The impact of political violence on psychosocial functioning of individuals and families: The case of palestinian adolescents

Child and Adolescent Mental Health

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 14-22

  Al Krenawi, Alean ^a,b   Graham, John R ^c  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^b BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aggression adolescent; Family functioning; Mental health; Palestinian; PTSD political violence

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; FAMILY; FAMILY LIFE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PALESTINE; POLITICS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RELIGION; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIOECONOMICS; SYMPTOM; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84155195357     PISSN: 1475357X     EISSN: 14753588     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00600.x     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Abdel-Khalek, A. (1997). A survey of fears associated with Iraqi aggression among Kuwaiti children and adolescents: A factorial study 5.7years after the Gulf War. Psychological Reports, 81, 247-255.
2. Abu Hein, F., Qouta, S., Thabet, A., & El Sarraj, E. (1993). Trauma and mental health of children in Gaza. British Medical Journal, 306, 1130-1131.
3. Adjukovic, M. (1998). Displaced adolescents in Croatia: Sources of stress and post traumatic stress reaction. Adolescence, 33, 209-217.
4. Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J.R., & Kanat-Mamyon, Y. (2009). Analysis of trauma exposure, symptomatolgy and functioning in Jewsih Israeli and Palestinian adolescents. The British Journal of Psychaitry, 195, 427-432.
5. Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J.R., & Sehwail, M. (2002). Bereavement responses among Palestinian widows, daughters, and sons following the Hebron massacre. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 44, 241-255.
6. Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J.R., & Sehwail, M. (2004). Mental health and violence/trauma in Palestine: Implications for helping professional practice. Journal of Contemporary Family Studies, 35, 185-210.
7. Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J.R., & Sehwail, M. (2007). Tomorrow's players under occupation: An analysis of the association of political violence with psychological functioning and domestic violence among Palestinian youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 427-433.
8. Baker, A.M. (1990). The psychological impact of the Intifada on Palestinian children in the occupied West bank and Gaza: An exploratory study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 496-505.
9. Baker, A., & Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N. (1999). Effects of political and military traumas on children: The Palestinian case. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 935-950.
10. Barber, B.K. (1999). Political violence, family relations, and Palestinian youth functioning. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 206-230.
11. Becker, D., Daley, M., Green, M.R., Hendren, R.L, Flaherty, L.T., Gadpaille, W.J., et al. (2003). Trauma and adolescence III: The impact of trauma. Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 165-200.
12. Buss, AH, & Perry, M (2002). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
13. Canetti, L, Shalev, AY, & De-Nour-Kaplan, A. (1994). Israeli adolescents' norms of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Science, 31, 13-18.
14. Derogatis, L., & Spencer, P. (1982). The brief symptom inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring and procedures, Manual I. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
15. Epstein, N.B., Baldwin, L.M., & Bishop, D.S. (1983). The McMaster family assessment device: Reliability and validity. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171-180.
16. Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. Lancet, 365, 1309-1314.
17. Foa, E.B., Riggs, D., Dancu, C.V., & Rothbaum, B.O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459-473.
18. Giacaman, R., Saab, H., Nguyen-Gillham, V., Abdullah, A., & Naser, G. (2004). Palestinian adolescents coping with trauma. Birzeit: Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University.
19. Giacaman, R., Shannon, H.S., Saab, H., Arya, N., & Boyce, W. (2007). Individual and collective exposure to political violence: Palestinian adolescents coping with conflict. European Journal of Public Health, 17, 361-368.
20. Gidron, B., Katz, S., & Hasenfeld, Y. (Eds.) (2002). Mobilizing for peace: Peace/conflict resolution in South Africa, Northern Ireland and Israel/Palestine. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Graham, J.R., Swift, K., & Delaney, R. (2003). Canadian social policy: An introduction. Toronto: Prentice Hall.
22. Hammack, P.L. (2006). Identity, conflict, and coexistence: Life stories of Israeli and Palestinian adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21, 323-369.
23. Harpham, T., Grant, E., & Rodriguez, C. (2004). Mental health and social capital in Cali, Colombia. Social Science and Medicine., 58, 2267-2277.
24. Hawajri, A. (2003). Effectiveness of a suggested counselling program to alleviate trauma among the students of basic stage in Gaza Governorate. Unpublished M.A. Dissertation, Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine.
25. Hemingway, H., Nicholson, A., Stafford, M., Roberts, R., & Marmot, M. (1997). The impact of socioeconomic status on health functioning as assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire: The Whitehall II Study. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1484-1490.
26. Herman, J.L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York, USA: Basic.
27. Hudson, W.W. (1982). The Clinical Measurement Package: A Field Manual. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
28. Jones, L., & Kafetsios, K. (2005). Exposure to political violence and psychological well-being in Bosnian adolescents: A mixed method approach. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 157-176.
29. Khamis, V. (2000). Child psychological maltreatment in Palestinian families. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1047-1059.
30. Khamis, V. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder among school age Palestinians children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 81-95.
31. Kimerling, R., Ouimette, P., & Wolfe, J. (Eds) (2002). Gender and PTSD. New York: Guilford.
32. Kinzie, J.D., Cheng, K., Tsai, J., & Riley, C. (2006). Traumatized refugee children: The case for individualized diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 534-537.
33. Lavi, T., & Solomon, Z. (2005). Palestinian youth of the Intifada: PTSD and future orientation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(11), 1176-1183.
34. Lie, B., Sveaass, N., & Eilertsen, D. (2004). Family, activity, and stress reactions in exile. Community, Work & Family, 7, 327-350.
35. McNally, R. (2003). Remembering trauma. USA: Harvard University Press.
36. Machel, G. (1996). The impact of armed conflict on children. United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development. A/51/306, 1996.
37. Macksoud, M.S., & Aber, J.L. (1996). The war experience and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70-88.
38. Mghir, R., Freed, W., Raskin, A., & Wayne, K. (1995). Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among a community sample of adolescent and young adult Afghan refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 24-30.
39. Miller, I.W., Epstein, N.B., Bishop, D.S., & Keitner, G.I. (1985). The McMaster Family Assessment Devise: Reliability and validity. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 11, 345-356.
40. Muldoon, O.T. (2004). Children of the Troubles: The Impact of political violence in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 453-468.
41. Nguyen-Gillham, V., Giacaman, R., Naser, G., & Boyce, W. (2008). Normalising the abnormal: Palestinian youth and the contradictions of resilience in protracted conflict. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(3), 291-298.
42. Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(5), 602-612.
43. Punamaki, R.L. (2008). Developmental challenges in military conflict - The case of Palestinian children. In M.E. Garralda & J.P. Raynaud (Eds), Culture and conflict in child and adolescent mental health (pp. 3-32). USA: Jason Aronson.
44. Qouta, S., Punamaki, R. L., & El Sarraj, E. (2003). Prevalence and determinants of PTSD among Palestinian children exposed to military violence. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 265-272.
45. Qouta, S., Punamaki, R. L., Miller, T., & El Sarraj, E. (2008). Does war beget child aggression? Military violence, gender, age and aggressive behavior in two Palestinian samples. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 231-244.
46. Ridenour, T.A., Daley, J., & Reich, W. (1999). Factor Analyses of the Family Assessment Device. Family Process, 38, 497-510.
47. Rummens, J., & Seat, R. (2004). Assessing the impact of the Kosovo conflict on the mental health and well-being of newcomer Serbian children and youth in the greater Toronto Area. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 945-951.
48. Sack, W.H., Clarke, G., & Him, C. (1993). A six-year follow-up of Cambodian traumatized youth and children. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 43-52.
49. Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). The well-being of children living in chronic war zones: The Palestinian-Israeli case. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 322-336.
50. Shaw, J.A. (2003). Children exposed to war/terrorism. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 237-246.
51. Sheidow, A.J., Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P.H., & Henry, D.B. (2001). Family and community characteristics: Risk factors for violence exposure in inner-city youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 345-360.
52. Solomon, Z., & Lavi, T. (2005). Israeli youth in the second Intifada: PTSD and future orientation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1167-1175.
53. Srour, R.W. (2005). Children living under a multi traumatic environment. Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 88-95.
54. Srour, R. W. (2006). Communal and familial war-related stress factors: The case of the Palestinian child. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, 289-309.
55. Thabet, A., Abed, Y., & Vostanis, P. (2002). Emotional problems in Palestinian children living in a war zone: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 359, 1801-1804.
56. Thabet, A., Karim, K., & Vostanis, P. (2006). Trauma exposure in pre-school children in a war zone. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 154-158.
57. Thabet, A., & Vostanis, P. (1999). Posttraumatic stress reactions in children of war. Psychiatric Bulletin, 23(5), 385-391.
58. Thabet, A., & Vostanis, P. (2000). Post traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 291-298.
59. Thabet, A., & Vostanis, P. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 533-542.
60. Tousignant, M., Habimana, E., Biron, C., Malo, C., Sidoli LeBlanc, E., & Bendris, N. (1999). The Quebec adolescent refugee project: Psychopathology and family variables in a sample from 35 nations. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1426-1432.
61. Turner, H.A., Finklehor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2006). The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 13-27.
62. van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 374-378.
63. van der Kolk, B.A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 389-399.
64. van der Kolk, B. A. (1989). The compulsion to repeat the trauma: Re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 389-411.
65. van der Kolk, B. A. (1987). Psychological trauma. Arlington, VA: American Pscyhological Publishing.
66. Webb, N. (Ed.) (2004). Mass trauma and violence: Helping families and children cope. New York: Guilford.
67. World Health Organization. Definition and typology of violence. Available from: [Last accessed 30 December 2009].
68. Yurtbay, T., Alyanak, B., Abali, O., Kaynak, N., & Durukan, M. (2003). The psychological effects of forced emigration on Muslim Albanian children and adolescents. Community Mental Health Journal, 39, 203-212.