Seismic risk assessment of interdependent critical infrastructure systems: The case of European gas and electricity networks

Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 61-79

  Poljanšek, Karmen ^a   Bono, Flavio ^a   Gutiérrez, Eugenio ^a  

^a JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Critical interdependent infrastructure; Earthquake hazard; Geographical spread of damage; Interoperability matrix; Network analysis; Network fragility curve

Indexed keywords

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES; ELECTRIC NETWORK ANALYSIS; ELECTRICITY; GAS PLANTS; GASES; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; HAZARDS; INTEROPERABILITY; POWER QUALITY; PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEISMIC DESIGN; SEISMIC RESPONSE;

DAMAGE STATE; EARTHQUAKE HAZARD; ELECTRICITY NETWORKS; ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION NETWORKS; FRAGILITY CURVES; GAS NETWORKS; GAS-FIRED POWER PLANTS; GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD OF DAMAGE; INTERDEPENDENT CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS; INTERDEPENDENT INFRASTRUCTURES; NETWORK STRUCTURES; PERFORMANCE MEASURE; POWER-LOSSES; RELIABILITY MODEL; SEISMIC HAZARDS; SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT; SEISMIC VULNERABILITY;

NETWORK SECURITY;

EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE; ELECTRICITY; GIS; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; INFRASTRUCTURE; MATRIX; NETWORK ANALYSIS; NUMERICAL MODEL; PROBABILITY; RELIABILITY ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEISMIC RESPONSE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TOPOLOGY;

EUROPE;

EID: 84155167428     PISSN: 00988847     EISSN: 10969845     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/eqe.1118     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Bollobas B. Random Graphs. Academic Press: London, 1985.
2. Watts DJ, Strogatz SH. Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. Nature 1998; 393(6684):440-442. DOI: 10.1038/30918.
3. Barabási AL, Albert R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 1999; 286(5439):509-512. DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5439.509.
4. Albert R, Jeong H, Barabási AL. Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature 2000; 406(6794):378-482. DOI: 10.1038/35019019.
5. Holme P, Kim BJ, Yoon CN, Han SK. Attack vulnerability of complex networks. Physical Review E 2002; 65(5):056109. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.65.056109.
6. Callaway DS, Newman MEJ, Strogatz SH, Watts DJ. Network robustness and fragility: percolation on random graphs. Physical Review Letters 2000; 85(25):5468-5471. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5468.
7. Dall'Asta L, Barrat A, Bathelemy M, Vespignani A. Vulnerabilty of weighted networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics 2006; P04006. DOI: physics/0603163.
8. Petreska I, Tomovski I, Gutierrez E, Kocarev L, Bono F, Poljansek K. Application of modal analysis in assessing attack vulnerability of complex networks. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 2010; 15(4):1008-1018. DOI: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.05.0022009.
9. Cohen R, Erez K, Ben-Avraham D, Havlin S. Breakdown of the Internet under intentional attack. Physical Review Letters 2001; 86(16):3682-3685. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.3682.
10. Cohen R, Erez K, Ben-Avraham D, Havlin S. Resilience of the Internet to random breakdowns. Physical Review Letters 2000; 85(21):4626-4628. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4626.
11. Albert R, Albert I, Nakarado GL. Structural vulnerability of the North American power grid. Physical Review E 2004; 69(2):025103, 4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.025103.
12. Ang AHS, Pires J, Villaverde R. Seismic reliability of electric power transmission systems. In The 12th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Kussmaul K (ed.).Elsevier Publishers B.V.: Amsterdam, 1993.
13. Shinozuka M, Cheng TC, Feng MQ, Mau ST. Seismic performance analysis of electric power systems. MCEER Research Progress and Accomplishments 1997-1999;61-69.
14. Vanzi I. Structural upgrading strategy for electric power networks under seismic action. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2000; 29(7):1053-1073. DOI: 10.1002/1096-9845(200007)29:7〈1053::AID-EQE954〉3.0.CO;2-X.
15. Dueñas-Osorio L, Craig JI, Goodno BJ. Seismic response of critical interdependent networks. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2007; 36(2):285-306. DOI: 10.1002/eqe.626.
16. Platts. Available from:, 2008.
17. Poljansek K, Bono F, Gutierrez E. GIS-based method to assess seismic vulnerability of interconnected infrastructure: a case of EU gas and electricity networks. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. EUR 24275 EN. Luxembourg (Luxembourg): Publications Office of the European Union, 2010. JRC57064. DOI: 10.2788/71352.
18. Environmental Systems Research Institute. ArcGIS 9-Geoprocessing Commands Quick Reference Guide. ESRI Press: Redlands, CA, U.S.A., 2005.
19. LandScanTM Global Population Database. Oak Ridge National Laboratory: Oak Ridge, TN. Available from:, 2009.
20. Brandes U, Erlebach T. Network Analysis: Methodological Foundations. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2005.
21. Giardini D, Grünthal G, Shedlock KM, Zhang P. The GSHAP global seismic hazard map. In International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, International Geophysics Series 81 B, Lee W, Kanamori H, Jennings P, Kisslinger CAcademic Press: Amsterdam, 2003;1233-1239.
22. Meletti C, Montaldo V. Stime di pericolosità sismica per diverse probabilità di superamento in 50 anni: valori di ag. Progetto DPC-INGV S1, Deliverable D2, 2007. Available from:.
23. Environmental agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Available from: [23 February 2009].
24. Adachi T, Ellingwood BR. Comparative assessment of civil infrastructure network performance under probabilistic and scenario earthquakes. Journal of Infrastructure Systems 2010; 16(1):1-10. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2010)16:1(1)).
25. Jayaram N, Baker JW. Efficient sampling and data reduction techniques for probabilistic seismic lifeline risk assessment. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2010; 39(10):1109-1131. DOI: 10.1002/eqe.988.
26. FEMA. HAZUS-MH technical manual: earthquake model. Multi Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology. United States Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 2003.
27. O'Rourke TD, Toprak S, Sano Y. Factors affecting water supply damage caused by the northridge earthquake. Proceedings of the 6th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Seattle, WA, June, 1998;1-12.
28. Wald DJ, Quitoriano V, Heaton TH, Kanamori H. Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and modified Mercalli intensity in California. Earthquake Spectra 1999; 15:557-564. DOI: 10.1193/1.1586058.
29. O'Rourke MJ, Ayala G. Pipeline damage due to wave propagation. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (ASCE) 1993; 119(9):1490-1498. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:9(1490).
30. Pajek 1.22. Available from: [February 2008].
31. Rinaldi SM, Peerenboom JP, Kelly TK. Critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control Systems 2001; 21(6):11-25. DOI: 10.1109/37.969131.