der Kwast TH, Srigley JR. Large cell carcinoma of prostate: a clinicopathologic summary of 7 cases of a rare manifestation of advanced prostate cancer. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2006; 30; 684-693.
10. Lopez-Beltran A, Eble JN, Bostwick DG. Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the prostate. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2005; 129; 683-685.
11. Parwani AV, Herawi M, Epstein JI. Pleomorphic giant cell adenocarcinoma of the prostate: report of 6 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2006; 30; 1254-1259.
12. Bostwick DG, Meiers I. Diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma after therapy. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2007; 131; 360-371.
13. Reuter VE. Pathological changes in benign and malignant prostatic tissue following androgen deprivation therapy. Urology 1997; 49(Suppl. 3A); 16-22.
14. Egan AJ, Lopez-Beltran A, Bostwick DG. Prostatic adenocarcinoma with atrophic features: malignancy mimicking a benign process. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1997; 21; 931-935.
15. Kaleem Z, Swanson PE, Vollmer RT, Humphrey PA. Prostatic adenocarcinoma with atrophic features: a study of 202 consecutive completely embedded radical prostatectomy specimens. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1998; 109; 695-703.
16. Cina SJ, Epstein JI. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with atrophic features. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1997; 21; 289-295.
17. Farinola MA, Epstein JI. Utility of immunohistochemistry for alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase in distinguishing atrophic prostate cancer from benign atrophy. Hum. Pathol. 2004; 35; 1272-1278.
18. Hameed O, Humphrey PA. Immunohistochemistry in diagnostic surgical pathology of the prostate. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 2005; 22; 88-104.
19. Humphrey PA, Kaleem Z, Swanson PE, Vollmer RT. Pseudohyperplastic prostatic adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1998; 22; 1239-1246.
20. Levi AW, Epstein JI. Pseudohyperplastic adenocarcinoma on biopsy and needle and simple prostatectomy. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2000; 24; 1039-1046.
21. Arista-Nasr J, Martinez-Benitez B, Fernanadez-Amador JA et al. Pseudohyperplastic prostatic adenocarcinoma in simple prostatectomy. Ann. Diagn. Pathol. 2011; 15; 170-174.
22. Zhou M, Jiang Z, Epstein JI. Expression and diagnostic utility of alpha-methylacyl-CoA-racemase (P504S) in foamy gland and pseudohyperplastic prostate cancer. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2003; 27; 772-778.
23. Wolters T, van der Kwast TH, Vissers CJ et al. False-negative prostate needle biopsies: frequency, histopathologic features, and follow-up. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2010; 34; 34-43.
24. Carswell BM, Woda BA, Wang X et al. Detection of prostate cancer by alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S) in needle biopsy specimens previously reported as negative for malignancy. Histopathology 2006; 48; 668-673.
25. Nelson RS, Epstein JI. Prostatic carcinoma with abundant xanthomatous cytoplasm: foamy gland carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1996; 20; 419-426.
26. Zhao J, Epstein JI. High grade foamy gland prostatic adenocarcinoma on biopsy or transurethral resection. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2009; 33; 583-590.
27. Tran TT, Sengupta E, Yang XJ. Prostatic foamy gland carcinoma with aggressive behavior: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analysis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2001; 25; 618-623.
28. Hudson J, Cao D, Vollmer R et al. Foamy gland adenocarcinoma of the prostate: incidence, Gleason grade, and early clinical outcome. Hum Pathol. 2011, in press.
29. Berman DM, Yang X, Epstein JI. Foamy gland high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2000; 24; 1401-1444.
30. Dhom G. Unusual prostatic carcinomas. Pathol. Res. Pract. 1990; 186; 28-36.
31. Epstein JI, Lieberman PH. Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1985; 9; 299-308.
32. Ro JY, Grignon DJ, Ayala AG et al. Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate: histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Hum. Pathol. 1990; 21; 593-600.
33. Lane BR, Magi-Galluzi C, Reuther AM et al. Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate does not confer poor prognosis. Urology 2006; 68; 825-830.
34. Osunkoya AO, Nielsen ME, Epstein JI. Prognosis of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated by radical prostatectomy. A study of 47 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008; 32; 468-472.
35. Lopez JI, Laforga JB. Mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Br. J. Urol. 1995; 76; 805-806.
36. Proia AD, McCaerty KS Jr, Woodard BH et al. Prostatic mucinous adenocarcinoma. A Cowper gland mimicker. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1981; 5; 701-706.
37. Osunkoya AO, Epstein JI. Primary mucin-producing urothelial-type adenocarcinoma of prostate: report of 15 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2007; 31; 1323-1329.
38. Ro JY, El-Naggar A, Ayala AG et al. Signet ring cell carcinoma of the prostate. Electron-microscopic and immunohistochemical studies of eight cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1988; 12; 453-460.
39. Guerin D, Hoasn N, Keen CE. Signet ring cell differentiation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a study of five cases. Histopathology 1993; 22; 367-371.
40. Torbenson M, Dhir R, Nangia A et al. Prostatic carcinoma with signet ring cells: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 12 cases, with review of the literature. Mod. Pathol. 1998; 11; 552-559.
41. Warner JN, Nakamura LY, Pacelli A, Humphreys MR, Castle EP. Primary signet ring carcinoma of the prostate. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2010; 85; 1130-1136.
42. Epstein JI, Allsbrook WC Jr, Amin MB et al. The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2005; 29; 1228-1242.
43. Fiandrino G, Lucioni M, Filippin F et al. Prostatic adenocarcinoma with oncocytic features. J. Clin. Pathol. 2011; 64; 177-178.
44. Ordonez NG, Ro JY, Ayala AG. Metastatic prostatic carcinoma presenting as an oncocytic tumor. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1992; 16; 1007-1012.
45. Pinto JA, Gonzalez JE, Granadillo MA. Primary carcinoma of the prostate with diffuse oncocytic changes. Histopathology 1994; 25; 286-288.
46. Adlakha K, Bostwick DG. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. Pathol. 1994; 2; 319-325.
47. Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Prieto R, Blanca A, Montironi R. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the prostate. Hum. Pathol. 2009; 40; 982-987.
48. Dundore PA, Cheville CJ, Nascimento AG, Farrow GM, Bostwick DG. Carcinosarcoma of the prostate. Report of 21 cases. Cancer 1995; 76; 1035-1042.
49. Shannon RL, Ro JY, Grignon DJ et al. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate. A clinicopathologic study of 12 patients. Cancer 1992; 69; 2676-2682.
50. Hansel DE, Epstein JI. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate: a study of 42 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2006; 30; 1316-1321.
51. Berney DM, Ravi R, Baithun SI. Prostatic carcinosarcoma with squamous cell differentiation: a consequence of hormonal therapy: report of two cases and review of the literature. J. Urol. Pathol. 1979; 11; 123-132.
52. Poblet E, Gomez-Tierno A, Alfaro L. Prostatic carcinosarcoma: a case originating in a previous ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2000; 196; 569-572.
53. Rogers CG, Parwani A, Tekes A, Schoenberg MP, Epstein JI. Carcinosarcoma of the prostate with urothelial and squamous components. J. Urol. 2005; 173; 439-440.
54. Wick MR, Young RH, Malvesta R, Beebe DS, Hansen JJ, Dehner LP. Prostatic carcinosarcomas. Clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical data on two cases, with a review of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1989; 92; 131-139.
55. Ray ME, Wojno KJ, Goldstein KJ et al. Clonality of sarcomatous and carcinomatous elements in sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate. Urology 2006; 67; 423.
56. Delahunt B, Eble JN, Nacey JN, Grebe SK. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate: progression from adenocarcinoma associated with p53 over-expression. Anticancer Res. 1999; 19; 4279-4283.
57. Reuter VE. Sarcomatoid lesions of the urogenital tract. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 1993; 10; 188-201.
58. Bock BJ, Bostwick DG. Does prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma exist? Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1999; 23; 781-785.
59. Dube VE, Farrow GM, Greene LF. Prostatic adenocarcinoma of ductal origin. Cancer 1973; 32; 402-409.
60. Bostwick DG, Kindrachuk RW, Rouse RV. Prostatic adenocarcinoma with endometrioid features. Clinical, pathologic, and ultrastructural findings. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1985; 9; 595-609.
61. Brinker DA, Potter SR, Epstein JI. Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate diagnosed on needle biopsy. Correlation with clinical and radical prostatectomy findings and progression. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1999; 23; 1471-1479.
62. Epstein JI, Woodruff JM. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with endometrioid features. A light microscopic and immunnohistochemical study of ten cases. Cancer 1986; 57; 111-119.
63. Lemberger RJ, Bishop MC, Bates CP, Blundell W, Ansell ID. Carcinoma of the prostate of ductal origin. Br. J. Urol. 1984; 56; 706-709.
64. Ro JY, Ayala AG, Wishnow KI, Ordoñez NG. Prostatic duct adenocarcinoma with endometrioid features: immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 1988; 5; 301-311.
65. Tannenbaum M. Histopathology of the prostate gland. In Tannenbaum M ed. Urologic pathology: the prostate. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1977; 312-315.
66. Copeland JN, Amin MB, Humphrey PA et al. The morphologic spectrum of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma to the lung: special emphasis on histologic features overlapping with other pulmonary neoplasms. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2002; 117; 552-557.
67. Tu SM, Reyes A, Maa A et al. Prostate carcinoma with testicular or penile metastases. Clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical features. Cancer 2002; 94; 2610-2617.
68. Carney JA, Kelalis PP. Endometrial carcinoma of the prostatic utricle. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1973; 60; 565-573.
69. Zaloudek C, Williams JW, Kempson RL. 'Endometrial' adenocarcinoma of the prostate. A distinctive tumor of probably prostatic duct origin. Cancer 1976; 37; 2255-2262.
70. Christensen WN, Steinberg G, Walsh PC, Epstein JI. Prostatic duct adenocarcinoma. Findings at radical prostatectomy. Cancer 1991; 67; 2118-2124.
71. Walker AN, Mills SE, Feihner RE, Perry JM. Endometrial adenocarcinoma of the prostatic urethra arising in a villous polyp. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1982; 106; 624-627.
72. Sogbein SK, Steele AA. Papillary prostatic epithelial hyperplasia of the urethra: a cause of hematuria in young men. J. Urol. 1989; 142; 1218-1220.
73. Nishimura K, Higashino M, Hara T, Oka T. Prostatic adenocarcinoma showing features of endometrioid and mucinous carcinomas: a case report [in Japanese]. Acta Urol. Jpn. 1995; 41; 805-807.
74. Kopelson G, Harisiadis L, Romas NA, Veenema RJ, Tannenbaum M. Periurethral prostatic duct carcinoma. Clinical features and treatment results. Cancer 1978; 42; 2894-2902.
75. Pacchioni D, Casetta G, Piovano M et al. Prostatic duct carcinoma with combined prostatic duct adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma features: report of a case. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 2004; 12; 293-297.
76. Millar EKA, Sharma NK, Lessels AM. Ductal (endometrioid) adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a clinicopathological study of 16 cases. Histopathology 1996; 29; 11-19.
77. Ma TKF, Chapman WB, McLean M, Srigley J. Prostatic carcinosarcoma consisting of the unusual combination of ductal adenocarcinoma with osteogenic sarcoma: a report of a case and review of the literature. J. Urol. Pathol. 1998; 8; 111-120.
78. Samaratunga H, Singh M. Distribution pattern of basal cells detected by cytokeratin 34 Beta E12 in primary prostatic duct adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1997; 21; 435-440.
79. Colpaert C, Gentens P, Van Marck E. Ductal ('endometrioid') adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Acta Urol. Belg. 1998; 66; 29-32.
80. Oxley JD, Abbott CD, Gillatt DA, MacIver AG. Ductal carcinomas of the prostate: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Br. J. Urol. 1998; 81; 109-115.
81. Beach R, Gown AM, DePeralta-Venturina MN et al. P504S immunohistochemical detection in 405 prostatic specimens including 376 18-gauge needle biopsies. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2002; 26; 1588-1596.
82. Kelemen K, Adley B, Yang XJ, Wang HL, Humphrey PA. Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate. A clinicopathologic study of 50 cases. Lab. Invest. 2006; 86; 144A.
83. Dawkins HJ, Sellner LN, Turbett GR et al. Distinction between intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P), high grade dysplasia (PIN), and invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma, using molecular markers of cancer progression. Prostate 2000; 44; 265-270.
84. Han B, Mehra R, Suleman K et al. Characterization of ETS gene aberrations in select histologic variants of prostate carcinoma. Mod. Pathol. 2009; 22; 1176-1185.
85. Morgan TM, Welty CJ, Vakar-Lopez F et al. Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: increased mortality risk and decreased serum prostate specific antigen. J. Urol. 2010; 184; 2303-2307.
86. Lee TK, Miller JS, Epstein JI. Rare histological patterns of prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pathology 2010; 42; 319-324.
87. Sanati S, Watson MA, Salavaggione AL, Humphrey PA. Gene expression profiles of ductal vs. acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Mod. Pathol. 2009; 22; 1273-1279.
88. Amin A, Epstein JI. Pathologic stage of prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma at radical prostatectomy: effect of percentage of the ductal component and associated grade of acinar adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2011; 35; 615-619.
89. Samaratunga H, Duffy D, Yaxley J, Delahunt B. Any proportion of ductal adenocarcinoma in radical prostatectomy specimens predicts extraprostatic extension. Hum. Pathol. 2010; 41; 281-285.
90. Lotan TL, Toubaji A, Albadine R et al. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions are infrequent in prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Mod. Pathol. 2009; 22; 359-365.
91. Parwani AV, Kronz JD, Genega EM et al. Prostate carcinoma with squamous differentiation: an analysis of 33 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2004; 28; 651-657.
92. Little NA, Wiener JS, Walther PJ, Paulson DF, Anderson EE. Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate: 2 cases of a rare malignancy and review of the literature. J. Urol. 1993; 149; 137-139.
93. Mohan H, Bal A, Punia RPS et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate. Int. J. Urol. 2003; 10; 114-116.
94. Bennett RS, Edgerton EO. Mixed prostatic carcinoma. J. Urol. 1973; 110; 561-563.
95. Wernert N, Goebbels R, Bonkhoff H, Dhom G. Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate. Histopathology 1990; 17; 339-344.
96. Wang Q, Lin C-S, Unger PP. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in hormonally treated adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 1996; 14; 13-16.
97. Miller VA, Reuter V, Scher HL. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate after radiation seed implantation for adenocarcinoma. Urology 1995; 46; 111-113.
98. Al Adnani MS. Schistosomiasis, metaplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate: histogenesis of the squamous cancer cells determined by localization of specific markers. Neoplasma 1985; 32; 613-622.
99. Arva NC, Das K. Diagnostic dilemmas of squamous differentiation in prostate carcinoma: case report and review of the literature. Diagn. Pathol. 2011; 6; 46-53.
100. Cheville JC. Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate. An immunohistochemical comparison with high grade prostatic adenocarcicoma and review of the literature. J. Urol. Pathol. 1998; 9; 141-154.
101. Greene LF, O'Dea MJ, Dockerty MG. Primary transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. 1976; 116; 761-763.
102. Goebbels R, Amberger L, Wernert N, Dhom G. Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate. Appl. Pathol. 1965; 3; 242-254.
103. Nicolaisen GS, Williams RD. Primary transitional cell carcinoma of prostate. Urology 1984; 24; 544-549.
104. Cheville JC, Dundore PA, Bostwick DG et al. Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. Clinicopathologic study of 50 cases. Cancer 1998; 82; 703-707.
105. Oliai BR, Kahane H, Epstein JI. A clinicopathologic analysis of urothelial carcinomas diagnosed in prostate needle biopsy. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2001; 25; 794-801.
106. Edge SE, Byrd DE, Compton CC et al. eds. AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th edn. New York: Springer, 2010.
107. Losi L, Di Gregori C, Brausi M, Fante R, Hurlimann J. Expression of p53 protein in prostate cancers of different histologic types. Pathol. Res. Pract. 1994; 190; 384-388.
108. Têtu B, Ro JY, Ayala AB et al. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. Part 1. A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Cancer 1987; 59; 1803-1809.
109. Amato RJ, Logothetis CJ, Hallinan R et al. Chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma of prostate origin. J. Urol. 1992; 147; 935-937.
110. Hindson DA, Knight LL, Ocker JM. Small-cell carcinoma of prostate. Transient complete remission with chemotherapy. Urology 1985; 26; 182-184.
111. Schwartz LH, Latrenta LR, Bonaccio E et al. Small cell and anaplastic prostate cancer-correlation between CT findings and prostate-specific antigen level. Radiology 1998; 208; 735-738.
112. Oesterling JE, Hanzeur CG, Farrow GM. Small cell anaplastic carcinoma in clinical, pathological, and immunological study of 27 patients. J. Urol. 1992; 147; 804-807.
113. Papandreou CN, Daliani DD, Thall PF et al. Results of a phase II study with doxorubicin, etoposide, and cisplatin in patients with fully characterized small cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Clin. Oncol. 2002; 20; 3072-3080.
114. Abbas F, Civantos F, Benedetto P, Soloway MS. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder and prostate. Urology 1995; 46; 617-630.
115. Christopher ME, Seftel AD, Sorenson K, Resnick MI. Small cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract: an immunohistochemical, electron microscopic and clinicopathological study. J. Urol. 1991; 146; 382-388.
116. Helpap B, Kollermann J. Undifferentiated carcinoma of the prostate with small cell features: immunohistochemical subtyping and reflections on histogenesis. Virchows Arch. 1999; 434; 385-391.
117. Mackey JR, Au H-J, Hugh J, Venner P. Genitourinary small cell carcinoma: determination of clinical and therapeutic factors associated with survival. J. Urol. 1998; 159; 1624-1629.
118. Ro JY, Têtu B, Ayala AG, Ordóñez NG. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. II. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of 18 cases. Cancer 1987; 59; 977-982.
119. Weaver MG, Abdul-Karim FW, Srigley JR. Paneth cell-like change and small cell carcinoma of the prostate. Two divergent forms of prostatic neuroendocrine differentiation. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1992; 16; 1013-1016.
120. Nguyen-Ho P, Nguyen G-K, Villaneuva RR. Small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the prostate: report of a case with positive urine cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1994; 10; 159-161.
121. Shah RB, Mehra R, Chinnaiyan AR et al. Androgen-independent prostate cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases: lessons from a rapid autopsy program. Cancer Res. 2004; 64; 9209-9216.
122. Wang W, Epstein JI. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a morphological and immunohistochemical study of 95 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008; 32; 65-71.
123. Yao JL, Madeb R, Bourne P et al. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: an immunohistochemical study. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2006; 20; 705-712.
124. Simon RA, di Sant'Agnese PA, Huang LS et al. CD44 expression is a feature of prostatic small cell carcinoma and distinguishes it from its mimickers. Hum. Pathol. 2009; 40; 252-258.
125. Scheble VJ, Braun M, Wilbertz T et al. ERG rearrangements in small cell prostatic and lung cancer. Histopathology 2010; 56; 937-943.
126. Guo CC, Dancer JY, Wang W et al. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in small cell carcinoma of the prostate. Hum. Pathol. 2011; 42; 11-17.
127. Williamson SR, Zhang S, Yao JL et al. ERG-TMPRSS2 rearrangement is shared by concurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma and prostatic small cell carcinoma and absent in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: evidence supporting monoclonal origin. Mod. Pathol. 2011; 24; 1120-1127.
128. Lotan TL, Gupta NS, Yao JL et al. ERG gene rearrangements are common in prostatic small cell carcinomas. Mod. Pathol. 2011; 24; 820-828.
129. Stein ME, Bernstein Z, Abacioglu U et al. Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the prostate: etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic implications-a retrospective study of 30 patients from the rare cancer network. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2008; 336; 478-488.
130. Iczkowski KA, Ferguson KL, Grier DD et al. Adenoid cystic/basal cell carcinoma of the prostate. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2003; 27; 1523-1529.
131. Mastropasqua MG, Pruneri G, Renne G, De Cobelli O, Viale G. Basaloid cell carcinoma of the prostate. Virchows Arch. 2003; 443; 787-791.
132. Young RH, Frierson HF Jr, Mills SE et al. Adenoid cystic-like tumor of the prostate gland. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1998; 89; 49-56.
133. Denholm SW, Webb JN, Howard GC, Chisholm GD. Basaloid carcinoma of the prostate gland: histogenesis and review of the literature. Histopathology 1992; 20; 151-155.
134. Yang XJ, McEntee M, Epstein JI. Distinction of basaloid carcinoma of the prostate from benign basal cell lesions by using immunohistochemistry for bcl-2 and Ki-67. Hum. Pathol. 1998; 29; 1447-1450.
135. Grignon DJ, Ro JY, Ordóñez NG, Ayala AG, Cleary KR. Basal cell hyperplasia, adenoid basal cell tumor, and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate gland: an immunohistochemical study. Hum. Pathol. 1988; 19; 1425-1433.
136. McKenney JK, Amin MB, Srigley JR et al. Basal cell proliferations other than usual basal cell hyperplasia: a clinicopathologic study of 23 cases, including four carcinomas, with a proposed classification. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2004; 28; 1289-1298.
137. Montironi R, Mazzucchelli R, Stramazzotti D et al. Basal cell hyperplasia and basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: a comprehensive review and discussion of a case with c-erbB2 expression. J. Clin. Pathol. 2005; 58; 290-296.
138. Ali TZ, Epstein JI. Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: a clinicopathologic study of 29 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2007; 31; 697-705.
139. Singh H, Flores-Sandoval N, Abrams J. Renal-type clear cell carcinoma occurring in the prostate. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2003; 27; 407-410.
140. Pan C-C, Chiang H, Chang Y-H et al. Tubulocystic clear cell adenocarcinoma arising within the prostate. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2000; 24; 1433-1436.
141. Guaclo G, Ortega V, Ardao G, Cravioto F. Clear cell adeocarcinoma of the prostatic utricle in an adolescent. Ann. Diagn. Pathol. 2005; 9; 153-156.