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BRUCE ACKERMAN & ANNE ALSTOTT, THE STAKEHOLDER SOCIETY (1999) , presenting a proprosal for comprehensive reform of the welfare system
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The Stakeholder Society
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Ackerman, B.1
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For an analysis of the relation of bureaucracy and adjudication in a key welfare program. We focus on the parallels among Sunstein, Ackerman, and Mashaw in their treatment of administrative policy implementation. In the sphere of constitutional adjudication, Ackerman rejects Sunstein's minimalism
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JERRY L. MASHAW, BUREAUCRATIC JUSTICE: MANAGING SOCIAL SECURITY DISABILITY CLAIMS (1983) , for an analysis of the relation of bureaucracy and adjudication in a key welfare program. We focus on the parallels among Sunstein, Ackerman, and Mashaw in their treatment of administrative policy implementation. In the sphere of constitutional adjudication, Ackerman rejects Sunstein's minimalism.
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Bureaucratic Justice: Managing Social Security Disability Claims
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The living constitution
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(GrSinne de Biirca & Joanne Scott eds.) defining the concept of new governance
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GrSinne de Burca & Joanne Scott, Introduction: New Governance, Law and Constitutionalism, in LAW AND NEW GOVERNANCE IN THE EU AND THE US 1, 2-3 (GrSinne de Biirca & Joanne Scott eds., 2006) (defining the concept of new governance).
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How obama is using the science of Change
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Apr. 13
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Sunstein and several other Obama appointees are associated with behavioral economics, the scholarly underpinning of nudge strategies. Time magazine referred to these advisors as a "behavioral dream team" that was trying to "transform the country." See Michael Grunwald, How Obama Is Using the Science of Change, TIME, Apr. 13, 2009, at 28-29.
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Time
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Grunwald, M.1
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77649282027
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U.S. DEP'T OF EDUC.
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See U.S. DEP'T OF EDUC., RACE TO THE TOP PROGRAM: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (2009) , available at http://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/executive- summary.pdf.
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Race to the Top Program: Executive Summary
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12
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Laboratories of destitution: Democratic experimentalism and the failure ofantipoverty law
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Super, D.A.1
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However, he uses the constitutionalmoment idea more to explain the authority of past events than to inspire mobilization over current issues. And he sees direct deliberation as rare and as engaging issues only selectively or at a high level of abstraction
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BRUCE ACKERMAN & JAMES S. FISHKIN, DELIBERATION DAY 3-5 (2004). However, he uses the constitutionalmoment idea more to explain the authority of past events than to inspire mobilization over current issues. And he sees direct deliberation as rare and as engaging issues only selectively or at a high level of abstraction.
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Deliberation Day
, vol.3-5
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Ackerman, B.1
Fishkin, J.S.2
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15
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See Cass R. Sunstein, Group Judgments: Statistical Means, Deliberation, and Information Markets, 80 N.Y.U. L. REV. 962, 965, 1004-06 (2005).
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Cass, R.1
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20
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84926274214
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See Colin S. Diver, The Optimal Precision of Administrative Rules, 93 YALE L.J. 65-66 (1983)
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Diver, C.S.1
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83755207812
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Jerry L. Mashaw, Administrative Due Process as Social-Cost Accounting, 9 HOFSTRA L. REV. 1423, 1435-36(1981).
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(proposing national programs of "cash income replacements or supplements, mandated individual savings, and certain forms of stop-loss insurance" that avoid "highly individualized discretion and decisionmaking")
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see also MICHAEL J. GRAETZ & JERRY L. MASHAW, TRUE SECURITY. RETHINKING AMERICAN SOCIAL INSURANCE 150-51 (1999) (proposing national programs of "cash income replacements or supplements, mandated individual savings, and certain forms of stop-loss insurance" that avoid "highly individualized discretion and decisionmaking")
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Rethinking American Social Insurance
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25
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85044799036
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Influenced by Sunstein, President Obama proposed to mandate that large employers automatically enroll employees in retirement savings programs, and such a requirement was incorporated in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148, § 1511, 124 Stat. 119. To be codified at 29 U.S.C. § 218, 2010
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See RICHARD H. THALER & CASS R. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS 9-11 (2008). Influenced by Sunstein, President Obama proposed to mandate that large employers automatically enroll employees in retirement savings programs, and such a requirement was incorporated in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148, § 1511, 124 Stat. 119, 252 (2010) (to be codified at 29 U.S.C. § 218).
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See A. I. Ogus, Bureaucrats as Institutional Heroes, 7 OXFORD J. LEGAL STUD. 309, 313 (1987). Summarizing Mashaw's view.
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WEICK & SUTCLIFFE, supra note 2 2 , at 6 4 ; see also DIANE VAUGHAN, THE CHALLENGER LAUNCH DECISION: RISKY TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE, AND DEVIANCE AT NASA 77-118 (1996) (attributing the Challenger explosion in part to a cultural tendency toward "normalization of deviance" that minimizes weak signals of problems).
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("Japanese managers have found that seeking improvement for improvement's sake[] is the surest way to strengthen their companies' overall competitiveness. If you take care of the quality the profits will take care of themselves.
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MASAAKI IMAI, KAIZEN: THE KEY TO JAPAN'S COMPETITIVE SUCCESS 4 9 - 5 0 (1986) ("Japanese managers have found that seeking improvement for improvement's sake[] is the surest way to strengthen their companies' overall competitiveness. If you take care of the quality, the profits will take care of themselves. " )
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(contrasting "the optimization and reliability perspectives"
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William H. Simon, Optimization and Its Discontents in Regulatory Design: Bank Regulation as an Example, 4 REG. & GOVERNANCE 3 (2010) (contrasting "the optimization and reliability perspectives").
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Address at American University's Washington College of Law Administrative Law Review Conference: Humanizing Cost-Benefit Analysis. Feb. 17
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Cass R. Sunstein, Adm'r, Office of Info. & Regulatory Affairs, Address at American University's Washington College of Law Administrative Law Review Conference: Humanizing Cost-Benefit Analysis (Feb. 17, 2010), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ omb/assets/inforeg/cost- benefit-analysis-02172010.pdf.
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Adm'r, Office of Info. & Regulatory Affairs
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Res. for the Future Discussion Paper No. 03-37. Another promising trading initiative is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative undertaken by ten mid-Atlantic and northeastern states. See REGIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INITIATIVE. http://www.rggi.org (last visited July 19,2011
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Richard G. Newell & Kristian Rogers, The Market-Based Lead Phasedown 1 (Res. for the Future, Discussion Paper No. 03-37, 2003), available at http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-DP-03- 37.pdf. Another promising trading initiative is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative undertaken by ten mid-Atlantic and northeastern states. See REGIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INITIATIVE, http://www.rggi.org (last visited July 19,2011).
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Nature
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explaining that the costs of transferring even "fully developed process technology" to new settings can be high
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250-251. The danger of setting the price too low could be avoided by giving the voucher a flat base value and allowing the tenant to add any amount she wants to it. However, some worry that this approach, if widely used, might contribute to rent inflation.
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concluding that a shared sense among stakeholders that all "will be harmed if they do not adopt an alternative rule" is favorable to agreement on solutions to common-pool resource problems
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(describing the importance of framework goals in EU governance)
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PulseNet, FoodNet, NARMS. FDA VETERINARIAN, no. 6, 2007 at 6, 6. The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act requires FDA efforts to strengthen "foodborne illness surveillance systems." § 205.
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See Richard L. Arkin, PulseNet, FoodNet, NARMS; Tools To Fight Disease, Protect Public Health, 22 FDA VETERINARIAN, no. 6, 2007 at 6, 6, available at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/ FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/UCM055723.|xif. The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act requires FDA efforts to strengthen "foodborne illness surveillance systems." § 205.
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Arkin, R.L.1
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See, e.g., Laura B. Faden & Christopher-Paul Milne, Pharmacovigilance Activities in the United States, European Union and Japan: Harmonic Convergence or Convergent Evolution?, 63 FOOD & DRUG L.J. 683, 685-89 (2008).
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DANIEL P. CARPENTER, THE FORGING OF BUREAUCRATIC AUTONOMY: REPUTATIONS, NETWORKS, AND POUCY INNOVATION IN EXECUTIVE AGENCIES, 1862-1928, at 238-54(2001)
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, pp. 238-254
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Carpenter, D.P.1
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Atul Gawande, Testing, Testing, NEW YORKER, Dec. 14, 2009, at 34, 38-39
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Legal accountability in the service-based welfare State: Lessons from child welfare reform
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Kathleen G. Noonan, Charles F. Sabel & William H. Simon, Legal Accountability in the Service-Based Welfare State: Lessons from Child Welfare Reform, 34 LAW & Soc. INQUIRY 523, 545 (2009)
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83755214231
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(Unpublished manuscript) (on file with The Georgetown Law Journal)
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Charles Sabel, Self-Discovery as a Coordination Problem 10-11 (2010) (unpublished manuscript) (on file with The Georgetown Law Journal).
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Anderson, T.M.1
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