Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Care and Prevention

Neonatology: Questions and Controversies Series Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 281-291

  Neu, Josef ^a   Douglas Escobar, Martha ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 83655199380     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3160-4.10014-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (67)

1. Kreft B, Dalhoff K, Sack K Necrotizing enterocolitis: a historical and current review. Med Klin (Munich) 2000, 95(8):435-441.
2. Murrell TG, Roth L Necrotizing jejunitis: a newly discovered disease in the highlands of New Guinea. Med J Australia 1963, 50(1):61-69.
3. Lawrence G, Shann F, Freestone DS, Walker PD Prevention of necrotising enteritis in Papua New Guinea by active immunisation. Lancet 1979, 313(8110):227-230.
4. Sobel J, Mixter CG, Kolhe P, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens Type A in previously healthy North American adults. J Am Coll Surg 2005, 201(1):48-56.
5. Wagner ML, Rosenberg HS, Fernbach DJ, Singleton EB Typhlitis: a complication of leukemia in childhood. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1970, 109(2):341-350.
6. Martinez-Tallo E, Claure N, Bancalari E Necrotizing enterocolitis in full-term or near-term infants: risk factors. Biol Neonate 1997, 71(5):292-298.
7. Stark AR, Carlo WA, Tyson JE, et al. Adverse effects of early dexamethasone treatment in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med 2001, 344(2):95-101.
8. Attridge JT, Clark R, Walker MW, Gordon PV New insights into spontaneous intestinal perforation using a national data set: (2) two populations of patients with perforations. J Perinatol 2006, 26(3):185-188.
9. Lemons JA, Bauer CR, Oh W, et al. Very low birth weight outcomes of the national institute of child health and human development neonatal research network, January 1995 through December 1996. Pediatrics 2001, 107(E1).
10. Kliegman RM, Fanaroff AA Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med 1984, 310(17):1093-1103.
11. Neu J Necrotizing enterocolitis: the search for a unifying pathogenic theory leading to prevention. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996, 43(2):409-432.
12. Hsueh W, Caplan MS, Qu XW, et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical considerations and pathogenetic concepts. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2003, 6(1):6-23.
13. Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg 1978, 187:1-6.
14. Sharma R, Tepas JJ, Hudak ML, et al. Portal venous gas and surgical outcome of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2005, 40(2):371-376.
15. Kim W-Y, Kim W, Kim I-O, et al. Sonographic evaluation of neonates with early-stage necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Radiol 2005, 35(11):1056-1061.
16. Markel TA, Crisostomo PR, Wairiuko GM, et al. Cytokines in necrotizing enterocolitis. Shock 2006, 25(4):293-337.
17. Pourcyrous M, Korones SB, Yang W, et al. C-Reactive protein in the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics 2005, 116(5):1064-1069.
18. Bhandari V, Bizzarro MJ, Shetty A, et al. Familial and genetic susceptibility to major neonatal morbidities in preterm twins. 10.1542/peds.2005-1414. Pediatrics 2006, 117(6):1901-1906.
19. Szebeni B, Szekeres R, Rusai K, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of CD14, toll-like receptor 4, and caspase-recruitment domain 15 are not associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006, 42(1):27-31.
20. Speer CP Inflammatory mechanisms in neonatal chronic lung disease. Eur J Pediatr 1999, 158(Suppl.1):S18-S22.
21. Speer CP Pre- and postnatal inflammatory mechanisms in chronic lung disease of preterm infants. Paediatr 2004, 5(SupplA):S241-S244.
22. Liu Z, Li N, Neu J Tight junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases. Acta Paediatr 2005, 94(4):386-393.
23. Hyman PE, Clarke DD, Everett SL, et al. Gastric acid secretory function in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1985, 106(3):467-471.
24. Antonowicz I, Lebenthal E Developmental pattern of small intestinal enterokinase and disaccharidase activities in the human fetus. Gastroenterology 1977, 72(6):1299-1303.
25. Guillet R, Stoll BJ, Cotten CM, et al. Association of H2-blocker therapy and higher incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2006, 117(2):e137-e142.
26. Israel EJ Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, a disease of the immature intestinal mucosal barrier. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994, 396:27-32.
27. Beach RC, Menzies IS, Clayden GS, Scopes JW Gastrointestinal permeability changes in the preterm neonate. Arch Dis Child 1982, 57(2):141-145.
28. Roberton DM, Paganelli R, Dinwiddie R, Levinsky RJ. Milk antigen absorption in the preterm and term neonate. Arch Dis Child 1082; 57(5):369-372.
29. Nusrat A, Turner JR, Madara JL Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. IV. Regulation of tight junctions by extracellular stimuli: nutrients, cytokines, and immune cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000, 279(5):G85107.
30. Berseth CL Gastrointestinal motility in the neonate. Clin Perinatol 1996, 23(2):179-190.
31. Martin CR, Walker WA Intestinal immune defences and the inflammatory response in necrotising enterocolitis. Semin Fetal Neonat Med Inflamm Perinat Dis 2006, 11(5):369-377.
32. Markel TA, Crisostomo PR, Wairiuko GM, et al. Cytokines in necrotizing enterocolitis. Shock 2006, 25(4):329-337.
33. Nanthakumar NN, Fusunyan RD, Sanderson I, Walker WA Inflammation in the developing human intestine: A possible pathophysiologic contribution to necrotizing enterocolitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97(11):6043-6048.
34. Edelson MB, Bagwell CE, Rozycki HJ Circulating pro- and counterinflammatory cytokine levels and severity in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics 1999, 103(4Pt.1):766-771.
35. Halpern MD, Holubec H, Dominguez JA, et al. Up-regulation of IL-18 and IL-12 in the ileum of neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2002, 51(6):733-739.
36. Teitelbaum JE, Walker WA Review: the role of omega 3 fatty acids in intestinal inflammation. J Nutr Biochem 2001, 12(1):21-32.
37. Dilsiz A, Ciftci I, Aktan TM, et al. Enteral glutamine supplementation and dexamethasone attenuate the local intestinal damage in rats with experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int 2003, 19(8):578-582.
38. Amin HJ ZS, McMillan DD, Fick GH, et al. Arginine supplementation prevents necrotizing enterocolitis in the premature infant. J Pediatr 2002, 140(4):389-391.
39. Millar M, Wilks M, Costeloe K Probiotics for preterm infants?. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003, 88(5):F354-F358.
40. Hooper LV, Gordon JI Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut. Science 2001, 292:1115-1118.
41. Sanderson IR, Naik S Dietary regulation of intestinal gene expression. Annu Rev Nutr 2000, 20:311-338.
42. Yoo J, Nichols A, Mammen J, et al. Bryostatin-1 enhances barrier function in T84 epithelia through PKC-dependent regulation of tight junction proteins. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003, 285(2):C300-C309.
43. Haller D, Bode C, Hammes WP, et al. Non-pathogenic bacteria elicit a differential cytokine response by intestinal epithelial cell/leucocyte co-cultures. Gut 2000, 47(1):79-87.
44. Neish AS The gut microflora and intestinal epithelial cells: a continuing dialogue. Microbes Infect 2002, 4(3):309-317.
45. Stappenbeck TS, Hooper LV, Gordon JI Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99(24):15451-15455.
46. Porter EM, Bevins CL, Ghosh D, Ganz T The multifaceted Paneth cell. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002, 59(1):156-170.
47. Bell MJ, Shackelford P, Feigin RD, et al. Epidemiologic and bacteriologic evaluation of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 1979, 14(1):1-4.
48. Kosloske AM Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994, 396:2-7.
49. Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, et al. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 2004, 118(2):229-241.
50. Schumann A, Nutten S, Donnicola D, et al. Neonatal antibiotic treatment alters gastrointestinal tract developmental gene expression and intestinal barrier transcriptome. Physiol Genomics 2005, 23(2):235-245.
51. Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 2003, 21:335-376.
52. Lin HC, Su BH, Chen AC, et al. Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2005, 115(1):1-4.
53. Vinderola G, Matar C, Perdigon G Role of intestinal epithelial cells in immune effects mediated by gram-positive probiotic bacteria: involvement of toll-like receptors. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005, 12(9):1075-1084.
54. Bin-Nun A, Bromiker R, Wilschanski M, et al. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr 2005, 147(2):192-196.
55. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, et al. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001, 357(9262):1076-1079.
56. Moss RL, Dimmitt RA, Barnhart DC, et al. Laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis and perforation. N Engl J Med 2006, 354(21):2225-2234.
57. Lucas A, Cole TJ Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet 1990, 336(8730):1519-1523.
58. McGuire W, Anthony MY Donor human milk versus formula for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003, 88(1):F11-F14.
59. Fituch CC, Palkowetz KH, Goldman AS, Schanler RJ Concentrations of IL-10 in preterm human milk and in milk from mothers of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Acta Paediatr 2004, 93(11):1496-1500.
60. Newburg DS Innate Immunity and Human Milk. J. Nutr 2005, 135(5):1308-1312.
61. Egan EA, Nelson RM, Mantilla G, Eitzman DV Additional experience with routine use of oral kanamycin prophylaxis for necrotizing enterocolitis in infants under 1,500 grams. J Pediatr 1977, 90(2):2-331.
62. Anderson DM, Kliegman RM The relationship of neonatal alimentation practices to the occurrence of endemic necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Perinatol 1991, 8(1):62-67.
63. Berseth CL, Bisquera JA, Paje VU Prolonging small feeding volumes early in life decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2003, 111(3):529-534.
64. Kudsk KA Current aspects of mucosal immunology and its influence by nutrition. Am J Surg 2002, 183(4):390-398.
65. Neu J, Zhang L Feeding intolerance in very-low-birthweight infants: what is it and what can we do about it?. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2005, 94(449):93-99.
66. Mariadason JM, Kilias D, Catto-Smith A, Gibson PR Effect of butyrate on paracellular permeability in rat distal colonic mucosa ex vivo. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999, 14(9):873-879.
67. Schanler RJ The use of human milk for premature infants. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001, 48(1):207-219.