Gonorrhea infection in women: Prevalence, effects, screening, and management

International Journal of Women's Health

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 197-206

  Walker, Cheryl K ^a   Sweet, Richard L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cephalosporins; Gonorrhea; Infection; Treatment; Women

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AZITHROMYCIN; CEFIXIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFOTETAN; CEFOXITIN; CEFPODOXIME; CEFPODOXIME PROXETIL; CEFTIZOXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME AXETIL; CEPHALOSPORIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; GENTAMICIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; METRONIDAZOLE; OFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; PROBENECID; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; SPECTINOMYCIN; SULTAMICILLIN; TETRACYCLINE;

ALLERGIC REACTION; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANORECTAL DISEASE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BARTHOLIN GLAND; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONDOM; CONJUNCTIVA; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG USE; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GONORRHEA; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION COMPLICATION; LOADING DRUG DOSE; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION; PATIENT EDUCATION; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PHARYNX; PHARYNX DISEASE; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; PROSTITUTION; REVIEW; SCREENING TEST; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALITY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; URETHRA; UTERINE CERVIX; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION;

EID: 84055182496     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11791411     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2009. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2010. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats09/ surv2009-Complete.pdf. Accessed June 17, 2011.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gonorrhea - United States, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49:538-542.
3. Majdzadeh R, Pourmalek F. A conditional probability approach to surveillance system sensitivity assessment. Public Health. 2008;122: 53-60.
4. Bernstein KT, Marcus JL, Nieri G, Philip SS, Klausner JD. Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defc Syndr. 2010;53:537-543.
5. Broad J, Cox T, Rodriguez S, et al. The impact of discontinuation of male STD screening services at a large urban county jail: Chicago, 2002-2004. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36(Suppl 2):S49-S52.
6. Pathela P, Hennessy RR, Blank S, Parvez F, Franklin W, Schillinger JA. The contribution of a urine-based jail screening program to citywide male Chlamydia and gonorrhea case rates in New York City. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36(Suppl 2):S58-S61.
7. Hook E W, III, Handsfeld HH. Gonococcal infections in the adult. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Stamm WE, et al, editors. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
8. Annang L, Walsemann KM, Maitra D, Kerr JC. Does education matter? Examining racial differences in the association between education and STI diagnosis among black and white young adult females in the US. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(Suppl 4):110-121.
9. Halpern CT, Joyner K, Udry JR, Suchindran C. Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either). J Adolesc Health. 2000;26:213-225.
10. Zweig JM, Phillips SD, Lindberg LD. Predicting adolescent profles of risk: looking beyond demographics. J Adolesc Health. 2002;31: 343-353.
11. Ford CA, Pence B W, Miller WC, et al. Predicting adolescents' longitudinal risk for sexually transmitted infection: results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:657-664.
12. Ohannessian CM, Crockett LJ. A longitudinal investigation of the relationship between educational investment and adolescent sexual activity. J Adolesc Res. 1993;8:167-182.
13. Scott-Jones D, White AB. Correlates of sexual activity in early adolescence. J Early Adolesc. 1990;10:221-238.
14. Haggarty CL, Gottlieb S, Taylor BD, Low N, Xu F, Ness RB. Risk of sequelae after Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in women. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(Suppl 2):S134-S155.
15. Westrom L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, Hagdu A, Thompson SE. Pelvic infammatory disease and fertility: a cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verifed disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopy. Sex Transm Dis. 1992;9:185-192.
16. Hillis SD, Joesoef R, Marchbanks PA, Wasserheit JN, Cates W, Westrom L. Delayed care of pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for impaired fertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168: 1503-1509.
17. Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla H, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Prevention of pelvic infammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med. 1996;34:1362-1366.
18. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for gonorrhea: recom mendation statement. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3:263-267.
19. Giannini CM, Kim HK, Mortensen J, Mortensen J, Marsolo K, Huppert J. Culture of non-genital sites increases the detection of gonorrhea in women. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2010;23:246-252.
20. Mayer KH, Klausner JD, Handsfeld HH. Intersecting epidemics and educable moments: sexually transmitted disease risk assessment and screening in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28: 464-467.
21. Schachter J, Moncada J, Liska S, et al. Nucleic acid amplifcation tests in the diagnosis of chlamydial and gonococcal infections of the oropharynx and rectum in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35:637-642.
22. Mimiaga MJ, Mayer KH, Reisner SL, et al. Asymptomatic gonorrhea and chlamydial infections detected by nucleic acid amplifcation tests among Boston area men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2008; 35:495-498.
23. Linhart Y, Shohat T, Amitai Z, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among brothel-based sex workers in Tel-Aviv area, Israel: high prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhoea. Int J STD AIDS. 2008;19: 656-659.
24. Aggarwal A, Spitzer RF, Caccia N, Stephens D, Johnstone J, Allen L. Repeat screening for sexually transmitted infection in adolescent obstetric patients. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010;32:956-961.
25. Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, et al. Nucleic acid amplifcation tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae oropharyngeal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:902-907.
26. Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, et al. Nucleic acid amplifcation tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis rectal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1827-1832.
27. Chernesky M, Freund GG, Hook E, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in North American women by testing SurePath liquid-based Pap specimens in APTIMA assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:2434-2438.
28. Steinhandler L, Peipert J F, Heber W, et al. Combination of bacterial vaginosis and leukorrhea as a predictor of cervical chlamydial or gono-coccal infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:603-607.
29. Geisler WM, Yu S, Venglarik M, et al. Vaginal leucocyte counts in women with bacterial vaginosis: relation to vaginal and cervical infec tions. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80:401-405.
30. Khan MR, Epperson M W, Mateu-Gelabert P, Bolyard M, Sandoval M, Friedman SR. Incarceration, sex with an STI- or HIV-infected partner, and infection with an STI or HIV in Bushwick, Brooklyn, NY: a social network perspective. Am J Public Health. 2011;101: 1110-1117.
31. Schachter J, Chernesky MA, Willis DE, et al. Vaginal swabs are the specimens of choice when screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: results from a multicenter evaluation of the APTIMA assays for both infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:725-728.
32. Doshi JS, Power J, Allen E. Acceptability of chlamydia screening using self-taken vaginal swabs. Int J STD AIDS. 2008;19: 507-509.
33. Graseck AS, Secura GM, Allsworth JE, Madden T, Peipert JF. Home compared with clinic-based screening for sexually transmitted infections: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116: 1311-1318.
34. Gaydos CA, Barnes M, Aumakhan B, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis age-specifc prevalence in women who used an internet-based self-screening program compared to women who were screened in family planning clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:74-78.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. 2010. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/STD-Treatment-2010-RR5912.pdf. Accessed June 17, 2010.
36. Workowski KA, Berman SM, Douglas JM. Emerging antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: urgent need to strengthen prevention strategies. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:606-613.
37. Phillips I. Beta-lactamase producing penicillinase-resistant gonococcus. Lancet. 1976;2:656.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sentinel surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhea. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1987;36:585.
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhea - Georgia, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1985;34:563.
40. Morse SA. High-level tetracycline resistance is the result of acquisition of streptococcal tet-M determinant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;30:664.
41. Fox KK, Knapp JS, Holmes KK, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 1988-1994: the emergence of decreased susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:1396-1403.
42. Tapsall J W. What management is there for gonorrhea in the postqui-nolone era? Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33:8-10.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update to CDC's sexually transmitted diseases treatment guide lines, 2006: fuoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:332-336.
44. Palmer HM, Young H, Winter A, et al. Emergence and spread of azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Scotland. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:490.
45. Chisholm SA, Neal TJ, Alawattegama AB, et al. Emergence of high-level azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:353.
46. Starnino S, Stefanelli P; Neisseria gonorrhoeae Italian Study Group: azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains recently isolated in Italy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:1200.
47. Deguchi T, Nakane K, Yasuda M, Maeda S. Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Urol. 2010;184:851-858.
48. Takahata S, Senju N, Osaki Y, Yoshida T, Ida T. Amino acid substitutions in mosaic penicillin-binding protein 2 associated with reduced susceptibility to cefxime in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:3638-3645.
49. Yokoi S, Deguchi T, Ozawa T, et al. Threat to cefxime treatment for gonorrhea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1275-1277.
50. Pandori M, Barry PM, Wu A, et al. Mosaic penicillin-binding protein 2 in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates collected in 2008 in San Francisco, California. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:4032-4034.
51. Unemo M, Golparian D, Syversen G, Vestrheim DF, Moi H. Two cases of verifed clinical failures using internationally recommended frst-line cefxime for gonorrhoea treatment, Norway, 2010. Euro Surveill. 2010; 15:19721.
52. Wang SA, Lee MVC, O'Connor N, et al. Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefxime - Hawaii, 2001. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:849-852.
53. Tapsall J, Read P, Carmody C, et al. Two cases of failed ceftriaxone treatment in pharyngeal gonorrhoea verifed by molecular microbiological methods. J Med Microbiol. 2009;58(5):683-687.
54. Moran JS, Levine WC. Drugs of choice for the treatment of uncom plicated gonococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(Suppl 1):S47-S65.
55. Newman LM, Moran JS, Workowski KA. Update on the management of gonorrhea in adults in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(Suppl 3): S84-S101.
56. Lo JY, Ho KM, Leung AO, et al. Ceftibuten resistance and treatment failure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:3564-3567.
57. Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis by double-dosing of 200 mg cefxime at a 6-h interval. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9:35-39.
58. Muratani T, Akasaka S, Kobayashi T, et al. Outbreak of cefozopran (penicillin, oral cephems, and aztreonam)-resistant Neisseria gonor-rhoeae in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:3603-3606.
59. Waters LJ, Boag FC, Betournay R. Effcacy of azithromycin 1 g single dose in the management of uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Int J STD AIDS. 2005;16:84.
60. McLean CA, Wang SA, Hoff GL, et al. The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin in Kansas City, Missouri, 1999 to 2000. Sex Transm Dis. 2004;31:73-78.
61. Unemo M, Golparian D, Hestner A. Ceftriaxone treatment failure of pharyngeal gonorrhoea verifed by international recommendations, Sweden, July 2010. Euro Surveill. 2011;16:19792.
62. Ota K V, Fisman DN, Tamari IE, et al. Incidence and treatment out comes of pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in men who have sex with men: a 13-year retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1237-1243.
63. Haimovici R, Roussel TJ. Treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis with single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;107: 511-514.
64. Haggerty CL, Ness RB, Amortegui A, et al. Endometritis does not predict reproductive morbidity after pelvic infammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:141-148.
65. Lyss SB, Kamb ML, Peterman TA, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis among patients infected with and treated for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexu ally transmitted disease clinics in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139:178-185.
66. Sathia L, Ellis B, Phillip S, et al. Pharyngeal gonorrhoea - is dual therapy the way forward? Int J STD AIDS. 2007;18:647-648.
67. Yates AB. Management of patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics. Am J Med. 2008;121:572-576.
68. Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1048-1057.
69. Hosenfeld CB, Workowski KA, Berman S, et al. Repeat infection with chlamydia and gonorrhea among females: a systematic review of the literature. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:478-489.
70. Peterman TA, Tian LH, Metcalf CA, et al. High incidence of new sexually transmitted infections in the year following a sexually transmitted infection: a case for rescreening. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:564-572.
71. Fung M, Scott KC, Kent CK, et al. Chlamydial and gonococcal reinfection among men: a systematic review of data to evaluate the need for retesting. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83:304-309.
72. Kissinger PJ, Reilly K, Taylor SN, et al. Early repeat Chlamydia tra chomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among heterosexual men. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:498-500.
73. Golden MR, Whittington WL, Handsfeld HH, et al. Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:676-685.
74. Kissinger P, Mohammed H, Richardson-Alston G, et al. Patient-delivered partner treatment for male urethritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:623-629.