Is the Universe homogeneous?

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Volumn 369, Issue 1957, 2011, Pages 5115-5137

  Maartens, Roy ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cosmic microwave background; Cosmology; Galaxy distribution; Homogeneity

Indexed keywords

GALAXIES;

COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUNDS; GALAXY DISTRIBUTION; GRAVITY MODEL; HOMOGENEITY; HOMOGENEOUS SURFACES; QUADRUPOLES; SPACE TIME GEOMETRY; STRUCTURE FORMATIONS; THE STANDARD MODEL;

COSMOLOGY;

EID: 83755168965     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0289     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Clarkson, C. & Maartens, R. 2010 Inhomogeneity and the foundations of concordance cosmology. Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 124008. (doi:10.1088/0264-9381/ 27/12/124008)
2. Ellis, G. F. R. 2011 Inhomogeneity effects in cosmology. Class. Quantum Grav. 28, 164001. (doi:10.1088/0264-9381/28/16/164001)
3. Sarkar, P., Yadav, J., Pandey, B. & Bharadwaj, S. 2009 The scale of homogeneity of the galaxy distribution in SDSS DR6. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 399, L128-L131. (doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00738.x)
4. Labini, F. S. 2011 Inhomogeneities in the universe. Class. Quantum Grav. 28, 164003. (doi:10.1088/0264-9381/28/16/164003)
5. Maartens, R. 1980 Idealised observations in relativistic cosmology. PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape town, South Africa.
6. Ellis, G. F. R., Nel, S. D., Maartens, R., Stoeger, W. R. & Whitman, A. P. 1985 Ideal observational cosmology. Phys. Rep. 124, 315-417. (doi:10.1016/0370-1573(85)90030-4)
7. Maartens, R. & Matravers, D. R. 1994 Isotropic and semi-isotropic observations in cosmology. Class. Quantum Grav. 11, 2693. (doi:10.1088/0264- 9381/11/11/011) (Pubitemid 24830982)
8. Sunyaev, R. A. & Zeldovich, Y. B. 1980 The velocity of clusters of galaxies relative to the microwave background-the possibility of its measurement. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 190, 413-420.
9. Hasse, W. & Perlick, V. 1999 On spacetime models with an isotropic Hubble law. Class. Quantum Gravity 16, 2559-2576. (doi:10.1088/0264-9381/16/8/ 301)
10. Clarkson, C. A. 1999 On the observational characteristics of inhomogeneous cosmologies: undermining the cosmological principle. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
11. Kristian, J. & Sachs, R. K. 1966 Observations in cosmology. Astrophys. J. 143, 379. (doi:10. 1086/148522)
12. Ehlers, J., Geren, P. & Sachs, R. K. 1968 Isotropic solutions of the Einstein-Liouville equations. J. Math. Phys. 9, 1344-1349. (doi:10.1063/1. 1664720)
13. Stoeger, W. R., Maartens, R. & Ellis, G. F. R. 1995 Proving almost homogeneity of the universe: an almost Ehlers-Geren-Sachs theorem. Astrophys. J. 443, 1-5. (doi:10.1086/175496)
14. Treciokas, R. & Ellis, G. F. R. 1971 Isotropic solutions of the Einstein-Boltzmann equations. Commun. Math. Phys. 23, 1-22. (doi:10.1007/ BF01877593)
15. Ferrando, J. J., Morales, J. A. & Portilla, M. 1999 Inhomogeneous space-times admitting isotropic radiation: vorticity-free case. Phys. Rev. D 46, 578-584. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.46.578)
16. Clarkson, C. A. & Barrett, R. K. 1999 Does the isotropy of the CMB imply a homogeneous universe? Some generalized EGS theorems. Class. Quantum Grav. 16, 3781-3794. (doi:10.1088/0264-9381/16/12/302)
17. Clarkson, C. A. & Coley, A. A. 2001 Magnetic fields and the cosmic microwave background. Class. Quantum Grav. 18, 1305. (doi:10.1088/0264-9381/18/ 7/312)
18. Rasanen, S. 2009 Relation between the isotropy of the CMB and the geometry of the universe. Phys. Rev. D 79, 123522. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.79. 123522)
19. Maartens, R., Gebbie, T. & Ellis, G. F. R. 1999 Cosmic microwave background anisotropies: nonlinear dynamics. Phys. Rev. D 59, 083506. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.59.083506)
20. Ellis, G. F. R., Treciokas, R. & Matravers, D. R. 1983 Anisotropic solutions of the Einstein- Boltzmann equations. Ann. Phys. 150, 487-503. (doi:10.1016/0003-4916(83)90024-6)
21. Maartens, R., Ellis, G. F. R. & Stoeger, W. R. 1995 Limits on anisotropy and inhomogeneity from the cosmic background radiation. Phys. Rev. D 51, 1525-1535. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.51.1525)
22. Rasanen, S. 2009 Light propagation in statistically homogeneous and isotropic dust universes. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2009, 011. (doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2009/02/011)
23. Clarkson, C., Bassett, B. & Lu, T. H.-C. 2008 A general test of the Copernican principle. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 011301. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett. 101.011301)
24. Uzan, J.-P., Clarkson, C. & Ellis, G. F. R. 2008 Time drift of cosmological redshifts as a test of the Copernican principle. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 191303. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.191303) (Pubitemid 351697477)
25. Sunyaev, R. A. & Zeldovich, Y. B. 1970 Small-scale fluctuations of relic radiation. Astrophys. Space Sci. 7, 3-19. (doi:10.1007/BF00653471)
26. Sunyaev, R. A. & Zeldovich, Y. B. 1972 The observations of relic radiation as a test of the nature of X-ray radiation from the clusters of galaxies. Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 4, 173-178.
27. Goodman, J. 1995 Geocentrism reexamined. Phys. Rev. D 52, 1821-1827. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.52.1821)
28. Caldwell, R. R. & Stebbins, A. 2008 A test of the copernican principle. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 191302. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.191302) (Pubitemid 351697478)
29. Garcia-Bellido, J. & Haugbolle, T. 2008 Confronting Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi models with observational cosmology. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2008, 003. (doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2008/04/003)
30. Zhang, P. & Stebbins, A. 2011 Confirmation of the Copernican principle at Gpc radial scale and above from the kinetic sunyaev-zel'dovich effect power spectrum. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 041301. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett. 107.041301)
31. Sazonov, S. Y. & Sunyaev, R. A. 1999 Microwave polarization in the direction of galaxy clusters induced by the CMB quadrupole anisotropy. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 310, 765-772. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02981.x)
32. Challinor, A., Ford, M. & Lasenby, A. 2000 Thermal and kinematic corrections to the microwave background polarization induced by galaxy clusters along the line of sight. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 312, 159-165. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03131.x)
33. Kamionkowski, M. & Loeb, A. 1997 Getting around cosmic variance. Phys. Rev. D 56, 4511-4513. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.56.4511)
34. Seto, N. & Sasaki, M. 2000 Polarization signal of distant clusters and reconstruction of primordial potential fluctuations. Phys. Rev. D 62, 123004. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.62.123004) (Pubitemid 40647595)
35. Baumann, D. & Cooray, A. 2003 CMB-induced cluster polarization as a cosmological probe. New Astron. Rev. 47, 839-843. (doi:10.1016/j.newar.2003.07. 013) (Pubitemid 37340555)
36. Bunn, E. F. 2006 Probing the Universe on gigaparsec scales with remote cosmic microwave background quadrupole measurements. Phys. Rev. D 73, 123517. (doi:10.1103/Phys RevD.73.123517)