Gorbachev and the end of the cold war: Different perspectives on the historical personality

Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 207-241

  Zubok, Vladislav M ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 83455172227     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (London: Oxford University Press, 1996), 317.
2. Fred I. Greenstein, "Reagan and Gorbachev: What Difference Did They Make?" in William Wohlforth, ed., Witnesses to the End of the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
3. Anatoliy Chernyayev, "Fenomen Gorbacheva v kontekste liderstva", Mezhdunarodnaya Zhizn', no. 7 (1993).
4. Shest' let's Gorbachevym: po dnevnikovym zapisyam (Moscow: Progress-Kul'tura, 1993)
5. god: Dnevnik pomoshnika prezidenta SSSR (Moscow: Terra, Respublika, 1997).
6. Dmitriy Volkogonov, Sem' Vozhdey: Galereya liderov SSSR (Moscow: Novosti, 1995), 2:322-23.
7. Ben B. Fischer, A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare, An Intelligence Monograph (Center for the Study of Intelligence, September 1997);
8. Robert D. English, "Sources, Methods, and Competing Perspectives on the End of the Cold War", Diplomatic History 23, no. 2(spring 1997):286.
9. Anatoly F. Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to America's Six Cold War Presidents (1962-1986) (New York: Random House, 1995), 482.
10. Oleg Grinevsky senior Soviet arms negotiator, in "Understanding the End of the Cold War, 1980-1987", An Oral History Conference, Brown University, May 7-10, 1998, translated and transcribed by Jeffrey W Dillon, edited by Nina Tannenwald (provisional transcript, the author's copy), 257-58.
11. Anatoly Chernyaev, personal foreign policy assistant to Gorbachev, in "Understanding the End of the Cold War", 77-78.
12. Robert M. Gates, In from, the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 330-34, 335-40.
13. Politburo Sessions, October 4 and 8, 1986, notes of Anatoly Chernyaev, the Archive of Gorbachev Foundation, -fond 2, opis' 1.
14. Gates, In from, the Shadows, 385-88, 439;
15. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993), esp. 765;
16. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998);
17. Raymond L. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution, 1994).
18. Michael Ellman and Vladimir Kontorovich, eds., The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System: An Insiders' History (Armonk, NY.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 22-23, 165-69.
19. "The Collapse of the Soviet System and the Memoir Literature", Europe-Asia Studies 49, no. 2 (March 1997).
20. David Kotz, with Fred Weir, Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System (London: Routledge, 1997).
21. Transcript of interview by Oleg Skvortsov, director of the Oral History Project at the Institute of General History, with Sergei Tarasenko, March 19, 1999
22. Dmitriy Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva", Svobodnaya mysl' (Moscow), no. 11(1995):70-71.
23. Brown, Gorbachev Factor, 59.
24. Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober, Reagan: The Man and His Presidency: An Oral History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), 327.
25. Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva", 71.
26. Chernyayev, 1991 god, 15-16.
27. Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva", 62.
28. Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin: The Memoirs of Yegor Ligachev, trans. Catherine H. Fitzpatrick, Michele A. Berdy, and Dobrochna Dyrcz-Freeman (New York: Pantheon, 1993), 126, 128.
29. Note that this book was titled "The Gorbachev Enigma" in the Russian version.
30. Valeriy Boldin, Krusheniye pedestala: Shtrikhi k portretu M. S. Gorbacheva (Moscow: Respublika, 1995);
31. Yegor Ligachev, Zagadka Gorbacheva (Novosibirsk: Interbuk, 1992);
32. Vitaliy Vorotnikov, A bylo eto tak... Iz dnevnika chlena Politbyuro TsK KPSS (Moscow: Sovet veteranov knigoizdaniya SI-MAR, 1995);
33. Nikolay Ryzhkov, Desyat' let velikikh potraysenii (Moscow: Kniga, Prosveshcheniye, Miloserdiye, 1996);
34. Perestroyka: istoriya predatel'stv (Moscow: Novosti, 1992);
35. Vladimir Kryuchkov, Lichnoye delo, 2 vols. (Moscow: Olimp, 1996);
36. Nikolay S. Leonov, Likholet'e (Moscow: Mezhdunarodniye otnosheniya, 1994);
37. Vladimir Medvedev, Chelovek za spinoi (Moscow: Russlit, 1994);
38. Oleg Shenin, Rodinu ne prodaval (Moscow: Paleya, 1994);
39. Sergey Akhromeyev and G. M. Korniyenko, Glazami marshala i diplomata: Kriticheskiy vzglyad na vneshnyuyu politiku SSSR do i posle 1985-go goda (Moscow: Mezhdunarodniye otnosheniya, 1992);
40. Georgiy Korniyenko, Kholodnaya voyna: Svidetel'stvo yeye uchastnika (Moscow: Politizdat, 1994);
41. Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen, trans. Heddy Pross-Werth (Munich: Droemer Knaur, 1993);
42. Vadim Pechenev, Gorbachev: K vershinam vlasti: Iz teoretiko-memuarnykh razmyshlenii [Gorbachev: To the pinnacle of power: memoir and theoretical reflections] (Moscow: Gospodin narod, 1991);
43. Vzlet i padeniye Gorbacheva: Glazami ochevidtsa (Moscow: Respublika, 1996);
44. Anatoliy Gromyko, Andrey Gromyko v labirintakh Kremlya. Vospominaniya i razmishleniya syna (Moscow: IPO Avtor, 1997);
45. Boris Yeltsin, Ispoved na zadannuyu temu (Moscow: PIK, 1990);
46. Dobrynin, In Confidence
47. Russian edition, Sugubo doveritel'no: posol v Vashingtone pri shesti prezidentakh SShA (1962-1986gg) (Moscow: Avtor, 1997).
48. Chernyayev, "Fenomen Gorbacheva";
49. Shest' let's Gorbachevym and his 1991 god;
50. Georgiy Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody: Reformatsiya Gorbacheva glazami yego pomoshchnika (Moscow: Rossika-Zevs, 1993);
51. Vadim Medvedev, V komande Gorbacheva: Vzglyad iznutri (Moscow: Bylina, 1994);
52. Raspad: kak on nazreval v "mirovoi sisteme sotsializma" (Moscow: Mezhdunarodniye otsnosheniya, 1994);
53. Aleksandr Yakovlev, Predisloviye, obval, poslesloviye (Moscow: Novosti, 1992);
54. Eduard Shevardnadze, Moy vybor v zashchitu demokratii i svobody (Moscow: Novosti, 1991);
55. Andrey Grachev, Dalshe bez menya. Ukhod Prezidenta (Moscow: Progress-Kul'tura, 1994);
56. Kremlevskaya khronika (Moscow: EKSMO, 1994);
57. Pavel Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The M.emoir of a Soviet Interpreter (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
58. Nina Tannenwald, ed., Understanding the End of the Cold War, 1980-87, An Oral History Conference, Brown University, May 7-10, 1998, translated and transcribed by Jeffrey W. Dillon, May 1999
59. The End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989: "New Thinking" and New Evidence, Transcript of the Proceedings of the Musgrove Conference on the Openness in Russia and Eastern Europe Project, Musgrove Plantation, St. Simon's Island, Ga., May 1-3, 1998
60. Mikhail Gorbachev, Zhizn' i reformy, 2 vols. (Moscow: Novosti, 1995);
61. Avgustovskiy putch: Prichiny i Sledstviya (Moscow: Novosti, 1991);
62. Dekabr-91: Moya pozitsiya (Moscow: Novosti, 1992).
63. Russian intellectuals in Perestroyka desyat' let spustya (aprel' 1985-aprel' 1995) (Moscow: Aprel'-85 Publishing House, 1995).
64. N. N. Kozlova, Gorizonti povsednevnosti Sovetskoy epokhi. Golosa iz khora [Horizons of Everyday Life of Soviet Era: Voices from the Chorus] (Moscow: Institute of Philosophy, 1996).
65. Chernyayev, "Fenomen Gorbacheva", 52.
66. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, 47.
67. Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva" 66;
68. Vladimir Shemyatenkov, deputy head of the Cadre Department of the CC CPSU in 1985-88, implies that Gorbachev was too good for the Soviet society. Skvortsov interview with Shemyatenkov, Moscow, November 18, 1998.
69. Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev, Gorbachev-On My Country and the World, trans. George Shriver (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
70. Chernyayev, Shest' let's Gorbachevym, 278, 280.
71. Skvortsov interview with Yegor Ligachev, December 17, 1998, Moscow.
72. Medvedev, "Chelovek za spinoi" 214-15, 225;
73. Skvortsov interview with Valery Boldin, Moscow, February 24, 1999;
74. Yeltsin, Ispoved na zadannuyu temu, 125.
75. Chernyayev, "Fenomen Gorbacheva" 59.
76. Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva"
77. Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva"
78. Shest' let's Gorbachevym, 343.
79. Chernyayev, "Fenomen Gorbacheva" 56;
80. Shest' let's Gorbachevym", 241.
81. Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva" 67.
82. Perestroyka desyat' let spustya (aprel' 1985-aprel' 1995) (Moscow: Aprel'-85 Publishing House, 1995), 102-3;
83. Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin, 128.
84. From the Skvortsov interview with Ligachev, Moscow, December 17, 1998.
85. From the Skvortsov interview with Kryuchkov, Moscow, October 13 and December 7, 1998.
86. Pavel Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 103-4.
87. Vladimir O. Pechatnov", 'The Allies Are Pressing You on to Break Your Will...' Foreign Policy Correspondence Between Stalin and Molotov and Other Politburo Members, September 1945-December 1946", trans. Vladislav Zubok, Cold War International History Project Working Paper no. 26 (Washington, D. C., September 1999).
88. Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva"
89. Vladislav Zubok and Constantin Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From, Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), chap. 1
90. Pechatnov, "The Allies Are Pressing" 10-11.
91. The End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989, 158-59.
92. Roald Z. Sagdeev, The Making of a Soviet Scientist: My Adventures in Nuclear Fusion and Space from Stalin to Star Wars, ed. Susan Eisenhower (New York: Wiley, 1994), 268-69.
93. Furman, "Fenomen Gorbacheva" 70-71.
94. Chernyayev, 1991 god, 11-12.
95. Skvortsov interview with Valery Boldin, Moscow, February 24, 1999, pp. 126, 127.
96. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 624-27.
97. Kornienko's personal communication to the author, Moscow, October 1996.
98. "Fenomen Gorbacheva", 71-72.
99. Andrew Bennett, Condemned to Repetition? The Rise, Fall, and Reprise of Soviet Russian Military Interventionism, 1973-1996 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999).
100. Jacques Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe, trans. Keith Martin (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), esp. 252.
101. Anatoliy Gromyko, Andrey Gromyko v labirintakh Kremlya. Vospominaniya i razmishleniya syna (Moscow: IPO Avtor, 1997), 182, 184.
102. Anatol Lieven, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 204.
103. Interviews with Aleksandr Yakovlev and Andrei Grachev
104. Brown, Gorbachev Factor, 383-84;
105. Vladimir Yegorov, Out of a Dead End into the Unknown: Notes on Gorbachev's Perestroika, trans. David Floyd (Chicago: Edition, 1993);
106. Georgiy Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody: Reformatsiya Gorbacheva glazami yego pomoshchnika (Moscow: Rossika-Zevs, 1993), 147.
107. Perestroyka desyat' let spustya, 29-30, 60.
108. Chernyaev's and Medvedev's notes at the Politburo, May 11, 1989;
109. The Union Could Be Preserved: The White Book: Documents and Facts about the Policy of M. S. Gorbachev to Reform and Preserve the Multi-National State (Moscow: April Publishers, 1995), 52, 55.
110. "At Historic Crossroads: Documents on the December 1989 Malta Summit", Cold War International History Bulletin, no. 12/13(fall/winter 2001):229-41
111. Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice, Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 129.
112. Perestroyka desyat' let spustya, 19.
113. Skvortsov interview with Ligachev, December 17, 1998, Moscow.
114. William Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
115. Lévesque, Enigma of 1989, 2.
116. Interview with Ligachev, Moscow, December 17, 1998;
117. Carolyn McGiffert Ekedahl and Melvin A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 71-98.
118. Ivan N. Kuzmin, Krusheniye GDR: Istoriya. Posledstviya (Moscow: Nauchnaya kniga, 1996), 112-13.
119. Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989, 83, 178-81, 255.
120. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 627-28 (emphasis added).
121. Dobrynin, Sugubo doveritel' no, 642;
122. G. M. Korniyenko, Kholodnaya voyna: Svidetel'stvo yeye uchastnika (Moscow: Mezhdunarodniye otnosheniya, 1994), 261-68.
123. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 626.
124. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 135.
125. Michael Beschoss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), 73-100.
126. Fritz Ermarth, chairman of the National Intelligence Council, CIA, "The Russian Revolution and the Future Russian Threat to the West: Geostrategic Woolgathering", May 18, 1990, declassified and posted on the Johnston Reading List, June 30, 1999.
127. Directorate of Intelligence (CIA), "Rising Political Instability Under Gorbachev: Understanding the Problem and Prospects for Resolution, An Intelligence Assessment" (April 1989)
128. "Gorbachev's Domestic Gambles and Instability in the USSR, An Intelligence Assessment" (September 1989);
129. James A. Baker III, with Thomas M. De Frank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995), 144-52;
130. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 173.
131. @ Zelikow and Rice, Germany Unified, 398-99.
132. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 165.
133. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 317.
134. Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Errinerungen eines Diplomaten, trans. Hilde Ettinger and Helmut Ettinger (Berlin: Siedler, 1993), 16-17;
135. Zelikow and Rice, Germany Unified, 124-25;
136. record of the meeting on Germany at the CC CPSU, January 28, 1990, from Anatoly Chernyaev's journal.
137. Zelikow and Rice, Germany Unified.
138. Sergey E. Trubetskoy, Minuvsheye (Moscow: DEM, 1991), 109, 110.
139. Yuriy Afanasyev, ed., Sovetskoye obshchestvo: vozniknoveniye, razvitiye, istoricheskiy final, vol. 2 (Moscow: Rossiyskiy gosudarstvenniy gumanitarniy universitet, 1997), 560, 562.