Climate change and reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases from ships: An appraisal

Asian Journal of International Law

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 131-148

  Karim, Md Saiful ^a   Alam, Shawkat ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 83655212510     PISSN: 20442513     EISSN: 20442521     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S2044251310000366     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Christian PISANI, "Fair at Sea: The Design of a Future Legal Instrument on Marine Bunker Fuels Emissions Within the Climate Change Regime" (2002) 33 Ocean Development and International Law 57 at 57.
2. BIN Lin and LIN Cherng-Yuan, "Compliance with International Emission Regulations: Reducing the Air Pollution from Merchant Vessels" (2006) 30 Marine Policy 220 at 221.
3. European Federation for Transport and Environment, "Bunker Fuels and the Kyoto Protocol: How ICAO and the IMO Failed the Climate Change Test" (June 2009), online: EFTE .
4. Second IMO GHG Study 2009 (Executive Summary), IMO Doc. MEPC 59/4/7 (2009).
5. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 11 December 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 148 (entered into force 16 February 2005) [Kyoto Protocol].
6. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 9 May 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107 (entered into force 21 March 1994) [UNFCCC].
7. Sebastian OBERTHÜR and Hermann E. OTT, The Kyoto Protocol: International Climate Policy for the 21st Century (Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1999) at 111-13.
8. Andre STOCHNIOL, "Architecture for Mitigation, Adaptation and Technology Transformation for International Transport: Global and Differentiated" International Maritime Emission Reduction Scheme (September 2008), online: International Maritime Emission Reduction Scheme at 13.
9. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) (1992), Principle 7.
10. Antonio LA VIÑA, Climate Change and Developing Countries: Negotiating a Global Regime (Quezon City, Philippines: Institute of International Legal Studies, 1997) at 189.
11. Philippe CULLET, Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law (Aldershot, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing, 2003) at 28.
12. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994) [UNCLOS], art. 56(1).
13. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 17 February 1978, 1340 U.N.T.S. 61 (entered into force 2 October 1983) [MARPOL 73/78].
14. For discussion on MARPOL 73/78, see part III.
15. Boleslaw Adam BOCZEK, Flags of Convenience: An International Legal Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962) at 2.
16. "Total Merchant Fleet by Country of Domicile" Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics (1 January 2004), online: Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics .
17. Convention on the High Seas, 29 April 1958, 450 U.N.T.S. 11 (entered into force 30 September 1962), art. 5.
18. Alan Khee-Jin TAN, Vessel-Source Marine Pollution: The Law and Politics of International Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) at 47-57.
19. The M/V "SAIGA" (No.2) Case (St. Vincent and Grenadines v. Guinea) [1999] 38 I.L.M. 1323, para. 82;
20. Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of IMCO Case [1960] I.C.J. Rep. 150.
21. Lavanya RAJAMANI, Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) at 162.
22. Patricia BIRNIE and Alan BOYLE, International Law and the Environment, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) at 348.
23. Erik Jaap MOLENAAR, Coastal State Jurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998) at 501.
24. A non-exhaustive list of these conventions is: International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 30 November 1990, 30 I.L.M. 733 (entered into force 13 May 1995)
25. and its Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 15 March 2000, [2003] ATNIF 9 (entered into force 14 June 2007);
26. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 27 November 1992, 1953 U.N.T.S. 255 (entered into force 30 May 1996);
27. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for the Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 27 November 1992, 1953 U.N.T.S 330 (entered into force 30 May 1996);
28. International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 3 May 1996, 35 I.L.M. 1406 (not yet entered into force) [HNS];
29. International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Bunker Oil Spills, 23 March 2001, U.K.T.S. (No. 8) 2005 (entered into force 21 November 2008);
30. International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships, 5 October 2001, IMO Doc. AFS/CONF/26 (entered into force 17 September 2008);
31. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments, 13 February 2004, [2005] ATNIF 18 (not yet entered into force);
32. Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, 18 May 2007, IMO Doc. LEG/CONF.16/19 (not yet entered into force).
33. UNFCCC, "IMO Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships" (31 March 2000), online: UNFCCC .
34. Future IMO Regulation Regarding Green House Gas Emissions from International Shipping, submitted by Denmark, Marshall Islands, BIMCO, ICS, INTERCARGO, INTERTANKO, and OCIMF, IMO Doc. MEPC 57/4/2 (2008) (emphasis added).
35. Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on Its 57th Session, IMO Doc. MEPC 57/21 (2008), paras. 4.74, 4.78, and 4.79.
36. Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on Its 58th Session, IMO Doc. MEPC 58/23 (2008), para. 4.27.
37. "IMO Environment Meeting Issues Technical and Operational Measures to Address GHG Emissions from Ships" (20 July 2009), online: IMO .
38. Draft Protocol to the Convention Prepared by the Government of Japan for Adoption at the Fifteenth Session of the Conference of the Parties, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/3 (2009), at 4.
39. Draft Protocol to the Convention Presented by the Government of Tuvalu under Article 17 of the Convention, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/4 (2009), at 15.
40. Draft Protocol to the Convention Prepared by the Government of Costa Rica to be Adopted at the Fifteenth Session of the Conference of the Parties, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/6 (2009), at 38-9.
41. Draft Implementing Agreement Under the Convention Prepared by the Government of the United States of America for Adoption at the Fifteenth Session of the Conference of the Parties, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/ 2009/7 (2009).
42. Draft Protocol to the Convention Prepared by the Government of Australia for Adoption at the Fifteenth Session of the Conference of the Parties, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/5 (2009), at 12.
43. Proposal from the Czech Republic and the European Commission on Behalf of the European Community and Its Member States for an Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, UN Doc. FCCC/KP/CMP/ 2009/2 (2009), at 4.
44. Proposal from Algeria, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, China, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, El Salvador, Gambia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia,Morocco,Mozambique, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe for an Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, UN Doc. FCCC/KP/CMP/2009/7 (2009).
45. Copenhagen Accord, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/L.7 (2009).
46. Outcome of COP 15 and the Work of MEPC on Market-Based Instruments in 2010, submitted by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Greenpeace International, IMO Doc MEPC 60/4/53 (2010).
47. IMO Policies and Practices Related to Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships, Resolution A.963 (23), IMO Doc. A 23/Res.963 (2004).
48. Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its 59th Session, statement by the Delegation of China on GHG Issues, IMO Doc. MEPC 59/24/Add.1 (2009), Annex 13.
49. Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its 60th Session, IMO Doc. MEPC 60/22 (2010), Annex 4.
50. "IMO Environment Committee Makes Progress" IMO (26 March 2010), online: IMO .
51. Scientific Study on International Shipping and Market-Based Instruments, IMO Doc. MEPC 60/INF.21 (2010).
52. Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, 6 March 1948, 289 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 17 March 1958)
53. amended and renamed as Convention on the International Maritime Organization, 14 November 1975, 9 U.T.S 61 (entered into force 22 May 1982) [IMO Convention].
54. Implications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the International Maritime Organization, IMO Doc. LEG/MISC/3/Rev.1 (2003), at 7.
55. For a discussion on the obligations of states under UNCLOS to mitigate climate change: see Meinhard DOELLE, "Climate Change and the Use of the Dispute Settlement Regime of the Law of the Sea Convention" (2006) 37 Ocean Development and International Law 319.
56. Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 U.N.T.S. XVI (emphasis added).