Linear relation between convective cloud drop number concentration and depth for rain initiation

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 117, Issue 2, 2012, Pages

  Freud, E ^a   Rosenfeld, D ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; COALESCENCE; RAIN;

CLOUD BASE; CLOUD DROPLETS; CONDENSATIONAL GROWTH; CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; DROPLET COALESCENCE; DROPLET EVAPORATION; DROPLET SIZES; EFFECTIVE RADIUS; FREEZING LEVELS; LINEAR RELATION; SPECTRUM WIDTH; TROPICAL ATMOSPHERES; VERTICAL PROFILE;

DROPS;

ADIABATIC PROCESS; ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; CLOUD DROPLET; COALESCENCE; DROPLET; GROWTH CURVE; LINEARITY; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RAINDROP; VOLUME;

INDIA; ISRAEL;

EID: 84055165521     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016457     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Andreae, M., D. Rosenfeld, P. Artaxo, A. Costa, G. Frank, K. Longo, and M. Silva-Dias (2004), Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon, Science, 303(5662), 1337-1342. (Pubitemid 38269420)
2. Arking, A., and J. Childs (1985), Retrieval ofcloud cover parameters from multispectral satellite images, J. Appl. Meteorol., 24, 322-334.
3. Axisa, D., D. Rosenfeld, J. Santrpia, W. Woodley, and D. Collins (2005), The Southern Plains Experiment in Cloud Seeding of Thunderstorms for Rainfall Augmentation (SPECTRA) project: Operational tools used towards verifying glaciogenic and hygroscopic seeding conceptual models, case studies and preliminary results, paper presented at 16th Confer-ence on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification, Am. Meteorol. Soc., San Diego, Calif
4. Baker M. B., R. E. Breidenthal, T. W. Choularton, and J. Latham (1984), The effects ofturbulent mixing in clouds, J. Atmos. Sci. 41(2) 299-304.
5. Baumgardner, D., H. Jonsson, W. Dawson, D. O'Connor, and R. Newton (2001), The cloud, aerosol and precipitation spectrometer: A new instru-ment for cloud investigations, Atmos. Res., 59, 251-264. (Pubitemid 34010784)
6. Beard, K., and H. Ochs (1995), Collisions between small precipitation drops. II: Formulas for coalescence, temporary coalescence, and satel-lites, J. Atmos. Sci., 52(22), 3977-3996. (Pubitemid 26446105)
7. Burnet, F., and J. L. Brenguier (2007), Observational study of the entrain-ment-mixing process in warm convective clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 64(6), 1995-2011. (Pubitemid 47023809)
8. Chen, R., R. Wood, Z. Li, R. Ferraro, and F. Chang (2008), Studying the vertical variation of cloud droplet effective radius using ship and space-borne remote sensing data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A02, doi:10.1029/2007JD009596, [printed 114(D8), 2009].
9. Chin, H., D. Rodriguez, R. Cederwall, C. Chuang, A. Grossman, J. Yio, Q. Fu, and M. Miller (2000), A microphysical retrieval scheme for continental low-level stratiform clouds: Impacts of the subadiabatic character on microphysical properties and radiation budgets, Mon. Weather Rev., 128(7), 2511-2527.
10. Cooper, W. A., S. G. Lasher-Trapp, and A. M. Blyth (2011), Initiation of coalescence in a cumulus cloud: A beneficial influence of entrainment and mixing, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11(4), 10,557-10,613, doi:10.5194/acpd-11- 10557-2011.
11. Dye, J., and D. Baumgardner (1984), Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. I. Electronic and optical studies, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 1, 329-344.
12. Feingold, G., W. Cotton, S. Kreidenweis, and J. Davis (1999), The impact of giant cloud condensation nuclei on drizzle formation in stratocumulus: Implications for cloud radiative properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 56(24), 4100-4117. (Pubitemid 30149937)
13. Freud, E., D. Rosenfeld, M. Andreae, A. Costa, and P. Artaxo (2008a), Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution ofcloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8,1661-1675.
14. Freud, E., J. Ström, D. Rosenfeld, P. Tunved, and E. Swietlicki (2008b), Anthropogenic aerosol effects on convective cloud microphysical proper-ties in southern Sweden, Tellus, Ser. B, 60, 286-297.
15. Freud, E., D. Rosenfeld, and J. R. Kulkarni (2011), Resolving both entrainment- mixing and number of activated CCN in deep convective clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12,887-12,900, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12887-2011.
16. Fridlind, A., et al. (2004), Evidence for the predominance of mid-tropospheric aerosols as subtropical anvil cloud nuclei, Science, 304(5671), 718-722. (Pubitemid 38560874)
17. Gerber, H. (1996), Microphysics ofmarine stratocumulus clouds with two drizzle modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 53(12), 1649-1662.
18. Grover, S., and H. Pruppacher (1985), The effect ofvertical turbulent fluc- tuations in the atmosphere on the collection ofaerosol particles by cloud drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 42(21), 2305-2318. (Pubitemid 16461743)
19. Hall, W. (1980), A detailed microphysical model within a two-dimensional dynamic framework: Model description and preliminary results, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2486-2507.
20. Han, Q., W. Rossow, R. Welch, A. White, and J. Chou (1995), Validation of satellite retrievals of cloud microphysics and liquid water path using observations from FIRE, J. Atmos. Sci., 52(23), 4183-4195. (Pubitemid 27002259)
21. Jensen, J., and S. Lee (2008), Giant sea-salt aerosols and warm rain formation in marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 65(12), 3678-3694.
22. Kato, S., G. Mace, E. Clothiaux, J. Liljegren, and R. Austin (2001), Doppler cloud radar derived drop size distributions in liquid water stratus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 58(19), 2895-2911. (Pubitemid 33067060)
23. King, W. D., D. A. Parkin, and R. J. Handsworth (1978), A hot-wire liquid water device having fully calculable response characteristics, J. Appl. Meteorol., 17(12), 1809-1813, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1978)0172.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 9427473)
24. Kulkarni, J., et al. (2009), The Cloud Aerosol Interactions and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX): Overview and prominent results, Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A13K-01.
25. Kulmala, M., et al. (2009), Introduction: European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI)-Integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2825-2841.
26. Lahav, R., and D. Rosenfeld (2000), Microphysics characterization of the Israeli clouds from aircraft and satellites, paper presented at 13th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, Int. Comm. on Clouds and Precip., Reno, Nev.
27. Lance, S., C. Brock, D. Rogers, and J. Gordon (2010), Water droplet calibration of the cloud droplet probe (CDP) and in-flight performance in liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1683-1706.
28. Lensky, I., and D. Rosenfeld (2006), The time-space exchangeability of satellite retrieved relations between cloud top temperature and particle effective radius, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(10), 2887-2894. (Pubitemid 44100528)
29. Liu, Y., B. Geerts, M. Miller, P. Daum, and R. McGraw (2008), Threshold radar reflectivity for drizzling clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03807, doi:10.1029/2007GL031201. (Pubitemid 351492948)
30. McFarquhar, G., andA. Heymsfield (2001), Parameterizations of INDOEX microphysical measurements and calculations of cloud susceptibility: Applications for climate studies, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,675-28,698, doi:10.1029/2000JD900777.
31. McFarquhar, G., J. Um, M. Freer, D. Baumgardner, G. Kok, and G. Mace (2007), Importance of small ice crystals to cirrus properties: Observations from the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13803, doi:10.1029/2007GL029865. (Pubitemid 47399661)
32. Pinsky, M., and A. Khain (2002), Effects of in-cloud nucleation and turbulence on droplet spectrum formation in cumulus clouds, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128(580), 501-533.
33. Pinsky, M., A. Khain, and H. Krugliak (2008), Collisions ofcloud droplets in a turbulent flow. Part V: Application of detailed tables of turbulent collision rate enhancement to simulation of droplet spectra evolution, J. Atmos. Sci., 65(2), 357-374.
34. Posselt, R., and U. Lohmann (2008), Influence of giant CCN on warm rain processes in the ECHAM 5 GCM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(14), 3769-3788.
35. Pruppacher, H., and J. Klett (1997), Microphysics of Clouds andPecipitation, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lib., vol. 18, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.
36. Reiche, C., and S. Lasher-Trapp (2010), The minor importance of giant aerosol to precipitation development within small trade wind cumuli observed during RICO, Atmos. Res., 95(4), 386-399.
37. Rogers, R., and M. Yau (1989), A Short Course in Cloud Physics, Int. Ser. Nat Philos., vol. 113, Pergamon, New York.
38. Rosenfeld, D. (1999), TRMM observed first direct evidence ofsmoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(20), 3105-3108. (Pubitemid 30059623)
39. Rosenfeld, D. (2000), Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution, Science, 287(5459), 1793-1796. (Pubitemid 30143959)
40. Rosenfeld, D., and G. Gutman (1994), Retrieving microphysical properties near the tops ofpotential rain clouds by multispectral analysis of AVHRR data,Atmos. Res., 34(1-4), 259-283.
41. Rosenfeld, D., and W. Woodley (2003), Closing the 50-year circle: From cloud seeding to space and back to climate change through precipitation physics, Meteorol. Monogr., 51, 59-80.
42. Rosenfeld, D., Y. Rudich, and R. Lahav (2001), Desert dust suppressing precipitation: A possible desertification feedback loop, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98(11), 5975-5980. (Pubitemid 32488178)
43. Rosenfeld, D., R. Lahav, A. Khain, and M. Pinsky (2002), The role of sea spray in cleansing air pollution over ocean via cloud processes, Science, 297(5587), 1667-1670. (Pubitemid 35000774)
44. Rosenfeld, D., W. Woodley, T. Krauss, and V. Makitov (2006), Aircraft microphysical documentation from cloud base to anvils of hailstorm feeder clouds in Argentina, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 45(9), 1261-1281. (Pubitemid 44613051)
45. Rosenfeld, D., W. Woodley, D. Axisa, E. Freud, J. Hudson, and A. Givati (2008), Aircraft measurements of the impacts of pollution aerosols on clouds and precipitation over the Sierra Nevada, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15203, doi:10.1029/2007JD009544.
46. Seifert, A., A. Khain, U. Blahak, and K. Beheng (2005), Possible effects of collisional breakup on mixed-phase deep convection simulated by a spectral(bin) cloudmodel, J. Atmos. Sci., 62(6), 1917-1931. (Pubitemid 41135973)
47. VanZanten, M., B. Stevens, G. Vali, and D. Lenschow (2005), Observations ofdrizzle in nocturnal marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 62(1), 88-106. (Pubitemid 40195744)
48. Wood, R. (2000), Parametrization of the effect of drizzle upon the droplet effective radius in stratocumulus clouds, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126(570), 3309-3324. (Pubitemid 32015504)
49. Yin, Y., Z. Levin, T. Reisin, and S. Tzivion (2000), The effects of giant cloud condensation nuclei on the development of precipitation in convective clouds-Anumerical study, Atmos. Res., 53(1-3), 91-116.