The origins of the bronze age of Southeast Asia

Journal of World Prehistory

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 227-274

  Higham, Charles ^a   Higham, Thomas ^b   Ciarla, Roberto ^c   Douka, Katerina ^b   Kijngam, Amphan ^d   Rispoli, Fiorella ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient   (Italy)

^d Fine Arts Department of Thailand   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Ban Chiang; Ban Non Wat; Bronze Age; Seima Turbino; Shang civilization; Southeast Asia; Thailand

Indexed keywords

BRONZE AGE; CHRONOLOGY; CIVILIZATION; METALLURGY; NUMERICAL MODEL; RADIOCARBON DATING;

THAILAND;

EID: 83555177182     PISSN: 08927537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Allard, F. (1997). Growth and stability among complex societies in prehistoric Lingnan, Southeast China. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 8, 37-58.
2. An, Z. M. (1981). Zhongguo zaoji tongqi de jige wenti [Some problems concerning China's early copper-bronze artefacts]. Kaogu Xuebao, 3, 269-285.
3. An, Z. M. (1993). Shilun Zhongguo de zaoqi tongqi [On the early bronze in China]. Kaogu, 12, 1110-1119.
4. Ashmore, P. J. (1999). Radiocarbon dating: Avoiding errors by avoiding mixed samples. Antiquity, 73, 124-130.
5. Bai, Y. X. (2003). A discussion on early metals and the origin of bronze casting in China. Chinese Archaeology, 3, 157-165.
6. Banpo Bowuguan, Shaanxi Sheng Kaogu Yanjiusuo, & Lintong Xian Bowuguan (1988). Jiangzhai-Xinshiqi Shidai yizhi fajue baogao [Jiangzhai-excavation report of the Neolithic site]. Beijing: Wewu Chubanshe.
7. Bayard, D. T., & Charoenwongsa, P. (1983). The development and spread of metallurgy in Southeast Asia: Reply to Loofs-Wissowa. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 14(1), 12-17.
8. Bayliss, A., Bronk Ramsey, C., van der Plicht, J., & Whittle, A. (2007). Bradshaw and Bayes: Towards a timetable for the Neolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 17(Suppl 1), 1-28.
9. Beijing Gangdie Xueyuan Yejinshi Yanjiusuo (1981). Zhongguo zaoqi tongqi de chubu yanjiu [Preliminary study of early Chinese copper/bronze artefacts]. Kaogu Xuebao, 3, 287-302.
10. Beijing Gangdie Xueyuan Yejinshi Yanjiusuo (1984). Gansu sheng Bowuguan songjian wenwu jianding baogao [A report on the identification of the artefacts submitted by the Gansu Provincial Museum]. Kaoguxue Jikan, 4, 162.
11. Bellwood, P. (2005). First farmers. Oxford: Blackwell.
12. Bentley, A., Tayles, N., Higham, C. F. W., Macpherson, C., & Atkinson, T. C. (2007). Shifting gender relations at Khok Phanom Di, Thailand: Isotopic evidence from the skeletons. Current Anthropology, 48(2), 301-314.
13. Berstan, R., Stott, A. W., Minnit, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Hedges, R. E. M., & Evershed, R. P. (2008). Direct dating of pottery from its organic residues: New precision using compound-specific carbon isotopes. Antiquity, 82, 702-713.
14. Bonsall, C., Cook, G., Manson, J., & Anderson, D. (2002). Direct dating of Neolithic pottery: Progress and prospects. Documenta Praehistorica, 29, 47-59.
15. Brock, F., Higham, T. F. G., & Bronk Ramsey, C. (2010). Pre-screening techniques for identification of samples suitable for radiocarbon dating of poorly preserved bones. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(4), 855-865.
16. Bronk Ramsey, C. (2009). Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon, 51(1), 337-360.
17. Bronk Ramsey, C., Higham, T. F. G., Bowles, A., & Hedges, R. (2004). Improvements to the pretreatment of bone at Oxford. Radiocarbon, 46(1), 155-163.
18. Bronson, B. (1985). Notes on the history of iron in Thailand. Journal of the Siam Society, 73, 205-225.
19. Cartailhac, E. (1890). Les bronzes préhistoriques du Cambodge et les recherches de M. Ludovic Jammes. L'Anthropologie, 6, 641-650.
20. Chang, N. (2001). Personal ornaments in Thai prehistory: Nong Nor, Ban Lum Khao and Noen U-Loke. Ph. D. thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
21. Chang, K. C. (1986). The Archaeology of Ancient China. New Haven: Yale University Press.
22. Chang, N. (2004). The personal ornaments. In C. F. W. Higham & R. Thosarat (Eds.), The origins of the civilization of Angkor. Volume I: The excavation of Ban Lum Khao (pp. 217-230). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand.
23. Chengdu Shi Wenwu Kaogu Gongzuodui, Aba Zangzu Qiangzu Zizhizhou Wenguansuo, & Maoxian Bowuguan (2002). Sichuan Maoxian Yingpanshan yizhi shijue baogao [Report on trial excavations at the Yingpanshan site in Mao county, Sichuan]. Chengdu Kaogu Faxian, 2000, 1-77. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe.
24. Chengdu Shi Wenwu Kaogu Gongzuodui & Pixian Bowuguan (1999). Sichuansheng Pixian Gucheng yizhi tiaocha yu shijue [Survey and trial excavation at Gucheng site in Pi county, Sichuan province]. Wenwu, 1, 32-42.
25. Chengdu Shi Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo & Beijing Daxue Kaogu Wenboyuan (2002). Jinsha Tao Zhen [Panning for treasure at Jinsha]. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
26. Chernykh, E. N. (1992). Ancient metallurgy in the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Chernykh, E. N. (2009). Formation of the Eurasian steppe belt cultures viewed through the lens of archaeometallurgy and radiocarbon dating. In B. Hanks & K. Linduff (Eds.), Social complexity in prehistoric Eurasia (pp. 115-145). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Chiou-Peng, T. H. (2009). Incipient metallurgy in Yunnan: New data for old debates. In J. Mei & T. Rehren (Eds.), Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond (pp. 79-84). London: Archetype.
29. Ciarla, R. (1992). The Thai-Italian Lopburi regional archaeological project: Preliminary results. In I. Glover (Ed.), Southeast Asian Archaeology 1990 (pp. 111-128). Hull: University of Hull.
30. Ciarla, R. (2005). The Thai-Italian 'Lopburi regional archaeological project': A survey of fifteen years of activities. In I. Piovano (Ed.), La Cultura Thailandese e le Relazioni Italo-Thai (pp. 77-104). Torino: Centro Studi Medio ed Estremo Oriente (CESMEO).
31. Ciarla, R. (2007a). Rethinking Yuanlongpo: The case for technological links between Lingnan (PRC) and Central Thailand during the Bronze Age. East and West, 57, 1-23.
32. Ciarla, R. (2007b). A preliminary report on Lo. R. A. P. archaeological excavations at prehistoric Khao Sai On, Lopburi Province, Central Thailand. East and West, 57, 395-401.
33. Ciarla, R. (2008). The Thai-Italian 'Lopburi Regional Archaeological Project' (LORAP). excavations at Khao Sai on-Noen Din 2008. Preliminary report. East and West, 58, 313-336.
34. Clark, J. E., & Blake, M. (1996). The power of prestige: Competitive generosity and the emergence of rank societies in lowland Mesoamerica. In E. M. Brumfiel & J. W. Fox (Eds.), Factional competition and political development in the New World (pp. 17-30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Crawford, G. W., & Chen, S. (1998). The origin of rice agriculture: Recent progress in East Asia. Antiquity, 72, 858-866.
36. Cremaschi, M., Ciarla, R., & Pigott, V. C. (1992). Palaeoenvironment and late prehistoric sites in the Lopburi region of Central Thailand. In I. Glover (Ed.), Southeast Asian archaeology 1990 (pp. 167-177). Hull: University of Hull.
37. De Atley, S. P. (1980). Radiocarbon dating of ceramic materials: Progress and prospects. Radiocarbon, 22(3), 987-993.
38. Diamond, J., & Bellwood, P. (2003). Farmers and their languages: The first expansion. Science, 300, 597-603.
39. Frachetti, M. D. (2008). Pastoralist landscapes and social interaction in Bronze Age Eurasia. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
40. Fuller, D. Q., Harvey, E., & Qin, L. (2007). Presumed domestication? Evidence for wild rice cultivation and domestication in the fifth millennium BC of the lower Yangtze region. Antiquity, 81, 316-331.
41. Fuller, D. Q., & Qin, L. (2009). Water management and labour in the origins and dispersal of Asian rice. World Archaeology, 41, 88-111.
42. Fuller, D. Q., Sato, Y.-I., Castillo, C., Qin, L., Weisskopf, A. R., Kingwell-Banham, E. J., et al. (2010). Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany in the entangled history of rice. Archaeological and Anthropological Science, 2, 115-131.
43. Gansu sheng Gongzuodui, Lingxia Huizu Zizhizhou Wenwuju, & Dongxiangzu Zizhixian Wenhuaguan (1984). Gansu Dongxiang Lijia yizhi fajue baogao [Report on the excavation at the Lingjia site in Dongxiang, Gansu]. Kaoguxue Jikan, 4, 111-160.
44. Glover, I. C. (1990). Ban Don Ta Phet: The 1984-5 excavation. In I. C. Glover & E. Glover (Eds.), Southeast Asian archaeology 1986. BAR International Series 561 (pp. 139-183). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
45. Glusker, D., & White, J. (1997). Comment. Archaeometry, 39, 259-260.
46. Good, I. (2010). When East met West: Interpretive problems in assessing Eurasian contact and exchange in antiquity. In A. V. G. Betts & F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in silk road archaeology: Proceedings of a workshop held at ICAANE V, Madrid, 2006. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. Band 42, 2010 (pp. 23-45). Berlin: Reimer.
47. Gorman, C. F., & Charoenwongsa, P. (1976). Ban Chiang: A mosaic of impressions from the first two years. Expedition, 8(4), 14-26.
48. Gu, J. X. (2003). Chuodun Yizhi Majiabang Wenhua Shiqi Shuidao Tian (The rice paddy land from Chuodun site of Majiabang Period). In G. Fengliang (Ed.), Choudun Shan: Chuodun yizhi Lunwenji [Chuodun Shan: collected papers on Chuodun site], Nanjing Bowuguan, Dongnan Wenhua special issue: 42-45.
49. Guangdong Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, & Zhuhai Shi Pingsha Wenhua Ke (1998). Zhuhai Pingsha Tangxiahuan yizhi fajue jianbao [Short report on the excavation at Tangxiahuan near Pingsha, Zhuhai city]. Wenwu, 7, 4-16.
50. Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu Wenwu Gongzuodui (2004). Guangxi xianQin yatong zang zongshu [A summary of the pre-Qin cave graveyards in Guangxi]. In Guangxi Zhuang Zizhiqu Bowuguan (Ed.), Guangxi Kaogu Wenji-1 (pp. 192-212). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
51. Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu Wenwu Gongzuodui, Nanning Shi Wenwu Guanli Weiyuanhui, & Wuming Xian Wenwu Guanlisuo (1988). Guangxi Wuming Matou Yuanlongpo muzang fajue jianbao [Short report on the excavation of the Yuanlongpo graveyard in Matou, Wuming County, Guangxi]. Wenwu, 12, 1-13.
52. Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu Wenwu Gongzuodui, & Napo Xian Bowuguan (2003). Guangxi Napoxian Gantuoyan yizhi faxian jianbao [A brief report on the excavation at the Gantuoyan cave site in Napo County, Guangxi]. Kaogu, 10, 35-56.
53. Guizhou Sheng Bowuguan (1987). Guizhou Bijie Wayao yizhi fajue jianbao [A brief report on the excavation at Wayao site in Bijie, Guizhou]. Kaogu, 7, 303-310.
54. Ha van Tan (1997). Theo dau cac van hoa co [In pursuit of ancient cultures]. Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Khoa Hoc Xa Hoi [Social Science publisher].
55. Hall, M. D. (1993). Aspects of pottery decoration. In C. F. W. Higham & R. Thorasat (Eds.), The excavation at Khok Phanom Di. Volume III: The material culture (pp. 239-274). London: Society of Antiquaries.
56. Han, R. B., & Ke, J. (1988). Jiangzhai di yiqi wenhua chutu huangtong zhipin de jianding baogao [Report on the identification of the brass artefacts discovered from the Jiangzhai Period 1 culture]. In B. Bowuguan et al. (Eds.), Jiangzhai-Xinshiqi Shidai yizhi fajue (pp. 548-554). Beijing: Wewu Chubanshe.
57. Hanks, B. K., Epimakhov, A. V., & Renfrew, A. C. (2007). Towards a refined chronology for the Bronze Age of the southern Urals, Russia. Antiquity, 81, 353-367.
58. Hayden, B. (2009). Funeral feasts: Why are they so important? Cambridge Archaeology Journal, 19(1), 29-52.
59. Hedges, R. E. M., Chen, T., & Housley, R. A. (1992). Results and methods in the radiocarbon dating of pottery. Radiocarbon, 34(3), 906-915.
60. Hedges, R. E. M., Pettitt, P. B., Bronk Ramsey, C., & van Klinken, G. J. (1997). Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 23. Archaeometry, 39, 247-262.
61. Higham, C. F. W. (1984). The Ban Chiang culture in wider perspective. Proceedings of the British Academy, LXIX, 229-261.
62. Higham, C. F. W. (1996). The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. Higham, C. F. W. (2002). Languages and farming dispersal: Austroasiatic languages and rice cultivation. In P. Bellwood & C. Renfrew (Eds.), Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis (pp. 223-232). Cambridge: McDonald Institute.
64. Higham, C. F. W. (2004). The opposed human figure at Khok Phanom Di. Journal of the Siam Society, 92, 15-36.
65. Higham, C. F. W. (2005a). East Asian agriculture and its impact. In C. Scarre (Ed.), The human past: World prehistory and the development of human societies (pp. 234-263). London: Thames & Hudson.
66. Higham, T. F. G. (2005b). Dating the occupation of Ban Lum Khao. In C. F. W. Higham & R. Thosarat (Eds.), The origins of the civilization of Angkor. Volume I: The excavation of Ban Lum Khao (pp. 5-8). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand.
67. Higham, C. F. W. (2006). Crossing national boundaries: Southern China and Southeast Asia in prehistory. In E. A. Bacus, I. C. Glover, & V. C. Pigott (Eds.), Uncovering Southeast Asia's past (pp. 13-21). Singapore: National University of Singapore.
68. Higham, C. F. W. (2009). Recasting Thailand: New discoveries at Ban Non Wat. Current World Archaeology, 31, 38-41.
69. Higham, C. F. W. (2011a). Introduction. In C. F. W. Higham & A. Kijngam (Eds.), The Excavation at Ban Non Wat: The Neolithic occupation (pp. 1-9). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand.
70. Higham, C. F. W. (2011b). The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: New insight on social change from Ban Non Wat. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 21(3), 365-389.
71. Higham, C. F. W., & Bannanurag, R. (1990). The excavation at Khok Phanom Di. Volume I: The excavation, chronology and human burials. London: Society of Antiquaries.
72. 14C dating of Iron Age rice chaff ceramic temper from Ban Non Wat, Thailand: First results and its interpretation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 268, 1022-1025.
73. Higham, C. F. W., & Higham, T. F. G. (2009). A new chronological framework for prehistoric Southeast Asia, based on a Bayesian model from Ban Non Wat. Antiquity, 82, 125-144.
74. Higham, C. F. W., Higham, T. F. G., & Kijngam, A. (2011). Cutting a Gordian knot. The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: Origins, timing and impact. Antiquity, 85, 583-598.
75. Higham, T. F. G., Jacobi, R. M., & Bronk Ramsey, C. (2006). AMS radiocarbon dating of ancient bone using ultrafiltration. Radiocarbon, 48(2), 179-195.
76. Higham, C. F. W., & Kijngam, A. (Eds.) (1984). Prehistoric excavations in northeast Thailand: Excavations at Ban Na Di, Ban Chiang Hian, Ban Muang Phruk, Ban Sangui, Non Noi and Ban Kho Noi. BAR International Series 231 (pp. i-iii). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
77. Higham, C. F. W., & Kijngam, A. (2009). The origins of the civilization of Angkor. Volume III: The Excavation of Ban Non Wat. Introduction. Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand.
78. Higham, C. F. W., & Lu, T. L.-D. (1998). The origin and dispersal of rice cultivation. Antiquity, 72, 867-877.
79. Higham, C. F. W., & Thosarat, R. (1998). The excavation of Nong Nor, a prehistoric site in central Thailand. University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology No. 18. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
80. Higham, C. F. W., & Thosarat, R. (2004). The excavation of Khok Phanom Di. Volume VII: Summary and conclusions. London: Society of Antiquaries.
81. Higham, C. F. W., & Thosarat, R. (Eds.). (2005). The origins of the civilization of Angkor. Volume I: The excavation of Ban Lum Khao. Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand.
82. Ho, C. M. (1984). The pottery of Kok Charoen and its farther context. Ph. D. dissertation, University of London.
83. Hoang, X. C. (2000). Vinh Phuc. Thoi Tieu Su-So Su [Prehistory and Protohistory of the Vinh Phuc Province]. Vinh Phuc: So van Hoa Thong Tin-The Tao.
84. Hunan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo (1990). Hunan Lixian Pengtoushan Xinshiqi shidai caoqi yizhi fajue jianbao [Brief report on the excavation of the early Neolithic site at Pengtoushan in Lixian, Hunan]. Wenwu, 8, 17-29.
85. Hunan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo (1992). Hunan Shimen Zaoshi Shangdai yizhi [The Shang period site at Zaoshi, Shimen County, Hunan]. Kaogu Xuebao, 2, 185-219.
86. Jiang, L. P., & Li, L. (2005). The discovery of an 8000-year-old dugout canoe at Kuahuqiao in Lower Yangzi River, China. Antiquity 79. http://antiquity. ac. uk/projgall/liu/index. html.
87. Jiang, L. P., & Li, L. (2006). New evidence for the origins of sedentism and rice domestication in Lower Yangzi River, China. Antiquity, 80, 355-356.
88. Jiangxi Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Jiangxi Sheng Bowuguan, & Xingan Xian Bowuguan (1997). Xingan Shangdai Damu [The large Shang tomb at Xin'gan]. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
89. Kohl, P. L. (2007). The making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Koryakova, L., & Epimakhov, A. V. (2009). The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
91. Kuzmin, Ya. V. (2002). The earliest centers of pottery origin in the Russian Far East and Siberia: Review of chronology for the oldest Neolithic cultures. Documenta Praehistorica, 29, 37-46.
92. Kuzmin, Ya. V., Hall, S., Tite, M. S., Bailey, R., O'Malley, J. M., & Medvedev, V. E. (2001). Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating of the pottery from the early Neolithic site of Gasya (Russian Far East): Initial results. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 945-948.
93. Lao, J. L. (2004). Zhujiang sanjiazhou yu Aobei diqu Shiqian taoqi de bijiao fenxi [A comparative analysis of the prehistoric ceramics in the Pearl River delta and the northern zone of the Bay]. Dongnan Kaogu Yanjiu, 1, 160-169.
94. Lefèvre-Pontalis, M. (1894). Note de M. Lefèvre-Pontalis. In M. Pavie (Ed.), Mission Pavie: Explorations de l'Indo-Chine. Archéologie et histoire (pp. 14-23). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
95. Leong, S. H. (1991). Jenderam Hilir and the mid-Holocene prehistory of the west coast plain of Peninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 10, 150-160.
96. Lertrit, S. (2004). Sab Champa revisited: Results of recent archeological field investigations. In V. Paz (Ed.), Southeast Asian Archaeology. Wilhelm G. Solheim II Festschrift (pp. 504-521). Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
97. Lertrit, S., Jumprom, P., & Klinpoklab, A. (2001). The archaeological excavation at Sab Champa: Results and speculations. Muang Boran, 27, 117-133. [in Thai].
98. Lévy, P. (1943). Recherches préhistoriques dans la région de Mlu Prei. Publications de l'École française d'Extrême Orient 30. Hanoi: Impr. d'Extrême-Orient.
99. Li, Y. (1995). Guangdong Qingtong Shidai caoqi yicun zhu wenti qianxi [A preliminary study on problems related to early Bronze Age finds in Guangdong]. In Dongnanya Kaogu Lunwenji/Archaeology in Southeast Asia (pp. 87-94). Hong Kong: University Museum and Art Gallery of the University of Hong Kong.
100. Li, Y. (2001). Guangdong caoqi Qingtong shidai yicun shulue [An outline of early Bronze Age remains in Guangdong]. Kaogu, 3, 57-65.
101. Li, F. (2009). Guizhou Anlong xinchu tongqi-jianlun Guizhou Xinan diqu de Qingtong wenhua [Bronze artefacts recently found in Anlong, Guizhou-a discussion on the Bronze culture in southwest Guizhou]. Sichuan Wenwu, 9, 62-69.
102. Li, M. R., Xie, P., & Zhang, D. Y. (2004). Shenzhen shi Wubeiling Shang shiqi muzang qun [The Shang period cemetery at Wubeiling in Shenzhen]. Huanan Kaogu, 1, 163-185.
103. Liang, Z. X. (1991). Dongao dao Nanshawan yizhi tiaocha [A survey investigation at Nanshawan site in Dong'ao island]. In Zhuhai Shi Bowuguan, Guangdong Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, & Guangdong Sheng Bowuguan (Eds.), Zhuhai Kaogu Faxian yu Yanjiu (pp. 80-83). Guangzhou: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe.
104. Linduff, K. M. (2002). At the eastern edge: Metallurgy and adaptation in Gansu (PRC) in the 2nd millennium BC. In K. Jones-Bley & D. G. Zdanovich (Eds.), Complex societies of central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC: Regional specifics in light of global models. Volume II (pp. 595-611), Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series 45. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
105. Loofs-Wissowa, H. H. E. (1983). The development and spread of metallurgy in Southeast Asia: A review of the present evidence. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 14(1), 1-11. 26-31.
106. Maglioni, R. (1975). Archaeological discovery in Eastern Kwangtung. Journal Monograph II. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Archaeological Society.
107. Maleipan, V. (1979). The excavation at Sab Champa. In R. B. Smith & W. Watson (Eds.), Early South East Asia (pp. 337-341). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
108. Manning, K., Pelling, R., Higham, T. F. G., Schwenninger, J.-L. & Fuller, D. Q. (2011). 4500-year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: New insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway in Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38, 312-322.
109. Masanari, N. (2005). Settlement patterns on the Red River plain from the late prehistoric period to the 10th century AD. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 25, 99-107.
110. Masanari, N., & Nguyen, K. D. (2002). Excavation of An Son: A Neolithic mound site in the middle reach of the Vam Co Dong River, Southern Vietnam. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 22, 101-109.
111. Massie, M. (1894). Note de M. Massie. In A. Pavie (Ed.), Mission Pavie: Explorations de l'Indo-Chine. Archéologie et histoire (pp. 7-13). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
112. Meacham, W. (1993). Sha Po Tsuen. Journal of the Hong Kong Archaeological Society, 13, 33-54.
113. Mei, J. (2003). Cultural interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age. Proceedings of the British Academy, 121, 1-39.
114. Mei, J. (2004). Metallurgy in Bronze Age Xinjiang and its cultural context. In K. M. Linduff (Ed.), Metallurgy in ancient eastern Eurasia from the Urals to the Yellow River. Chinese Studies 31 (pp. 173-188). Lewiston: Edwin Mellen.
115. Mulholland, S. C., & Prior, C. (1993). AMS radiocarbon dating of phytoliths. In D. M. Pearsall & D. R. Piperno (Eds.), Current research in phytolith analysis: Applications in archaeology and paleoecology. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 10 (pp. 21-23). Philadelphia: The University Museum.
116. Natapintu, S. (1988). Current Research on ancient copper-base metallurgy in Thailand. In P. Charoenwongsa & B. Bronson (Eds.), Prehistoric studies: The Stone and Metal Ages in Thailand (pp. 107-124). Bangkok: Thai Antiquity Working Group.
117. Natapintu, S. (1997). Current archaeological research in central Thailand. In R. Ciarla & F. Rispoli (Eds.), Southeast Asian archaeology 1992. Serie Orientale Roma 77 (pp. 45-56). Rome: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO).
118. Noulet, J. B. (1879). L'Âge de la pierre polie et du bronze au Cambodge d'après les découvertes de M. J. Moura. Archives du Musée d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse 1. Toulouse: Privat.
119. O'Reilly, D. J. W. (2004). Social aspects of the cemetery. In C. F. W. Higham & R. Thosarat (Eds.), The origins of the civilization of Angkor. Volume I: The excavation of Ban Lum Khao (pp. 301-324). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand.
120. Onsuwan, C. (2000). Excavation of Ban Mai Chaimongkol, Nakhon Sawan Province, Central Thailand: A study of site stratigraphy, chronology and its implications for the prehistory of central Thailand. MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
121. Onsuwan Eyre, C. (2006). Prehistoric and proto-historic communities in the eastern upper Chao Phraya River valley Thailand: Analysis of site chronology, settlement pattern and land use. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
122. Parzinger, H., & Boroffka, N. G. O. (2003). Das Zinn der Bronzezeit in Mittelasien. Archäologie in Iran und Turan. Mainz: P. von Zabern.
123. Pavie, A. (1894). Mission Pavie: Explorations de l'Indo-Chine. Archéologie et histoire (pp. 7-13). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
124. Pei, A. P. (1998). Notes on new advancements and revelations in the agricultural archaeology of early rice domestication in the Dongting Lake region. Antiquity, 72, 878-885.
125. Peng, K. F. (1987). Zhongguo Nanfang Gudai Yinwentao [Ancient stamped pottery of Southern China]. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
126. Peng, M. H. (2005). Wucheng Wenhua [The Wucheng culture]. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
127. Pietrusewksy, M., & Douglas, M. T. (2002). Ban Chiang: A prehistoric village site in northeast Thailand. Volume I: The human remains. Philadelphia: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
128. Pigott, V. C., & Ciarla, R. (2007). On the origins of metallurgy in prehistoric Southeast Asia: The view from Thailand. In S. La Niece, D. Hook, & P. Craddock (Eds.), Metals and mines. Studies in Archaeometallurgy (pp. 76-88). London: British Museum.
129. Pigott, V. C., & Weisgerber, G. (1998). Mining archaeology in geological context: The prehistoric copper mining complex at Phu Lon, Nong Khai Province, northeast Thailand. In T. Rehren, A. Hauptmann, & J. D. Muhly (Eds.), Metallurgica antiqua: In honor of Hans-Bert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Der Anschnitt 8 (pp. 135-162). Bochum: Deutsches-Bergbau Museum.
130. Pigott, V. C., Weiss, A. D., & Natapintu, S. (1997). The archaeology of copper production: Excavations in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley, Central Thailand. In R. Ciarla & F. Rispoli (Eds.), Southeast Asian archaeology 1992. Serie Orientale Roma 77 (pp. 119-158). Rome: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO).
131. Pisnupong, P. (1993). The industrial stone technology. In C. F. W. Higham & R. Thosarat (Eds.), The excavation of Khok Phanom Di. Volume III (part 1): The material culture. Research Report 50 (pp. 45-104). London: Society of Antiquaries.
132. Pryce, T. O. (2011). Technical analysis of Bronze Age Ban Non Wat copper-base artefacts. In C. F. W. Higham & A. Kijngam (Eds.), The origins of the civilization of Angkor. Volume V: The Bronze Age (pp. 489-498). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand (in press).
133. Pryce, T. O., Martinón-Torres, M., Pigott, V. C., & Rehren, T. (2010a). Prehistoric copper production and technological reproduction in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central Thailand. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2, 237-264.
134. Pryce, T. O., Pollard, M., Martinón-Torres, M., Pigott, V. C., & Pernicka, E. (2010b). Southeast Asia's first isotopically-defined prehistoric copper production system: When did extractive metallurgy begin in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central Thailand? Archaeometry, 53, 146-163.
135. Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., et al. (2009). Intcal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50, 000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon, 51(4), 1111-1150.
136. Ren, M. E., Yang, R. Z., & Bao, H. S. (1985). An outline of China's physical geography. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
137. Rice, P. M. (1987). Pottery analysis: A sourcebook. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.
138. Rispoli, F. (1997). Late third/early second millennium BC pottery traditions in central Thailand: Some preliminary observations in a wider perspective. In R. Ciarla & F. Rispoli (Eds.), Southeast Asian archaeology 1992. Serie Orientale Roma 77 (pp. 59-97). Rome: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO).
139. Rispoli, F. (2004). Looking for the root of Neolithization in Southeast Asia. Paper presented at the 10th international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. British Museum, London, September 13-17.
140. Rispoli, F. (2007). The incised and impressed pottery style of mainland Southeast Asia: Following the path of Neolithization. East and West, 57, 235-304.
141. Rispoli, F. (2009). Incised and impressed pottery style as a chronological boundary in mainland Southeast Asia. Paper presented at the 19th Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Congress, Hanoi, November 29th-December 5th.
142. Rispoli, F., Ciarla, R., & Pigott, V. C. (2009). Towards a working chronology for Central Thailand: Revising the sequence for the Khao Wong Prachan Valley and the Greater Lopburi region. Paper presented at the 19th Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Congress, Hanoi, November 29th-December 5th.
143. Rispoli, F., Ciarla, R., & Pigott, V. C. (2010). Revising the prehistoric cultural sequence for the Greater Lopburi Region, Central Thailand: An update. Paper presented at the 13th international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Berlin, September 27th-October 2nd.
144. Rispoli, F., Ciarla, R., & Pigott, V. C. (2011). Establishing the prehistoric cultural sequence for the Lopburi Region, Central Thailand (in prep).
145. Roberts, B. W., Thornton, C. P., & Pigott, V. C. (2009). Development of metallurgy in Eurasia. Antiquity, 83, 1012-1022.
146. 14C puzzle: A tale of background determinations and accuracy tests. Radiocarbon, 52(1), 113-128.
147. Sanxingdui Bowuguan (2005). Sanxingdui: Gu Shu wangguo de shenmi mianju [Sanxingdui: The mysterious masks of the ancient Shu kingdom]. Beijing: Wuzhou Zhuanbo Chubanshe.
148. Schofield, W. (1975). An archaeological site at Shek Pik. In W. Meacham (Ed.), An archaeological site at Shek Pik. Journal Monograph I. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Archaeological Society.
149. Shao, W. P. (2002). The formation of civilization: The interaction sphere of the Longshan period. In K. C. Chang & P. F. Xu (edited and with an introduction by S. Allan), The formation of Chinese civilization: An archaeological perspective (pp. 85-123). New Haven: Yale University Press.
150. Shelach, G. (2009). Prehistoric societies on the northern frontiers of China: Archaeological perspectives on identity formation and economic change during the first millennium BC. Approaches to Anthropological Archaeology Series. London: Equinox.
151. Shelach, G. (2011). I fenomeni di interazione interregionale tra la tarda Età Neolitica e la prima Età del Bronzo. In R. Ciarla & M. Scarpari (Eds.), La Cina. Volume I. Torino: Einaudi (in press).
152. Shi, J. S. (2003). Changjiang liuhuo qingtong qi yanjiu [Researches into the bronzes of the Yangtze valley]. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
153. Shijiahe Kaogudui (2003). Tianmen Shijiahe Kaogu Fajue Baogao Zhi Er-Dengjiawan [Second report on the excavations at Shiajiahe in Tianmen: Dengjiawan site]. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
154. Sichuan Sheng Wenwu Guanli Weiyuanhui, Sichuan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, & Wushan Xian Wenhuaguan (1998a). Wushan Jingnei Changjiang/Daninghe Liuhuo Gu Yizhi Tiaocha Jianbao [Brief report of the survey of ancient sites in the valley of the Yangtze-Daning rivers in Wushan region]. In Sichuan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo (Ed.), Sichuan Kaogu Baogaoji (pp. 1-10). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
155. Sichuan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo Sanxingdui Gongzuodui, & Guanhan Shi Wenwu Guanlisuo (1998b). Sanxingdui Yizhi Zhenwu Cangbaobao Jisi Keng tiaocha jianbao [A short report on the survey of the sacrificial pit at Cangbaobao in Zhenwu village, Sanxingdui site]. In Sichuan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo (Ed.), Sichuan Kaogu Baogaoji (pp. 78-90). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
156. Siripanish, S. (1985). An analytical study on pottery from the excavation at Ban Tha Kae, Muang District, Lopburi Province, M. A. thesis, Silpakorn University [in Thai].
157. Solheim, W. G., II. (1968). Early bronze in northeastern Thailand. Current Anthropology, 9(1), 59-62.
158. Solheim, W. G., II. (1972). An earlier agricultural revolution. Scientific American CCVI, 4, 34-41.
159. Solheim, W. G., II. (1980). Early pottery in northern Thailand and conjectures on its relationship. In H. H. E. Loofs-Wissowa (Ed.), The diffusion of material culture: 28th International Congress of Orientalists, proceedings of seminar E (pp. 35-52). Canberra: Social Science Research Institute, University of Honolulu.
160. Solheim, W. G., II. (1983). The development and spread of metallurgy in Southeast Asia: Another reply to Loofs-Wissowa. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 14(1), 18-25.
161. Sørensen, P., & Hatting, T. (1967). Archaeological investigations in Thailand: The archaeological materials from the burials. Copenhagen: Munksgard.
162. 14C Data. Radiocarbon, 19, 355-363.
163. Sun, H. (1992). Shilun Guanhan Sanxingdui yizhi de fenqi [On the periodization of the Sanxingdui site in Guanhan]. Nanfang Minzu Kaogu, 5, 10-24.
164. Sun, S. Y. (2003). Dengjiawan yizhi tongkuangzha jianyan baogao [Report on the testings on copper slags from Dengjiawan site]. In Shijiahe Kaogudui (Ed.), Tianmen Shijiahe Kaogu fajue baogao zhi er-Dengjiawan (p. 303). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
165. Tan F. (2006). Guangxi xianQin Shiqi de Qingtong Jian [The bronze daggers of pre-Qin period in Guangxi]. In Guangxi Zhuang Zizhiqu Bowuguan (Ed.), Guangxi Kaogu Wenji-2 (pp. 474-493). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
166. Tang, L. H. (2003). Chuodun Yizhi de Yuanshi Daozuo Yicun [The primitive rice remains from Chuodun site]. In G. Fengliang (Ed.), Choudun Shan: Chuodun yizhi Lunwenji [Chuodun Shan: Collected papers on Chuodun site]. Nanjing Bowuguan, Dongnan Wenhua special issue: 46-49.
167. Tang, Z. X., & Li, F. H. (1991). Qiao dao Yapowan, Nanmangwan yizhi tiaocha [Survey investigation at Yapowan and Nanmangwan sites in Qi'ao island]. In Zhuhai Shi Bowuguan, Guangdong Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Guangdong Sheng Bowuguan (Eds.), Zhuhai Kaogu Faxian yu Yanjiu (pp. 57-69). Guangzhou: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe.
168. Tayles, N. G. (1999). The excavation of Khok Phanom Di. Volume V: The people. London: Society of Antiquaries.
169. Thompson, G. B. (1996). The excavation of Khok Phanom Di. Volume IV: The biological remains. Part II. London: Society of Antiquaries.
170. Thorp, R. (2006). China in the early Bronze Age: Shang civilization. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
171. Veraprasert, M. S. (1982). Etude archéologique sur le site de Sab Champa. M. A. thesis, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris.
172. Vincent, B. A. (2003). The excavation of Khok Phanom Di. Vol. VI: The pottery. London: Society of Antiquaries.
173. Wang, D. D. (1985). Yunnan Jianchuan Haimenkou zaoqi qingtong yanjiu [A study of the early bronzes from Haimenkou, Yunnan]. In Zhongguo Kaogu Xuehui (Ed.), Zhongguo Kaoguxuehui di sici nianhui lunwenji [Essays for the 4th Annual Meeting of the Chinese Archaeological Association] (pp. 244-251.). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
174. Wang, Y., & Sun, H. (1999). Baoduncun Wenhua de chubu renshi [A preliminary study of the Baodun culture]. Kaogu, 8, 60-73.
175. Wei J. (2006). Guangxi XianQin Kaogu Shuping [A survey of the pre-Qin archaeology in Guangxi]. In Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu Bowuguan (Ed.), Guangxi Kaogu Wenji-2 (pp. 48-59). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
176. White, J. C. (1982). Ban Chiang: Discovery of a lost Bronze Age. Philadelphia: University Museum.
177. White, J. C. (1986). A revision of the chronology of Ban Chiang and its implications for the prehistory of northeast Thailand. Ph. D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
178. White, J. C. (1988). Early East Asian metallurgy: The southern tradition. In R. Maddin (Ed.), The beginning of the use of metals and alloys: Papers from the second international conference on the beginning of the use of metals and alloys, Zhengzhou, China, 21-26 October 1986 (pp. 175-181). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
179. White, J. C. (1997). A brief note on new dates for the Ban Chiang cultural tradition. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 16, 103-106.
180. White, J. C. (2008). Dating early bronze at Ban Chiang, Thailand. In J.-P. Pautreau, A.-S. Coupey, V. Zeitoun, & E. Rambault (Eds.), From Homo erectus to the living traditions (pp. 91-110). Bougon: European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists.
181. White, J. C., & Hamilton, E. (2009). The transmission of early Bronze Age technology to Thailand: New perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory, 22, 357-397.
182. Xizang Zizhiqu Wenwu Guanli Weiyuanhui, & Sichuan Daxue Lishixi (1985). Changdu Karuo [The archaeological site of Karuo in Changdu]. Beijing: Wewu Chubanshe.
183. Xu, H. B. (1984). A general discussion on the Bronze Age of Guangdong. In Guangdong Provincial Museum and the Art Gallery of the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Eds.), Guangdong chutu xianQin Wenwu [Archaeological Finds from pre-Qin Sites in Guangdong] (pp. 64-85). Hong Kong: Art Gallery of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
184. Yan, W. M. (1984). Lun Zhongguo de tongshi bingyong shidai [On the Chalcolithic Age of China]. Shiqian Yanjiu, 1, 36-44.
185. Yang, Y. L. (1997). Shenzhen ji linjing diqu xian Qin qingtongqi zhuzao jishu de kaocha [A study of pre-Qin bronze casting techniques in Shenzhen and surrounding region]. Kaogu, 6, 77-96.
186. Yunnan Sheng Bowuguan (1977). Yuanmou Dadunzi Xinshiqi shidai yizhi [The Neolithic Site at Dadunzi in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province]. Kaogu Xuebao, 1, 43-72.
187. Yunnan Sheng Bowuguan (1995). Yunnan Jianchuan Haimenkou Qingtongqi shidai zaoqi yizhi [The Bronze Age site of Haimenkou in Jianchuan county]. Kaogu, 9, 775-787.
188. Yunnan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Dali shi Bowuguan, Dali shi Wenwu Guanlisuo, & Dali zhou Wenwu Guanlisuo (2009). Yunnan Dali shi Haidong Yinsuodao yizhi fajue jianbao [Preliminary Report on the Excavation of the Yinsuodao Site at Haidong in Dali City, Yunnan]. Kaogu, 8, 23-41.
189. Yunnan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Dali Zhou Wenwu Guanlisuo, & Jianchuan Xian Wenwu Guanlisuo (2009a). Yunnan Jianchuan xian Haimenkou yizhi [The Haimenkou site in Jianchuan county, Yunnan]. Kaogu, 7, 18-23.
190. Yunnan sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Dali Zhou Wenwu Guanlisuo, & Jianchuan Xian Wenwu Guanlisuo (2009b). Yunnan Jianchuan xian Haimenkou yizhi di sanci fajue [Third excavation season at Haimenkou site in Jianchuan county, Yunnan]. Kaogu, 8, 3-22.
191. Yunnan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Dali zhou Wenwu Guanlisuo, & Yongping xian Wenwu Guanlisuo (2002). Yunnan Yongping Xinguang yizhi fajue baogao [A report of the excavations at Xinguang site in Yongping, Yunnan]. Kaogu Xuebao, 2, 203-234.
192. Yunnan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Kaogu Yanjiusuo Yunnan Gongzuodui, Chengdu Shi Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Chuxiong Zhou Bowuguan, & Yongren Xian Wenhuaguan (2003). Yunnan Yongren Caiyuanzi, Mopandi yizhi 2001 nian fajue baogao [Report of 2001 excavation season at Caiyuanzi and Mopandi sites in Yongren, Yunnan]. Wenhuaguan International Series. Kaogu Xuebao, 2, 263-923.
193. Zhang, Z. (2000a). Yunnan Midu Hejiashan chutu gudai shi taofan he qingtong qi [Ancient bronze artefacts and stone/ceramic moulds excavated at Hejiashan in Midu, Yunnan]. Wenwu, 11, 39-49.
194. Zhang, Z. T. (2000b). Xianggan Kaogu Lunji (Essays on the archaeology of Hong Kong). Beijing, Wenwu Chubanshe.
195. Zhang, Z. T. (2000c). Xianggang diqu Qingtongqi shidai kaogu ji youguan wenti de shentao [The Bronze Age archaeology in Hong Kong and some related problems]. In Z. T. Zhang (Ed.), Xianggan Kaogu Lunji (pp. 102-118). Beijing, Wenwu Chubanshe.
196. Zhang, C. P. (2004a). Lun Yinxu shiqi Nanfang de zun he lei [On the zun and lei of Yinxu phase found in the South]. Kaoguxue Jikan, 15, 116-128.
197. Zhang, J. G. (2004b). Nanfang diqu chutu Shang-Zhou shiqi yingtao zun tanchu [A preliminary investigation on the Shang-Zhou period stoneware zun found in South China]. Huanan Kaogu, 1, 74-88.
198. Zhang, Z. P. (2005). The Yangshao period: Prosperity and the transformation of prehistoric society. In K. C. Chang & P. F. Xu (edited and with an introduction by S. Allan), The formation of Chinese civilization: An archaeological perspective (pp. 43-83). New Haven: Yale University Press.
199. Zhang, C., & Hung, H. C. (2007). The Neolithic of southern China: Origin, development and dispersal. Asian Perspectives, 47, 299-329.
200. Zhang, C., & Hung, H. C. (2010). The emergence of agriculture in southern China. Antiquity, 84, 11-25.
201. Zhejiang Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, & Xiaoshan Bowuguan (2004). Kuahuqiao (The site of Kuahuqiao). Puyangjiang liuhuo kaogu baogao zhi yi [Archaeological report of Puyang River valley I]. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.
202. Zheng, Q. M. (1993). Chilajiao tongfu shifan chutan [Preliminary investigation of the stone moulds for bronze axe from Chilajiao/Chek Lap Kok]. Journal of the Hong Kong Archaeological Society, 13, 120-122.
203. Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Kaogu Yanjusuo (1991). Zhongguo Kaoguxue zhong Tanshisi niandai shuju 1965-1991 [Radiocarbon Dates in Chinese Archaeology 1965-1991]. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
204. Zhonguo Shehui Kexueyuan Kaogu Yanjiusuo Sichuan Gongzuodui, & Sichuan Guangyuan shi Wenwu Guanlisuo (1991). Sichuan Guangyuan shi Zhangjiapo Xinshiqi shidai yizhi de tiaocha yu shijue [Survey and trial excavation at the Neolithic site of Zhangjiapo in Guangyuan city, Sichuan]. Kaogu, 9, 774-780.
205. Zhu, F. H. (1995). Gudai Zhongguo Qingtongqi [Bronze artefacts of ancient China]. Tianjin: Nankai University Press.