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Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 519-548

A vertical world: The eastern Alps and modern mountaineering

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EID: 83455195721     PISSN: 09521909     EISSN: 14676443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6443.2011.01417.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (67)
  • 1
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    • The book appeared the same year in English as Guido Rey, Peaks and Precipices (New York, 1914), trans. J. E. C. Eaton
    • The book appeared the same year in English as Guido Rey, Peaks and Precipices (New York, 1914), trans. J. E. C. Eaton117-8.
  • 2
    • 0003641261 scopus 로고
    • Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory
    • Compare Nicolas Giudici, La philosophie du Mont Blanc: De l'alpinisme a l'economie immaterielle (Paris
    • Marjorie Hope Nicholsen, Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite (Ithaca, 1959). Compare Nicolas Giudici, La philosophie du Mont Blanc: De l'alpinisme a l'economie immaterielle (Paris2000).
    • (1959) The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite (Ithaca
    • Nicholsen, M.H.1
  • 4
    • 83455187978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La découverte des Alpes et la question du paysage
    • Claude Reichler, La découverte des Alpes et la question du paysage (Geneva, 2002).
    • (2002) Geneva
    • Reichler, C.1
  • 5
    • 0003458902 scopus 로고
    • Des Monts et des mythes
    • L'imaginaire social de la montagne (Grenoble
    • Jean-Paul Bozonnet, Des Monts et des mythes: L'imaginaire social de la montagne (Grenoble, 1992).
    • (1992)
    • Bozonnet, J.-P.1
  • 6
    • 83455253538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamisierung von Zeit und Raum
    • Die Grossglockner-Erstexpeditionen 1799/1800", in Friedbert Aspetsberger (ed.), Der Berg: Einte Berg- und Tal-, Lebens- und Todesbahnen (Innsbruck
    • Marianne Klemun, "Dynamisierung von Zeit und Raum: Die Grossglockner-Erstexpeditionen 1799/1800", in Friedbert Aspetsberger (ed.), Der Berg: Einte Berg- und Tal-, Lebens- und Todesbahnen (Innsbruck2001147-166.
    • (2001) , pp. 147-166
    • Klemun, M.1
  • 8
    • 83455166376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compare, for instance, Reuben Ellis, Vertical Margins: Mountaineering and the Landscapes of Neoimperialism (Madison
    • Compare, for instance, Reuben Ellis, Vertical Margins: Mountaineering and the Landscapes of Neoimperialism (Madison2001).
    • (2001)
  • 9
    • 77956143806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imperial Ascent
    • Mountaineering, Masculinity and Empire (Boulder
    • Peter Bayer, Imperial Ascent: Mountaineering, Masculinity and Empire (Boulder2003).
    • (2003)
    • Bayer, P.1
  • 10
    • 83455166375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Alpinismus: Kultur, Organisation, Politik (Vienna, 1996); Helmuth Zebhauser, Alpinismus im Hitlerstaat: Gedanken, Erinnerungen, Dokumente (Munich, 1998); Tait Keller, "Eternal Mountains-Eternal Germany: The Alpine Association and the Ideology of Alpinism, 1909-1939", PhD dissertation, Georgetown University
    • Rainer Amstaedter, Der Alpinismus: Kultur, Organisation, Politik (Vienna, 1996); Helmuth Zebhauser, Alpinismus im Hitlerstaat: Gedanken, Erinnerungen, Dokumente (Munich, 1998); Tait Keller, "Eternal Mountains-Eternal Germany: The Alpine Association and the Ideology of Alpinism, 1909-1939", PhD dissertation, Georgetown University2006.
    • (2006)
    • Amstaedter, R.1
  • 11
    • 84856044711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mountains, Mountaineering and Modernity: A Cultural History of German and Austrian Mountaineering
    • 1900-1945", PhD dissertation, University of Texas
    • Lee Holt, "Mountains, Mountaineering and Modernity: A Cultural History of German and Austrian Mountaineering, 1900-1945", PhD dissertation, University of Texas2008.
    • (2008)
    • Holt, L.1
  • 12
    • 83455187958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L'alpinismo, il Club Alpino Italiano e il fascismo
    • Claudio Ambrosi and Michael Wedekind (eds), Sport und Faschismen/Sport e fascismi. Geschichte und Region/Storia e regione 13. (Jahrgang
    • Alessandro Pastore, "L'alpinismo, il Club Alpino Italiano e il fascismo", in Claudio Ambrosi and Michael Wedekind (eds), Sport und Faschismen/Sport e fascismi. Geschichte und Region/Storia e regione 13. (Jahrgang2004161-93.
    • (2004) , vol.1 , pp. 61-93
    • Pastore, A.1
  • 13
    • 84876411603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sportfexen, Heldenythen und Opfertod: Alpinismus und Nationalsozialismus
    • Gertrud Pfister, "Sportfexen, Heldenythen und Opfertod: Alpinismus und Nationalsozialismus", 21-60.
    • Pfister, G.1
  • 15
    • 83455187973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (eds), L'invenzione di un cosmo borghese. Valori sociali e simboli culturali dell 'alpinismo nei secoli XIX e XX (Trento
    • Claudio Ambrosi and Michael Wedekind (eds), L'invenzione di un cosmo borghese. Valori sociali e simboli culturali dell 'alpinismo nei secoli XIX e XX (Trento2000).
    • (2000)
    • Ambrosi, C.1    Wedekind, M.2
  • 16
    • 83455249903 scopus 로고
    • Modern Painters, Of Mountain Beauty (London, 1856), was the classic and influential account. Its influence is easily seen in Edward Whymper's account of the first ascent of the Matterhorn in his Scrambles Amongst the Alps in the Years 1860-1869 (1871, reprint of 5th ed.m, New York, 1996), 272-5. For the art-historical debates, Erwin Panofksy, Perspective as Symbolic Form (1927), trans. Christopher S. Wood (London, 1993), remains the classic account. But compare Hubert Damisch, The Origin of Perspective (1978) trans. John Goodman, (Boston, 1993), and Jonathan Crary, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the 19th Century (Boston
    • John Ruskin, Modern Painters, Volume 4, Of Mountain Beauty (London, 1856), was the classic and influential account. Its influence is easily seen in Edward Whymper's account of the first ascent of the Matterhorn in his Scrambles Amongst the Alps in the Years 1860-1869 (1871, reprint of 5th ed.m, New York, 1996), 272-5. For the art-historical debates, Erwin Panofksy, Perspective as Symbolic Form (1927), trans. Christopher S. Wood (London, 1993), remains the classic account. But compare Hubert Damisch, The Origin of Perspective (1978) trans. John Goodman, (Boston, 1993), and Jonathan Crary, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the 19th Century (Boston1992).74-5.
    • (1992) , vol.4 , pp. 74-5
    • Ruskin, J.1
  • 17
    • 83455187976 scopus 로고
    • Noel Annan's biography, Leslie Stephen: The Godless Victorian (New York), remains one of the best pictures of this variety of physical culture
    • Noel Annan's biography, Leslie Stephen: The Godless Victorian (New York), remains one of the best pictures of this variety of physical culture.1984.
    • (1984)
  • 18
    • 8744286571 scopus 로고
    • Hours of Exercise in the Alps
    • John Tyndall, Hours of Exercise in the Alps (1871.
    • (1871)
    • Tyndall, J.1
  • 19
    • 83455249907 scopus 로고
    • Reprint New York
    • Reprint New York189599-101.
    • (1895) , pp. 99-101
  • 20
    • 83455187977 scopus 로고
    • First Steps to Climbing
    • George D. Abraham, First Steps to Climbing 192346.
    • (1923) , pp. 46
    • Abraham, G.D.1
  • 22
    • 83455187971 scopus 로고
    • On Eckenstein, see Alan Hankinson, The Mountain Men: An Early History of Rock Climbing in North Wales (London
    • On Eckenstein, see Alan Hankinson, The Mountain Men: An Early History of Rock Climbing in North Wales (London197747-50.
    • (1977) , pp. 47-50
  • 23
    • 83455187972 scopus 로고
    • Geoffrey Winthrop Young, Mountaincraft 3rd ed (1920
    • Geoffrey Winthrop Young, Mountaincraft 3rd ed (19201934144-148.
    • (1934) , pp. 144-148
  • 24
    • 83455253548 scopus 로고
    • The role of local klettergaerten or practice crags in bringing new urban classes into the arena is a recurring theme in the literature. See especially Dietrich Hasse, Wiege des Freikletterns. Saechsische Marksteiner im weltweiten Alpinsport bis zur mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 2000); Olivier Hoibian, Les alpinistes en France 1870-1950. Une histoire culturelle (Paris, 2000); and Alan Hankinson, The First Tigers:The Early History of Rock Climbing in the Lake District (1972, Rev. ed., Bassenthwaite
    • The role of local klettergaerten or practice crags in bringing new urban classes into the arena is a recurring theme in the literature. See especially Dietrich Hasse, Wiege des Freikletterns. Saechsische Marksteiner im weltweiten Alpinsport bis zur mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 2000); Olivier Hoibian, Les alpinistes en France 1870-1950. Une histoire culturelle (Paris, 2000); and Alan Hankinson, The First Tigers:The Early History of Rock Climbing in the Lake District (1972, Rev. ed., Bassenthwaite1984).
    • (1984)
  • 26
    • 68249110218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The German Community in Manchester, Middle-Class Culture and the Development of Mountaineering in Britain, c. 1850-1914", English Historical Review 124 (2009), 571-604, is a helpful account of the Turners and English mountaineering. Thanks to John Gill for alerting me to Eckenstein's affiliation with Sandow's Institute of Physical Culture. Gill's website, is a useful resource for the early convergence of climbing and gymnastics. On Sandow, see David L. Chapman, Sandow the Magnificent: Eugen Sandow and the Beginnings of Bodybuilding (Champaign-Urbana
    • Jonathan Westaway, "The German Community in Manchester, Middle-Class Culture and the Development of Mountaineering in Britain, c. 1850-1914", English Historical Review 124 (2009), pp. 571-604, is a helpful account of the Turners and English mountaineering. Thanks to John Gill for alerting me to Eckenstein's affiliation with Sandow's Institute of Physical Culture. Gill's website, is a useful resource for the early convergence of climbing and gymnastics. On Sandow, see David L. Chapman, Sandow the Magnificent: Eugen Sandow and the Beginnings of Bodybuilding (Champaign-Urbana2006).
    • (2006)
    • Westaway, J.1
  • 27
    • 83455166364 scopus 로고
    • Camera on the Crags
    • (London), is useful as a case study
    • Alan Hankinson, Camera on the Crags (London), is useful as a case study.1975.
    • (1975)
    • Hankinson, A.1
  • 28
    • 83455253551 scopus 로고
    • For a sampling of the variation even within English approaches, compare C. T. Dent, Mountaineering (London
    • For a sampling of the variation even within English approaches, compare C. T. Dent, Mountaineering (London1892).
    • (1892)
  • 29
    • 83455253553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First Steps to Climbing
    • Abraham, First Steps to Climbing.
    • Abraham1
  • 30
    • 83455166371 scopus 로고
    • Frederick Burlingham, How to Become an Alpinist (London, n.d.); Harold Raeburn, Mountaineering Art (New York
    • Frederick Burlingham, How to Become an Alpinist (London, n.d.); Harold Raeburn, Mountaineering Art (New York1920).
    • (1920)
  • 31
    • 83455253552 scopus 로고
    • Young, Mountaincraft; and Abraham, The Complete Mountaineer (New York
    • Young, Mountaincraft; and Abraham, The Complete Mountaineer (New York,1908).
    • (1908)
  • 32
    • 83455166367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The best introduction to the historiography of the Alps as a region is Jon Mathieu, Geschichte der Alpen 1500-1900: Umwelt, Entwicklung, Gesellschaft (Vienna, 1998). Arbeitsgruppe Regionalgeschichte, Bozen, (ed.), Tirol-Trentino. Eine Begriffsgeschichte/semantic di un concetto in the series Geschichte und Region/Storia e regione 9. Jahrgang, (Vienna/Bozen, 2002), collects a useful series of conceptual histories that map the relationship between cartography, nomination, and politics
    • The best introduction to the historiography of the Alps as a region is Jon Mathieu, Geschichte der Alpen 1500-1900: Umwelt, Entwicklung, Gesellschaft (Vienna, 1998). Arbeitsgruppe Regionalgeschichte, Bozen, (ed.), Tirol-Trentino. Eine Begriffsgeschichte/semantic di un concetto in the series Geschichte und Region/Storia e regione 9. Jahrgang, (Vienna/Bozen, 2002), collects a useful series of conceptual histories that map the relationship between cartography, nomination, and politics.2000.
    • (2000)
  • 33
    • 83455187965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Catholicism and early Tirolian nationalism, see especially Laurence Cole, "Nation, Anti-Enlightenment, and Religious Revival in Austria: Tyrol in the 1790s", The Historical Journal, 43 (June 2000), For the political history of Tirol and South Tirol in the 19th and 20th centuries, see especially Laurence Cole, Fuer Gott, Kaiser und Vaterland: Nationale Identitaet der deutschsprachigen Bevoelkerung Tirols. 1860-1914. Studien zur Historischen Sozialwissenschaft 28 (Frankfurt
    • On Catholicism and early Tirolian nationalism, see especially Laurence Cole, "Nation, Anti-Enlightenment, and Religious Revival in Austria: Tyrol in the 1790s", The Historical Journal, 43 (June 2000), pp. For the political history of Tirol and South Tirol in the 19th and 20th centuries, see especially Laurence Cole, Fuer Gott, Kaiser und Vaterland: Nationale Identitaet der deutschsprachigen Bevoelkerung Tirols. 1860-1914. Studien zur Historischen Sozialwissenschaft 28 (Frankfurt2000)475-497.
    • (2000)
  • 34
    • 83455253543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buergertum und Liberalismus in Tirol
    • 1840-1873. Zwischen Stadt und "Region." Italien in der Moderne, 10 (Cologne
    • Thomas Goetz, Buergertum und Liberalismus in Tirol 1840-1873. Zwischen Stadt und "Region." Italien in der Moderne, 10 (Cologne2001).
    • (2001)
    • Goetz, T.1
  • 35
    • 84864372693 scopus 로고
    • Suedtirol zwischen Rom und Berlin
    • 1919-1939 (Vienna
    • Leopold Steuerer, Suedtirol zwischen Rom und Berlin 1919-1939 (Vienna1980).
    • (1980)
    • Steuerer, L.1
  • 36
    • 83455166374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suedtirol im 20. Jahrehundert. Vom Leben und Ueberleben einer Minderheit (Innsbruck
    • Rolf Steininger, Suedtirol im 20. Jahrehundert. Vom Leben und Ueberleben einer Minderheit (Innsbruck1997.
    • (1997)
    • Steininger, R.1
  • 37
    • 83455187969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steininger, South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick and London). Dennison I. Ruchinow, Italy's Austrian Heritage, 1919-1946 (Oxford, 1969), remains useful
    • Steininger, South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick and London). Dennison I. Ruchinow, Italy's Austrian Heritage, 1919-1946 (Oxford, 1969), remains useful.2003.
    • (2003)
  • 38
    • 83455253541 scopus 로고
    • On tourism, see Adolf Laesser, 100 Jahre Fremdenverkehr in Tirol. Die Geschichte einer Organisation (Innsbruck
    • On tourism, see Adolf Laesser, 100 Jahre Fremdenverkehr in Tirol. Die Geschichte einer Organisation (Innsbruck1989.
    • (1989)
  • 39
    • 83455253542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (eds), Der Alpentourismus Entwicklungspotentizle im Spannungsfeld von Kultur, Oeconomie un Oekologie (Innsbruck
    • Kurt Luger and Franz Rest (eds), Der Alpentourismus Entwicklungspotentizle im Spannungsfeld von Kultur, Oeconomie un Oekologie (Innsbruck2002).
    • (2002)
    • Luger, K.1    Rest, F.2
  • 40
    • 83455187970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Einblicke in die Tourismusgeschichte Diplomarbeit, Universitaet Innsbruck
    • Anna Pfeifer, Einblicke in die Tourismusgeschichte Diplomarbeit, Universitaet Innsbruck2004.
    • (2004)
    • Pfeifer, A.1
  • 42
    • 83455187960 scopus 로고
    • Reprint London
    • Reprint London1907226-56.
    • (1907) , pp. 226-56
  • 43
    • 83455187963 scopus 로고
    • Climbing Reminiscences of the Dolomites
    • London
    • Leone inigaglia, Climbing Reminiscences of the Dolomites (London1896.
    • (1896)
  • 44
    • 83455253547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peaks and Precipices
    • Guido Rey, Peaks and Precipices.
    • Rey, G.1
  • 45
    • 83455249899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1984), remains a suggestive (although not exhaustive) account of the period mix of modern technology and medieval aesthetics. Compare, though, Thomas Rohkraemer, "Antimodernism Reactionary Modernism and National Socialism", Contemporary European History, 8 (March
    • Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1984), remains a suggestive (although not exhaustive) account of the period mix of modern technology and medieval aesthetics. Compare, though, Thomas Rohkraemer, "Antimodernism Reactionary Modernism and National Socialism", Contemporary European History, 8 (March199929-50.
    • (1999) , pp. 29-50
    • Herf, J.1
  • 46
    • 83455166373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the brief but nice discussion in Bernhard Tschofen, Berg-Kultur-Moderne. Volkskundliches as den Alpen (Vienna
    • See the brief but nice discussion in Bernhard Tschofen, Berg-Kultur-Moderne. Volkskundliches as den Alpen (Vienna1999161-63.
    • (1999) , pp. 161-63
  • 47
    • 83455253544 scopus 로고
    • The best recent accounts are found in Augusto Golin (ed.), Alpinismo Acrobatico. Le Dolomiti e l'invenzione dell 'arrampicata/Bergakrobaten. Die Dolomiten und die Erfindung des Kletterns (Bozen, 2006) and Horst Hoefler und Pit Schubert (eds), Wilder Kaiser. Klettergeschichte. Geschichte vom Klettern (Zurich, 2003). Most accounts remain fairly nationalistic. Compare Karl Ziak, Der Mensch und die Berge (1956; Rev. ed., Berlin
    • The best recent accounts are found in Augusto Golin (ed.), Alpinismo Acrobatico. Le Dolomiti e l'invenzione dell 'arrampicata/Bergakrobaten. Die Dolomiten und die Erfindung des Kletterns (Bozen, 2006) and Horst Hoefler und Pit Schubert (eds), Wilder Kaiser. Klettergeschichte. Geschichte vom Klettern (Zurich, 2003). Most accounts remain fairly nationalistic. Compare Karl Ziak, Der Mensch und die Berge (1956; Rev. ed., Berlin1965).
    • (1965)
  • 48
    • 83455166363 scopus 로고
    • A History of Mountaineering in the Alps
    • Claire Elian Engel, A History of Mountaineering in the Alps (London1948).
    • (1948) London
    • Engel, C.E.1
  • 49
    • 0004455628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A History of Mountain Climbing
    • Paris
    • Roger Frison-Roche and Sylvain Jouty, A History of Mountain Climbing (Paris1996).
    • (1996)
    • Frison-Roche, R.1    Jouty, S.2
  • 50
    • 83455166360 scopus 로고
    • Le Diable les Dolomites
    • Paris
    • Tita Piaz, Le Diable les Dolomites (Paris1962.
    • (1962)
    • Piaz, T.1
  • 51
    • 83455187967 scopus 로고
    • Meine Berge (Berlin
    • Luis Trenker and Walther Schmidkunz, Meine Berge (Berlin193250.
    • (1932) , pp. 50
    • Trenker, L.1    Schmidkunz, W.2
  • 52
    • 84862257819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Alpinismus und der alpinen Technik
    • Purtscheller and Eduard Richter (eds), In Hochregionen (Berlin, 1895), For an introduction to changes in equipment, see Mike Parsons and Mary B. Rose, Invisible on Everest: Innovation and the Gear Makers (London
    • Ludwig Purtscheller, "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Alpinismus und der alpinen Technik", in Purtscheller and Eduard Richter (eds), In Hochregionen (Berlin, 1895), pp. For an introduction to changes in equipment, see Mike Parsons and Mary B. Rose, Invisible on Everest: Innovation and the Gear Makers (London2003).95-176.
    • (2003) , pp. 95-176
    • Purtscheller, L.1
  • 53
    • 83455249905 scopus 로고
    • The images in Hans Franz Hans und Kurt Maix, Der Mensch am Berg (Munich), provided especially good period illustrations
    • The images in Hans Franz Hans und Kurt Maix, Der Mensch am Berg (Munich), provided especially good period illustrations.1935.
    • (1935)
  • 54
    • 83455253537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kuenstliche Hilfsmittel auf Hochtouren
    • (1911) reprinted in Messner Reinhold, Paul Preuss (Munich, 1996 This volume reprints the key exchanges in the debate, along with Messner's own commentary. Nicholas Mailaender, Im Zeichen des Edelweiss (Zurich), chronicles the Munich scene
    • Paul Preuss, "Kuenstliche Hilfsmittel auf Hochtouren", (1911) reprinted in Messner Reinhold, Paul Preuss (Munich, 1996 This volume reprints the key exchanges in the debate, along with Messner's own commentary. Nicholas Mailaender, Im Zeichen des Edelweiss (Zurich), chronicles the Munich scene.200651-60.
    • (2006) , pp. 51-60
    • Preuss, P.1
  • 55
    • 83455187964 scopus 로고
    • Erwiderung-Auszuege
    • reprinted in Paul Preuss
    • Tita Piaz, "Erwiderung-Auszuege", (1911), reprinted in Paul Preuss61-64.
    • (1911) , pp. 61-64
    • Piaz, T.1
  • 56
    • 83455249902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peaks and Precipices
    • Rey, Peaks and Precipices129-130.
    • Rey1
  • 57
    • 83455166370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Le Diable les Dolomites
    • Piaz, Le Diable les Dolomites.
    • Piaz1
  • 58
    • 83455166361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emilio Comici (Chiari, 2001) is the best source on Comici's life. The literature on the war in the Alps is too large to survey. For a recent introduction, see Tait Keller, "The Mountains Roar: The Alps During the Great War", Environmental History 14
    • Dalla Porta Xidias Spiro, Emilio Comici (Chiari, 2001) is the best source on Comici's life. The literature on the war in the Alps is too large to survey. For a recent introduction, see Tait Keller, "The Mountains Roar: The Alps During the Great War", Environmental History 142009253-274.
    • (2009) , pp. 253-274
    • Porta, D.1    Spiro, X.2
  • 59
    • 83455166369 scopus 로고
    • On the history of the "Munich Climb" at Tryfan, see Steve Dean, Hands of a Climber: Colin Kirkus (Berwick upon Tweed,
    • On the history of the "Munich Climb" at Tryfan, see Steve Dean, Hands of a Climber: Colin Kirkus (Berwick upon Tweed,1993192.
    • (1993) , pp. 192
  • 61
    • 83455230026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This event, and especially the role of Heinrich Harrer, has become one of the most contested in alpine history. Compare Rainer Rettner, Eiger: Triumph und Tragoedie, 1932-1938 (Zurich
    • This event, and especially the role of Heinrich Harrer, has become one of the most contested in alpine history. Compare Rainer Rettner, Eiger: Triumph und Tragoedie, 1932-1938 (Zurich2008.
    • (2008)
  • 63
    • 83455166366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (ed.), Eiger: The Vertical Arena, trans. Tim Carruthers (Seattle, n.d.)
    • Daniel Anker (ed.), Eiger: The Vertical Arena, trans. Tim Carruthers (Seattle, n.d.).
    • Anker, D.1
  • 64
    • 83455187968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hasse, Wiege des Freikletterns
    • Hasse, Wiege des Freikletterns108-20.
  • 65
    • 83455249896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meditations on the Peaks
    • Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest, trans. Guido Stocco (Rochester, 1998). On the Mauerhakenstreit and the Sierra Club, see Joseph Taylor III, Pilgrims of the Vertical: Yosemite Rock Climbers and Modern Environmental Culture (Cambridge
    • Julius Evola, Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest, trans. Guido Stocco (Rochester, 1998). On the Mauerhakenstreit and the Sierra Club, see Joseph Taylor III, Pilgrims of the Vertical: Yosemite Rock Climbers and Modern Environmental Culture (Cambridge2010).
    • (2010)
    • Evola, J.1
  • 66
    • 83455166368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Mensch am Berg is a good illustration
    • Franz and Maix, Der Mensch am Berg is a good illustration.63.
    • Maix, F.1
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.