Understanding gait control in post-stroke: Implications for management

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 14-21

  Verma, Rajesh ^a   Arya, Kamal Narayan ^a   Sharma, Pawan ^a   Garg, R K ^a  

^a KING GEORGE'S MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Gait; Hemiparesis; Locomotion; Rehabilitation; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; BODY WEIGHT; FOOT ORTHOSIS; GAIT; GAIT DISORDER; GUIDED IMAGERY; HUMAN; JOINT STABILITY; KINESIOLOGY; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR CORTEX; MUSCLE FUNCTION; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SPINAL CORD; STROKE; TASK PERFORMANCE; TREADMILL EXERCISE; WALKING; WALKING SPEED;

ANKLE JOINT; BIOMECHANICS; EFFERENT PATHWAYS; GAIT; GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC; HUMANS; IMAGERY (PSYCHOTHERAPY); MUSCLE, SKELETAL; ORTHOTIC DEVICES; PARESIS; POSTURAL BALANCE; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SPINAL CORD; STROKE; WALKING; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 84155165156     PISSN: 13608592     EISSN: 15329283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.12.005     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abe H., Michimata A., Sugawara K., Sugaya N., Izumi S. Improving gait stability in stroke hemiplegic patients with a plastic ankle-foot orthosis. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2009, 218(3):193-199.
2. Ada L., Vattanasilp W., O'Dwyer N.J., Crosbie J. Does spasticity contribute to walking dysfunction after stroke?. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1998, 64(5):628-635.
3. Alexander G.E., Crutcher M.D., DeLong M.R. Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, " prefrontal" and " limbic" functions. Progress in Brain Research 1990, 85:119-146.
4. Alexander L.D., Black S.E., Patterson K.K., Gao F., Danells C.J., McIlroy W.E. Association between gait asymmetry and brain lesion location in stroke patients. Stroke 2009, 40(2):537-544.
5. Balasubramanian C.K., Bowden M.G., Neptune R.R., Kautz S.A. Relationship between step length asymmetry and walking performance in subjects with chronic hemiparesis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2007, 88(1):43-49.
6. Bale M., Strand L.I. Does functional strength training of the leg in subacute stroke improve physical performance? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008, 22(10-11):911-921.
7. Barbeau H. Locomotor training in neurorehabilitation: emerging rehabilitation concepts. Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair 2003, 17(1):3-11.
8. Beauchamp M.K., Skrela M., Southmayd D., Trick J., Kessel M.V., Brunton K., Inness E., McIlroy W.E. Immediate effects of cane use on gait symmetry in individuals with subacute stroke. Physiotherapy Canada 2009, 61(3):154-160.
9. Beloozerova I.N., Sirota M.G. Cortically controlled gait adjustments in the cat. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1998, 16(860):550-553.
10. Bohannon R. Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20 to 79 years: reference values and determinants. Age Ageing 1997, 26:15-19.
11. Bohannon R.W. Muscle strength and muscle training after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2007, 39(1):14-20.
12. Brandstater M.E., de Bruin H., Gowland C., Clark B.M. Hemiplegic gait: analysis of temporal variables. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1983, 64:583-587.
13. Chen C.L., Chen H.C., Tang S.F.T., Wu C.Y., Cheng P.T., Hong W.H. Gait performance with compensatory adaptations in stroke patients with different degrees of motor recovery. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003, 82:925-935.
14. Chu T.T. Biomechanics of ankle-foot orthoses: past, present, and future. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2001, 7(4):19-28.
15. Corrêa F.I., Soares F., Andrade D.V., Gondo R.M., Peres J.A., Fernandes A.O., Corrêa J.C. Muscle activity during gait following stroke. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2005, 63(3B):847-851.
16. de Oliveira C.B., de Medeiros I.R., Frota N.A., Greters M.E., Conforto A.B. Balance control in hemiparetic stroke patients: main tools for evaluation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 2008, 45(8):1215-1226.
17. Dettmann M.A., Linder M.T., Sepic S.B. Relationships among walking performance, postural stability, and functional assessments of the hemiplegic patient. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1987, 66:77-90.
18. Dickstein R., Deutsch J.E. Motor imagery in physical therapist practice. Physical Therapy 2007, 87(7):942-953.
19. Dickstein R., Dunsky A., Marcovitz E. Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation in post-stroke hemiparesis. Physical Therapy 2004, 84(12):1167-1177.
20. Dietz V. Interaction between central programs and afferent input in the control of posture and locomotion. Journal of Biomechanics 1996, 29:841-844.
21. Dobkin B.H. Strategies for stroke rehabilitation. Lancet Neurology 2004, 3(9):528-536.
22. Dobkin B.H. Clinical practice. Rehabilitation after stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 2005, 352(16):1677-1684.
23. Dobkin B.H., Firestine A., West M., Saremi K., Woods R. Ankle dorsiflexion as an fMRI paradigm to assay motor control for walking during rehabilitation. Neuroimage 2004, 23:370-381.
24. Drew T., Kalaska J., Krouchev N. Muscle synergies during locomotion in the cat: a model for motor cortex control. Journal of Physiology 2008, 586(5):1239-1245.
25. Duncan P.W., Zorowitz R., Bates B., Choi J.Y., Glasberg J.J., Graham G.D., Katz R.C., Lamberty K., Reker D. Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: a clinical practice guideline. Stroke 2005, 36(9):e100-e143.
26. Enzinger C., Dawes H., Johansen-Berg H., Wade D., Bogdanovic M., Collett J., Guy C., Kischka U., Ropele S., Fazekas F., Matthews P.M. Brain activity changes associated with treadmill training after stroke. Stroke 2009, 40(7):2460-2467.
27. Eser F., Yavuzer G., Karakus D., Karaoglan B. The effect of balance training on motor recovery and ambulation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine 2008, 44(1):19-25.
28. Forster A., Young J. Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. British Medical Journal 1995, 311:83-86.
29. Gaviria M., Angeli M.D., Chavet P., Pelissier J., Peruchon E., Rabischong P. Plantar dynamics of hemiplegic gait: a methodological approach. Gait Posture 1996, 4:297-305.
30. Gresham G.E., Alexander D., Bishop D.S., Giuliani C., Goldberg G., Holland A., Kelly-Hayes M., Linn R.T., Roth E.J., Stason W.B., Trombly C.A. American Heart Association Prevention Conference. IV. Prevention and rehabilitation of stroke. Stroke 1997, 28(7):1522-1526. Rehabilitation.
31. Hendricks H.T., van Limbeek J., Geurts A.C., Zwarts M.J. Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2002, 83:1629-1637.
32. Hicks A.L., Ginis K.A. Treadmill training after spinal cord injury: it's not just about the walking. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 2008, 45(2):241-248.
33. Hsu A.L., Tang P.F., Jan M.H. Analysis of impairments influencing gait velocity and asymmetry of hemiplegic patients after mild to moderate stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003, 84:1185-1193.
34. Hwang S., Jeon H.S., Yi C.H., Kwon O.Y., Cho S.H., You S.H. Locomotor imagery training improves gait performance in people with chronic hemiparetic stroke: a controlled clinical trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2010, 24(6):514-522.
35. Jorgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., Olsen T.S. Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen stroke study. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1995, 76:27-32.
36. Kim C.M., Eng J.J. Symmetry in vertical ground reaction force is accompanied by symmetry in temporal but not distance variables of gait in persons with stroke. Gait Posture 2003, 18:23-28.
37. Kluding P., Gajewski B. Lowerextremity strength differences predict activity limitations in people with chronic stroke. Physical Therapy 2009, 89:73-81.
38. Lacourse M.G., Turner J.A., Randolph-Orr E., Schandler S.L., Cohen M.J. Cerebral and cerebellar sensorimotor plasticity following motor imagery-based mental practice of a sequential movement. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 2004, 41(4):505-524.
39. Laufer Y., Dickstein R., Chefez Y., Marcovitz E. The effect of treadmill training on the ambulation of stroke survivors in the early stages of rehabilitation: a randomized study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 2001, 38(1):69-78.
40. Lindquist A.R., Prado C.L., Barros R.M., Mattioli R., da Costa P.H., Salvini T.F. Gait training combining partial body-weight support, a treadmill, and functional electrical stimulation: effects on poststroke gait. Physical Therapy 2007, 87(9):1144-1154.
41. Lord S.E., McPherson K.M., McNaugton H.K., Rochester L., Weatherall M. Community ambulation following stroke: how important and obtainable is it, and what measures appear predictive?. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004, 85:234-239.
42. Lord S.E., Rochester L. Measurement of community ambulation after stroke: current status and future developments. Stroke 2005, 36(7):1457-1461.
43. MacKay-Lyons M.J. Central pattern generation of locomotion: a review of the evidence. Physical Therapy 2002, 82(1):69-83.
44. Mayer M. Clinical neurokinesiology of spastic gait. Bratisl Lek Listy 2002, 103(1):3-11.
45. Morris M.E., Matyas T.A., Bach T.M., Goldie P.A. Electrogoniometric feedback: its effect on genu recurvatum in stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1992, 73:1147-1152.
46. Moseley A.M., Stark A., Cameron I.D., Pollock A. Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Systematic Review 2005, 19(4). CD002840.
47. Muellbacher W., Facchini S., Boroojerdi B., Hallett M. Changes in motor cortex excitability during ipsilateral hand muscle activation in humans. Clinical Neurophysiology 2000, 111(2):344-349.
48. Nielsen J.B. How we walk: central control of muscle activity during human walking. Neuroscientist 2003, 9(3):195-204.
49. Norkin C.C., Olney S.J. Examination of gait. Physical Rehabilitation 2007, Jaypee Publication, New Delhi. fourth ed. S.B. O' Sullivan, T.J. Schmitz (Eds.).
50. Norton J.A., Mushahwar V.K. Afferent inputs to mid- and lower-lumbar spinal segments are necessary for stepping in spinal cats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010, 1198:10-20.
51. Olney S.J., Richards C.L. Hemiparetic gait following stroke, part I: characteristics. Gait Posture 1996, 4:136-148.
52. Olney S.J., Monga T.N., Costigan P.A. Mechanical energy of walking of stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1986, 67:92-98.
53. Olney S.J., Griffin M.P., Mc Bride I.D. Temporal, kinematic and kinetic variables related to gait speed in subjects with hemiplegia: a regression approach. Physical Therapy 1994, 74:872-885.
54. Ozrigin N., Bolukabsi N., Mehmet B., Sevim O. Kinematic gait analysis in hemiplegic patients. Scandavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1993, 25:51-55.
55. Page S.J., Szaflarski J.P., Eliassen J.C., Pan H., Cramer S.C. Cortical plasticity following motor skill learning during mental practice in stroke. Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair 2009, 23(4):382-388.
56. Patterson K.K., Gage W.H., Brooks D., Black S.E., McIlroy W.E. Evaluation of gait symmetry after stroke: a comparison of current methods and recommendations for standardization. Gait Posture 2010, 31(2):241-246.
57. Perry J. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathologic Function 1992, Slack, Inc, Thorofare, NJ.
58. Perry J., Giovan P., Harris L.J., Montgomery J., Azaria M. The determinants of muscle action in the hemiparetic lower extremity (and their effect on the examination procedure). Clinical Orthopaedic Related Research 1978, 131:71-89.
59. Perry J., Garrett M., Gronley J.K., Mulroy S.J. Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population. Stroke 1995, 26:982-989.
60. Peurala S.H., Airaksinen O., Huuskonen P., Jäkälä P., Juhakoski M., Sandell K., Tarkka I.M., Sivenius J. Effects of intensive therapy using gait trainer or floor walking exercises early after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2009, 41(3):166-173.
61. Reisman D.S., Wityk R., Silver K., Bastian A.J. Locomotor adaptation on a split-belt treadmill can improve walking symmetry post-stroke. Brain 2007, 130(Pt7):1861-1872.
62. Roth E.J., Merbitz C., Mroczek K., Dugan S.A., Suh W.W. Hemiplegic gait. Relationships between walking speed and other temporal parameters. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1997, 76(2):128-133.
63. Schmidt R.A. Motor Control and Learning: a Behavioral Emphasis 2005, Human Kinetics, USA, Champaign, IL. fourth ed.
64. States R.A., Pappas E., Salem Y. Overground physical therapy gait training for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits. Stroke 2009, 40:e627-e628.
65. Sütbeyaz S., Yavuzer G., Sezer N., Koseoglu B.F. Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2007, 88(5):555-559.
66. Werner C., Bardeleben A., Mauritz K.H., Kirker S., Hesse S. Treadmill training with partial body weight support and physiotherapy in stroke patients: a preliminary comparison. European Journal of Neurology 2002, 9(6):639-644.
67. Wevers L., van de Port I., Vermue M., Mead G., Kwakkel G. Effects of task-oriented circuit class training on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 2009, 40(7):2450-2459.
68. Yang J.F., Gorassini M. Spinal and brain control of human walking: implications for retraining of walking. Neuroscientist 2006, 12(5):379-389.
69. Yavuzer G., Eser F., Karakus D., Karaoglan B. The effects of balance training on gait late after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006, 20:960-969.