메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 2919-2949

Land-sourced pollution with an emphasis on domestic sewage: Lessons from the caribbean and implications for coastal development on indian ocean and pacific coral reefs

Author keywords

Coral reefs; Land sourced pollution; Nutrients; Sewage

Indexed keywords


EID: 83355167566     PISSN: 20711050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/su2092919     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (52)

References (99)
  • 1
    • 84867286095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goreau. T.J. Global Change, Coral Reef Restoration, Sustainable Fisheries
    • World Summit on Sustainable Development, Civil Society Global Forum on the Oceans, NASREC: Johannesburg, South Africa, 29 August
    • Goreau. T.J. Global Change, Coral Reef Restoration, Sustainable Fisheries, and Renewable Ocean Energy Development; World Summit on Sustainable Development, Civil Society Global Forum on the Oceans, NASREC: Johannesburg, South Africa, 29 August 2002.
    • (2002) Renewable Ocean Energy Development
  • 2
    • 0003939530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of California: Berkeley, CA, USA
    • Spalding, M.D.; Ravilious, C.; Green, E.P. World Atlas of Coral Reefs; UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of California: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2001.
    • (2001) World Atlas of Coral Reefs
    • Spalding, M.D.1    Ravilious, C.2    Green, E.P.3
  • 3
    • 0000717690 scopus 로고
    • West African reef corals: A hypothesis on their origin
    • The Great Barrier Reef Committee: Brisbane, Australia, (accessed on 9 September 2010), Available online:
    • Laborel, J. West African reef corals: A hypothesis on their origin. In Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium; The Great Barrier Reef Committee: Brisbane, Australia, 1974; Volume 1, pp. 425-443; Available online: http://www.reefbase.org/resource_ center/publication/icrs.aspx?icrs=ICRS2 (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (1974) Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium , vol.1 , pp. 425-443
    • Laborel, J.1
  • 4
    • 84867286701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erlangen Earth Conference Series Xxxii; Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA
    • Freiwald, A.; Roberts, J.M. Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems; Erlangen Earth Conference Series Xxxii; Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA, 2005.
    • (2005) Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems
    • Freiwald, A.1    Roberts, J.M.2
  • 5
    • 84867291201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University of Massachusetts
    • Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • University of Massachusetts. Corals of the Cape Verde Islands; Available online: http://www.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/corals.html (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • Corals of the Cape Verde Islands
  • 6
    • 84867321138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Geographic Committee for Research & Exploration: Washington, DC, USA, Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • Floeter, S.R. The Evolution and Ecology of a Poorly Known Atlantic Biodiversity Hotspot; National Geographic Committee for Research & Exploration: Washington, DC, USA, 2006; Available online: http://www.lbmm.ufsc.br/projetos/stome/NGS_STome_Report.pdf (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • (2006) The Evolution and Ecology of a Poorly Known Atlantic Biodiversity Hotspot
    • Floeter, S.R.1
  • 7
    • 78049245818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine Program, World Wildlife Fund: Washington, DC, USA, Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • Nelson, F. East Africa: Trends in Coastal Tourism & Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Development; Marine Program, World Wildlife Fund: Washington, DC, USA, 2007; Available online: http://www.responsibletravel.org/resources/documents/reports/FINAL_REPORT_Fred_ Nelson_Jan_08.pdf (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • (2007) East Africa: Trends in Coastal Tourism & Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Development
    • Nelson, F.1
  • 9
    • 84867291202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sea Slug Forum.
    • Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • Sea Slug Forum. What Are Zooxanthellae? Available online: http://www.seaslugforum.net/ zoox1.htm (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • What Are Zooxanthellae?
  • 10
    • 0345484436 scopus 로고
    • What is really killing the corals?
    • Shinn, E.A. What is really killing the corals? Sea Frontiers 1989, 35, 72-81.
    • (1989) Sea Frontiers , vol.35 , pp. 72-81
    • Shinn, E.A.1
  • 12
    • 84867286079 scopus 로고
    • A Survey of Corals near Grand Anse Beach
    • OAS: Washington, DC, USA
    • Hunte, W. A Survey of Corals near Grand Anse Beach, Grenada; OAS: Washington, DC, USA, 1987.
    • (1987) Grenada
    • Hunte, W.1
  • 14
    • 34250098662 scopus 로고
    • Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. II-Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies.
    • Tomascik, T.; Sander, F. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. II-Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies. Mar. Biol. 1987, 94, 53-75.
    • (1987) Mar. Biol. , vol.94 , pp. 53-75
    • Tomascik, T.1    Sander, F.2
  • 15
    • 34250098947 scopus 로고
    • Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. III-Reproduction of the reef-building coral Porites porites
    • Tomascik, T.; Sander, F. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. III-Reproduction of the reef-building coral Porites porites. Mar. Biol. 1987, 94, 77-94.
    • (1987) Mar. Biol. , vol.94 , pp. 77-94
    • Tomascik, T.1    Sander, F.2
  • 16
    • 83055193256 scopus 로고
    • CEP Technical Report 2; United Nations Environment Programme, Caribbean Environment Programme: Kingston, Jamaica, Available online, (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • Regional Overview of Environmental Problems and Priorities Affecting the Coastal and Marine Resources of the Wider Caribbean Region; CEP Technical Report 2; United Nations Environment Programme, Caribbean Environment Programme: Kingston, Jamaica, 1989; Available online: http://www.cep.unep.org/publications-and-resources/technical-reports/tr02en.pdf (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (1989) Regional Overview of Environmental Problems and Priorities Affecting the Coastal and Marine Resources of the Wider Caribbean Region
  • 19
    • 33748181521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harmful algae on tropical coral reefs: Bottom-up eutrophication and top-down herbivory. Harmful Algae 2006
    • 565-585; Available online, (accessed on 23 July 2010).
    • Littler, M.L.; Littler, D.S.; Brooks, B.L. Harmful algae on tropical coral reefs: Bottom-up eutrophication and top-down herbivory. Harmful Algae 2006, 5, 565-585; Available online: http://www.littlersworks.net/reprints/Littler2006a.pdf (accessed on 23 July 2010).
    • 5
    • Littler, M.L.1    Littler, D.S.2    Brooks, B.L.3
  • 20
    • 84867313604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting the Oceans from Land-Based Activities-Land-Based Sources and Activities Affecting the Quality and Uses of the Marine
    • Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, UNEP: Washington, DC , USA
    • Protecting the Oceans from Land-Based Activities-Land-Based Sources and Activities Affecting the Quality and Uses of the Marine, Coastal and Associated Freshwater Environment; Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, UNEP: Washington, DC , USA, 2001; Volume 71.
    • (2001) Coastal and Associated Freshwater Environment , vol.71
  • 21
    • 0003438152 scopus 로고
    • Report to the International Coral Reef Initiative; U.S. Department of State, Global Coral Reef Alliance: Chappaqua, NY, USA, Available online, (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • Goreau, T.J.; Hayes, R.L. A Survey of Coral Reef Bleaching in the South Central Pacific during 1994; Report to the International Coral Reef Initiative; U.S. Department of State, Global Coral Reef Alliance: Chappaqua, NY, USA, 1995; Available online: http://globalcoral.org/coral_reef_ bleaching_in_the_sout.htm (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (1995) A Survey of Coral Reef Bleaching in the South Central Pacific during 1994
    • Goreau, T.J.1    Hayes, R.L.2
  • 22
    • 84947146818 scopus 로고
    • Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social causes, and future concerns
    • Nixon, S.W. Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 1995, 41, 199-219.
    • (1995) Ophelia , vol.41 , pp. 199-219
    • Nixon, S.W.1
  • 23
    • 0036701036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication nutrient sources, composition, consequences.
    • Anderson, D.M.; Gilbert, P.M.; Burkholder, J.M. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries 2002, 25, 704-726.
    • (2002) Estuaries , vol.25 , pp. 704-726
    • Anderson, D.M.1    Gilbert, P.M.2    Burkholder, J.M.3
  • 24
    • 6344271329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harmful algal blooms: A global overview
    • Hallegraeff, G.M. Harmful algal blooms: A global overview. Monogr. Oceanog. Methodol. 2003, 11, 25-49.
    • (2003) Monogr. Oceanog. Methodol. , vol.11 , pp. 25-49
    • Hallegraeff, G.M.1
  • 25
    • 84867286688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top-down vs. bottom-up controls of coral reef community structure. Present at
    • Bali, Indonesia, 23-27 October
    • Littler, M.L.; Littler, D.S. Top-down vs. bottom-up controls of coral reef community structure. Present at Ninth International Coral Reefs Symposium Abstracts, Bali, Indonesia, 23-27 October 2000.
    • (2000) Ninth International Coral Reefs Symposium Abstracts
    • Littler, M.L.1    Littler, D.S.2
  • 26
    • 0026864209 scopus 로고
    • Eutrophication and coral reefs: Some examples in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon
    • Bell, P. Eutrophication and coral reefs: Some examples in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Water Res. 1992, 26, 553-568.
    • (1992) Water Res. , vol.26 , pp. 553-568
    • Bell, P.1
  • 27
    • 0001059211 scopus 로고
    • Modification of benthic community structure by natural eutrophication: The Belize Barrier Reef
    • Committee on Coral Reefs of the International Association of Biological Oceanographers and the International Society for Reef Studies: Guam, Micronesia, Available online, (accessed 9 September 2010).
    • Lapointe, B.E.; Littler, M.; Littler, D. Modification of benthic community structure by natural eutrophication: The Belize Barrier Reef. In Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Coral Reefs; Committee on Coral Reefs of the International Association of Biological Oceanographers and the International Society for Reef Studies: Guam, Micronesia, 1992; Volume 1, pp. 323-334; Available online: http://www.reefbase.org/download/download.aspx?type=1&docid=10322 (accessed 9 September 2010).
    • (1992) Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Coral Reefs , vol.1 , pp. 323-334
    • Lapointe, B.E.1    Littler, M.2    Littler, D.3
  • 28
    • 0028607836 scopus 로고
    • Eutrophication and tropic state classification of seagrass communities in the Florida Keys
    • Lapointe, B.E.; Tomasko, D.A.; Matzie, W.R. Eutrophication and tropic state classification of seagrass communities in the Florida Keys. Bull. Mar. Sci. 1994, 54, 696-717.
    • (1994) Bull. Mar. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 696-717
    • Lapointe, B.E.1    Tomasko, D.A.2    Matzie, W.R.3
  • 29
    • 0024199327 scopus 로고
    • Changes in Kenyan coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation
    • McClanahan, T.R.; Muthiga, N.A. Changes in Kenyan coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation. Hydrobiologia 1988, 166, 269-276.
    • (1988) Hydrobiologia , vol.166 , pp. 269-276
    • McClanahan, T.R.1    Muthiga, N.A.2
  • 30
    • 0028162085 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophes, phase shifts, large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef.
    • Hughes, T.P. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 1994, 265, 1547-1551.
    • (1994) Science , vol.265 , pp. 1547-1551
    • Hughes, T.P.1
  • 31
    • 0030729473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary succession of coral-reef algae: Differing patterns on fished versus unfished reefs
    • McClanahan, T.R. Primary succession of coral-reef algae: Differing patterns on fished versus unfished reefs. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1997, 218, 77-102.
    • (1997) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.218 , pp. 77-102
    • McClanahan, T.R.1
  • 32
    • 1242332934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of artisanal fishing on Caribbean coral reefs
    • Hawkins, J.P.; Roberts, C.M. Effects of artisanal fishing on Caribbean coral reefs. Conserv. Biol. 2004, 18, 215-226.
    • (2004) Conserv. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 215-226
    • Hawkins, J.P.1    Roberts, C.M.2
  • 33
    • 77957216595 scopus 로고
    • Bleaching and reef community change in Jamaica: 1951-1991. Symposium on long term dynamics of coral reefs
    • Goreau, T.J. Bleaching and reef community change in Jamaica: 1951-1991. Symposium on long term dynamics of coral reefs. Am. Zool. 1992, 32, 683-695.
    • (1992) Am. Zool. , vol.32 , pp. 683-695
    • Goreau, T.J.1
  • 35
    • 79956001986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Super Reefs Fend Off Climate Change, Study Says, 27 April, Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • Super Reefs Fend Off Climate Change, Study Says. Science Daily, 27 April 2009; Available online: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090423132612.htm (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • (2009) Science Daily
  • 36
    • 0034035819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event
    • Goreau, T.J.; McClanahan, T.; Hayes, R.; Strong, A. Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. Conserv. Biol. 2000, 14, 5-15.
    • (2000) Conserv. Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 5-15
    • Goreau, T.J.1    McClanahan, T.2    Hayes, R.3    Strong, A.4
  • 37
    • 0036701036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication nutrient sources, composition, consequences.
    • Anderson, D.M.; Gilbert, P.M.; Burkholder, J.M. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries 2002, 25, 704-726.
    • (2002) Estuaries , vol.25 , pp. 704-726
    • Anderson, D.M.1    Gilbert, P.M.2    Burkholder, J.M.3
  • 38
    • 84867291203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case study: Waste nutrients: Impacts on coastal coral reefs and fisheries, and abatement via land recycling
    • Havana, Cuba, 27 October-1 November, Small Island Developing States Network of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA): New York, NY, USA, 2003, Available online, (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • Goreau, T.J. Case study: Waste nutrients: Impacts on coastal coral reefs and fisheries, and abatement via land recycling. In Proceeding of United Nations Expert Meeting on Waste Management in Small Island Developing States, Havana, Cuba, 27 October-1 November 2003; Small Island Developing States Network of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA): New York, NY, USA, 2003; Available online: http://www.sidsnet.org/docshare/other/20040310124457_case_study_by_Thomas_J_Goreau_on_waste_mgmt_2003.pdf (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (2003) Proceeding of United Nations Expert Meeting on Waste Management in Small Island Developing States
    • Goreau, T.J.1
  • 39
    • 34548266198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-evaluation of ENCORE: Support for the Eutrophication Threshold Model for Coral Reefs
    • Bell, P.R.F.; Lapointe, B.E.; Elmetri, I. Re-evaluation of ENCORE: Support for the Eutrophication Threshold Model for Coral Reefs. Ambio 2007, 36, 416-424.
    • (2007) Ambio , vol.36 , pp. 416-424
    • Bell, P.R.F.1    Lapointe, B.E.2    Elmetri, I.3
  • 40
    • 0001975939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral reef use and conservation
    • McClanahan, T.R., Sheppard, C.R.C., Obura, D.O., Eds.; Oxford University: Oxford, UK
    • McClanahan, T.R. Coral reef use and conservation. In Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean-Their Ecology and Conservation; McClanahan, T.R., Sheppard, C.R.C., Obura, D.O., Eds.; Oxford University: Oxford, UK, 2000; pp. 39-76.
    • (2000) Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean-Their Ecology and Conservation , pp. 39-76
    • McClanahan, T.R.1
  • 41
    • 0033740901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral reef fishing and coral-algal phase shifts: Implications for global reef status. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2000
    • 572-578.
    • McManus, J.W.; Menez, L.A.B.; Kesner-Reyes, K.N.; Vergara, S.G.; Ablan, M.C. Coral reef fishing and coral-algal phase shifts: Implications for global reef status. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2000, 57,572-578.
    • 57
    • McManus, J.W.1    Menez, L.A.B.2    Kesner-Reyes, K.N.3    Vergara, S.G.4    Ablan, M.C.5
  • 42
    • 0005950160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating Eden Series No 5; International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED): London, UK, Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • Barrow, E.; Gichohi, H.; Infield, M. Rhetoric or Reality? A Review of Community Conservation and Practice in East Africa; Evaluating Eden Series No 5; International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED): London, UK, 2000; Available online: http://www.iied.org/pubs/ pdfs/7807IIED.pdf (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • (2000) Rhetoric or Reality? A Review of Community Conservation and Practice in East Africa
    • Barrow, E.1    Gichohi, H.2    Infield, M.3
  • 43
    • 84867293031 scopus 로고
    • Field Notes and Underwater Photography, Grand Anse Beach Sewage Treatment Project; Regional Environmental Management Specialist (REMS)/Caribbean, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Regional Development Office for the Caribbean (RDO/C): Bridgetown, Barbados
    • DeGeorges, A. Field Notes and Underwater Photography, Grand Anse Beach Sewage Treatment Project; Regional Environmental Management Specialist (REMS)/Caribbean, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Regional Development Office for the Caribbean (RDO/C): Bridgetown, Barbados, 1988.
    • (1988)
    • DeGeorges, A.1
  • 44
    • 33746265103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing pressure of herbivorous coral reef fishes on low coral-cover reefs
    • Paddack, M.J.; Cowen, R.K.; Sponaugle, S. Grazing pressure of herbivorous coral reef fishes on low coral-cover reefs. Coral Reef 2006, 25, 461-472.
    • (2006) Coral Reef , vol.25 , pp. 461-472
    • Paddack, M.J.1    Cowen, R.K.2    Sponaugle, S.3
  • 45
    • 54349084565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral reef fish and benthic community structure of Bonaire and Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles.
    • Sandin, S.A.; Sampayo, E.M.; Vermeij, M.J.A. Coral reef fish and benthic community structure of Bonaire and Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. Caribb. J. Sci. 2008 44, 137-144.
    • (2008) Caribb. J. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 137-144
    • Sandin, S.A.1    Sampayo, E.M.2    Vermeij, M.J.A.3
  • 46
    • 84867286081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of major transboundary problems and issues
    • United Nations Environment Programme and Environment: Washington, DC, USA, Available online, (accessed on 26 July 2010).
    • Assessment of major transboundary problems and issues. In Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Land-Based Sources and Activities in the Western Indian Ocean Region; United Nations Environment Programme and Environment: Washington, DC, USA, 2008; Available online: http://www.iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_11279946939/reports/wiolab-tda (accessed on 26 July 2010).
    • (2008) Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Land-Based Sources and Activities in the Western Indian Ocean Region
  • 47
    • 77949263716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turks and Caicos Islands 2006 coral reef assessment: Large-scale environmental and ecological interactions and their management implications
    • Goreau, T.J.; Fisher, T.; Perez, F.; Lockhart, K.; Hibbert, M.; Lewin, A. Turks and Caicos Islands 2006 coral reef assessment: Large-scale environmental and ecological interactions and their management implications. Rev. Biol. Trop. 2008, 56, 25-49.
    • (2008) Rev. Biol. Trop. , vol.56 , pp. 25-49
    • Goreau, T.J.1    Fisher, T.2    Perez, F.3    Lockhart, K.4    Hibbert, M.5    Lewin, A.6
  • 48
    • 84867291205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twong'o, T.K.; Sikoyo, G.M. Status of the resources of coastal aquatic ecosystems of Kenya and Tanzania
    • Wakhungu, J.W., Sikoyo, G.M., Eds.; African Centre for Technology Studies (ACT): Nairobi, Kenya
    • Twong'o, T.K.; Sikoyo, G.M. Status of the resources of coastal aquatic ecosystems of Kenya and Tanzania. In Shared Ecosystems of East Africa: Institutional Analysis; Wakhungu, J.W., Sikoyo, G.M., Eds.; African Centre for Technology Studies (ACT): Nairobi, Kenya, 2003.
    • (2003) Shared Ecosystems of East Africa: Institutional Analysis
  • 49
    • 81555228932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CORDIO Status Report, Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., Linden, O., Eds.; Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean: Mombasa, Kenya, Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010), 2008
    • Ten Years after Bleaching-Facing The Consequences of Climate Change in the Indian Ocean; CORDIO Status Report 2008; Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., Linden, O., Eds.; Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean: Mombasa, Kenya, 2008; Available online: http://www.cordioea.org/storage/status-reports-full/CORDIO%202008-Summaries.pdf (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • (2008) Ten Years after Bleaching-Facing The Consequences of Climate Change in the Indian Ocean
  • 50
    • 0019735731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kaneohe Bay sewage diversion experiment: Perspectives on ecosystem responses to nutritional perturbation. Pac. Sci. 1981
    • 279-385; Available online, (accessed on 22 July 2010).
    • Smith, S.V.; Kimmerer, W.J.; Laws, E.A.; Brock, R.E.; Walsh, T.W. Kaneohe Bay sewage diversion experiment: Perspectives on ecosystem responses to nutritional perturbation. Pac. Sci. 1981, 35, 279-385; Available online: http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/616 (accessed on 22 July 2010).
    • 35
    • Smith, S.V.1    Kimmerer, W.J.2    Laws, E.A.3    Brock, R.E.4    Walsh, T.W.5
  • 53
    • 84867294855 scopus 로고
    • Draft field notes; Regional Environmental Management Specialist (REMS)/Caribbean, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Regional Development Office for the Caribbean (RDO/C): Bridgetown, Barbados
    • DeGeorges, A. Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management; Draft field notes; Regional Environmental Management Specialist (REMS)/Caribbean, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Regional Development Office for the Caribbean (RDO/C): Bridgetown, Barbados, 1988.
    • (1988) Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management
    • DeGeorges, A.1
  • 55
    • 84867323811 scopus 로고
    • Prepared for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); Regional Development Office for the Caribbean (RDO/C) by the Centre for International Development and the Environment, USAID/RDO/C: Bridgetown, Barbados
    • Johnson, N.; DeGeorges, A.; Jackson, I.; Talbot, K.; Teytaud, R. Biological Diversity and Tropical Forest Assessment for the Eastern Caribbean; Prepared for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); Regional Development Office for the Caribbean (RDO/C) by the Centre for International Development and the Environment, USAID/RDO/C: Bridgetown, Barbados, 1988.
    • (1988) Biological Diversity and Tropical Forest Assessment for the Eastern Caribbean
    • Johnson, N.1    DeGeorges, A.2    Jackson, I.3    Talbot, K.4    Teytaud, R.5
  • 56
    • 84867291207 scopus 로고
    • San Juan, Puerto Rico, 7-9 August 1989; Caribbean Islands Directorate, U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program, OES/ENR/MAB, Department of State: Washington, DC, USA
    • Puerto Rico Workshop on Land-based Sources of Marine Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 7-9 August 1989; Caribbean Islands Directorate, U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program, OES/ENR/MAB, Department of State: Washington, DC, USA, 1989.
    • (1989) Puerto Rico Workshop on Land-based Sources of Marine Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region
  • 57
    • 0000201945 scopus 로고
    • Florida's coral reefs are imperilled
    • Ward, F. Florida's coral reefs are imperilled. Nat. Geogr. 1990, 178, 115-132.
    • (1990) Nat. Geogr. , vol.178 , pp. 115-132
    • Ward, F.1
  • 58
    • 84867291209 scopus 로고
    • WWF
    • Submitted to USAID Port-au-Prince, Haiti by World Wildlife Fund (WWF)-US in association with Wilcox Associates: Washington, DC, USA
    • WWF. Proposal to Establish a National Marine Park at les Arcadins, Haiti; Submitted to USAID Port-au-Prince, Haiti by World Wildlife Fund (WWF)-US in association with Wilcox Associates: Washington, DC, USA, 1986.
    • (1986) Proposal to Establish a National Marine Park at les Arcadins, Haiti
  • 59
    • 84867286084 scopus 로고
    • Restoring coral reefs with emphasis on Pacific reefs. In Restoring the Nation'
    • Thayer, G.W., Ed.; A Maryland Sea Grant Program: College Park, MD, USA
    • Maragos, J.E. Restoring coral reefs with emphasis on Pacific reefs. In Restoring the Nation's Marine Environment; Thayer, G.W., Ed.; A Maryland Sea Grant Program: College Park, MD, USA, 1992.
    • (1992) s Marine Environment
    • Maragos, J.E.1
  • 60
    • 84867286690 scopus 로고
    • Restoring the Nation'
    • Thayer, G.W., Ed.; Maryland Sea Grant Book, Maryland Sea Grant College, University of Maryland: College Park, MD, USA
    • Restoring the Nation's Marine Environment; Thayer, G.W., Ed.; Maryland Sea Grant Book, Maryland Sea Grant College, University of Maryland: College Park, MD, USA, 1992.
    • (1992) s Marine Environment
  • 61
    • 1042290295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of nutrient enrichment and herbivory on macro-algal communities near Norman's Pond Cay, Exumas Cays, Bahamas: A 'natural' enrichment experiment
    • Lapointe, B.E.; Barile, P.J.; Yentsch, C.S.; Littler, M.M.; Littler, D.S.; Kakuk, B. The relative importance of nutrient enrichment and herbivory on macro-algal communities near Norman's Pond Cay, Exumas Cays, Bahamas: A 'natural' enrichment experiment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2004, 298, 275-301.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.298 , pp. 275-301
    • Lapointe, B.E.1    Barile, P.J.2    Yentsch, C.S.3    Littler, M.M.4    Littler, D.S.5    Kakuk, B.6
  • 62
    • 84867286083 scopus 로고
    • Bellairs Research Institute
    • Prepared for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); Regional Development Office for the Caribbean (RDO/C) and The Organization of American States, USAID/RDO/C: Bridgetown, Barbados
    • Bellairs Research Institute. Sewage Treatment and Disposal for the Grand Anse Area of Grenada; Prepared for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); Regional Development Office for the Caribbean (RDO/C) and The Organization of American States, USAID/RDO/C: Bridgetown, Barbados, 1989.
    • (1989) Sewage Treatment and Disposal for the Grand Anse Area of Grenada
  • 63
    • 84867286692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The LBSMP-Implementation Challenges
    • Caribbean Water and Wastewater Association (CWWA), Trinidad, WI, USA, 9-13 December
    • Sealy, H. The LBSMP-Implementation Challenges. In Proceedings of the UNEP Workshop on Nutrient Removal Technology, Caribbean Water and Wastewater Association (CWWA), Trinidad, WI, USA, 9-13 December 2002.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the UNEP Workshop on Nutrient Removal Technology
    • Sealy, H.1
  • 64
    • 0003425384 scopus 로고
    • 14th ed.; American Public Health Association, American Water Workers Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, APHA Offices: Washington, DC, USA
    • APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 14th ed.; American Public Health Association, American Water Workers Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, APHA Offices: Washington, DC, USA, 1975.
    • (1975) APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
  • 65
    • 84867286087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA. Personal communication, 29 April
    • Lapointe, B.E. Nutrient Water Quality Standards for Coral Reefs. Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA. Personal communication, 29 April 2004.
    • (2004) Nutrient Water Quality Standards for Coral Reefs
    • Lapointe, B.E.1
  • 67
    • 0347473793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorus-rich waters at Glovers reef, Belize
    • Lapointe, B.E. Phosphorus-rich waters at Glovers reef, Belize. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2004, 48, 193-195.
    • (2004) Mar. Pollut. Bull. , vol.48 , pp. 193-195
    • Lapointe, B.E.1
  • 68
    • 84867295821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA. Personal communication, 27 April
    • Lapointe, B.E. Summary of Literature Coral Reef Water Quality Standards. Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA. Personal communication, 27 April 2004.
    • (2004) Summary of Literature Coral Reef Water Quality Standards
    • Lapointe, B.E.1
  • 72
    • 84867307168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status Report on the Condition of Reef Habitats in Sri Lanka
    • Status Report 2002; Linden, O., Souter, D., Wilhelmsson, D., Obura, D., Eds.; CORDIO Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar: Kalmar, Sweden
    • Rajasuryia, A. Status Report on the Condition of Reef Habitats in Sri Lanka. In Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO); Status Report 2002; Linden, O., Souter, D., Wilhelmsson, D., Obura, D., Eds.; CORDIO Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar: Kalmar, Sweden, 2002; pp. 139-148.
    • (2002) Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) , pp. 139-148
    • Rajasuryia, A.1
  • 74
    • 84867293036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral Recovery from Bleaching in Alphonse and Bijoutier
    • Global Coral Reef Alliance: Chappaqua, NY, USA
    • Goreau, T.J. Coral Recovery from Bleaching in Alphonse and Bijoutier, Seychelles; Global Coral Reef Alliance: Chappaqua, NY, USA, 1998.
    • (1998) Seychelles
    • Goreau, T.J.1
  • 75
    • 84865372578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report to Seychelles Marine Park Authority; Global Coral Reef Alliance: Chappaqua, NY, USA
    • Goreau, T.J. Coral Recovery from Bleaching in Seychelles; Report to Seychelles Marine Park Authority; Global Coral Reef Alliance: Chappaqua, NY, USA, 1998.
    • (1998) Coral Recovery from Bleaching in Seychelles
    • Goreau, T.J.1
  • 76
    • 33744816541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. National Academy of Sciences
    • Graham, N.A.J.; Wilson, S.K.; Jennings, S.; Polunin, N.V.C.; Bijoux, J.P.; Robinson, J. Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 2006, 103, 425-428.
    • (2006) PNAS , vol.103 , pp. 425-428
    • Graham, N.A.J.1    Wilson, S.K.2    Jennings, S.3    Polunin, N.V.C.4    Bijoux, J.P.5    Robinson, J.6
  • 77
    • 84867286694 scopus 로고
    • Marine Pollution in the East African Region, United Nations Environmental Programme, UNEP: Washington, DC , USA, Available online, (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • Regional Seas Reports and Studies; Marine Pollution in the East African Region, United Nations Environmental Programme, UNEP: Washington, DC , USA, 1982; Volume 8; Available online: http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/publications/reports/RSRS/pdfs/rsrs008.pdf (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (1982) Regional Seas Reports and Studies , vol.8
  • 78
    • 5144227536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status of the coral reefs of the South West Indian Ocean island states
    • Wilkinson, C., Ed.; Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, QLD, Australia, Available online, (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • Ahamada, S.; Bijoux, J.; Bigot, L.; Cauvin, B.; Kooonjul, M.; Maharavo, J.; Meunier, S.; Moine-Picard, M.; Quod, J.P.; Pierre-Louis, R. Status of the coral reefs of the South West Indian Ocean island states. In Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004; Wilkinson, C., Ed.; Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, QLD, Australia, 2004; pp. 189-211; Available online: http://www.reefbase.org/main.aspx (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (2004) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004 , pp. 189-211
    • Ahamada, S.1    Bijoux, J.2    Bigot, L.3    Cauvin, B.4    Kooonjul, M.5    Maharavo, J.6    Meunier, S.7    Moine-Picard, M.8    Quod, J.P.9    Pierre-Louis, R.10
  • 79
    • 5144227536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status of Coral reefs in the South West Indian Ocean Island node: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles
    • Wilkinson, C., Ed.; Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, QLD, Australia, Available online, (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • Ahamada, S.; Bigot, L.; Bijoux, J.; Jean, J.M.; Meunier, S.; Moine-Picard, M.; Paupiah, N. Status of Coral reefs in the South West Indian Ocean Island node: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles. In Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002; Wilkinson, C., Ed.; Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, QLD, Australia, 2002; pp. 79-100; Available online: http://www.reefbase.org/main.aspx (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (2002) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 , pp. 79-100
    • Ahamada, S.1    Bigot, L.2    Bijoux, J.3    Jean, J.M.4    Meunier, S.5    Moine-Picard, M.6    Paupiah, N.7
  • 80
    • 84867286696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field notes/dive log of underwater observations off the East Coast of Africa, 1990-1998. Unpublished.
    • DeGeorges, A. Field notes/dive log of underwater observations off the East Coast of Africa, 1990-1998. Unpublished.
    • DeGeorges, A.1
  • 81
    • 33751346852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continued post-bleaching decline and changed benthic community of a Kenyan coral reef
    • Lambo, A.L.; Ormand, R.F.G. Continued post-bleaching decline and changed benthic community of a Kenyan coral reef. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2006, 52, 1617-1624.
    • (2006) Mar. Pollut. Bull. , vol.52 , pp. 1617-1624
    • Lambo, A.L.1    Ormand, R.F.G.2
  • 82
    • 0021858686 scopus 로고
    • Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. I-Growth rate of the reef building coral
    • Tomascik, T.; Sander, F. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. I-Growth rate of the reef building coral Montastraea annularis. Mar. Biol. 1985, 87, 143-155.
    • (1985) Montastraea annularis. Mar. Biol , vol.87 , pp. 143-155
    • Tomascik, T.1    Sander, F.2
  • 88
    • 84867286695 scopus 로고
    • 'Blue Book'
    • Water Quality Criteria, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 1972.
    • Water Quality Criteria 1972. "Blue Book". A Report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteria; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 1972.
    • (1972) A Report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteria
  • 90
    • 84867286090 scopus 로고
    • Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Cincinnati, OH, USA
    • Critical Review of Virus Removal by Coagulation Processes and pH Modifications; Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 1980.
    • (1980) Critical Review of Virus Removal by Coagulation Processes and pH Modifications
  • 92
    • 84867286697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report to the Ministry of Tourism, Philippines; Global Coral Reef Alliance: Cambridge, MA, USA, Available online, Quality and Coral Reef Health In Boracay,.htm (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • Goreau, T.; Goreau, M.; Cervino, J. Water Quality and Coral Reef Health in Boracay, El Nido, Isla Verde, and Balicasag, Philippines; Report to the Ministry of Tourism, Philippines; Global Coral Reef Alliance: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1997; Available online: http://globalcoral.org/Water Quality and Coral Reef Health In Boracay,.htm (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (1997) Water Quality and Coral Reef Health in Boracay, El Nido, Isla Verde, and Balicasag, Philippines
    • Goreau, T.1    Goreau, M.2    Cervino, J.3
  • 93
    • 84904993816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boracay Environmental Restoration, Water Quality, and Sustainable Energy:
    • Global Coral Reef Alliance: Cambridge, MA, USA, Available online, (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • Goreau, T.J. Boracay Environmental Restoration, Water Quality, and Sustainable Energy: Current Situation and Future Prospects; Global Coral Reef Alliance: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2007; Available online: http://globalcoral.org/boracay_environmental_restoratio.htm (accessed on 9 September 2010).
    • (2007) Current Situation and Future Prospects
    • Goreau, T.J.1
  • 94
    • 84867286092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virgin Islands Waster Management Authority: Christiansted, VI, USA, Available online:, BBook.aspx (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • Wastewater-VI Senate Environmental Briefing Book; Virgin Islands Waster Management Authority: Christiansted, VI, USA, 2010; Available online: http://www.viwma.org/wastewater BBook.aspx (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • (2010) Wastewater-VI Senate Environmental Briefing Book
  • 95
    • 84867286091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Florida Moves to Curb Ocean Sewage Dumping
    • 23 April, Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • Brown, T. Florida Moves to Curb Ocean Sewage Dumping. Reuters, 23 April 2008; Available online: http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2230092520080423 (accessed on 10 June 2010).
    • (2008) Reuters
    • Brown, T.1
  • 97
    • 84867286094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MOT
    • Ministry of Tourism, Republic of Mozambique: Maputo, Mozambique, Available online, (accessed on 22 July 2010).
    • MOT. Strategic Plan for the Development of Tourism in Mozambique (2004-2013); Ministry of Tourism, Republic of Mozambique: Maputo, Mozambique, 2004; Available online: http://tourism invest.org/Mozambique/downloads/tourism%20sector%20background/Strategies,%20plans/Plano_Estrategico_en_MITUR.pdf (accessed on 22 July 2010).
    • (2004) Strategic Plan for the Development of Tourism in Mozambique (2004-2013)
  • 98
    • 84867286700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Africa Environment Outlook 2-Our Environment
    • United Nations Environment Programme: Nairobi, Kenya, Available online, (accessed on 22 July 2010).
    • Africa Environment Outlook 2-Our Environment, Our Wealth; United Nations Environment Programme: Nairobi, Kenya, 2006; Available online: http://www.unep.org/DEWA/Africa/docs/ en/AEO2_Our_Environ_Our_Wealth.pdf (accessed on 22 July 2010).
    • (2006) Our Wealth
  • 99
    • 84867293039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mombasa & Coastal Tourism Association: Mombasa, Kenya, 2010; Available online, (accessed on 22 July 2010).
    • About Kenya & the Coast; Mombasa & Coastal Tourism Association: Mombasa, Kenya, 2010; Available online: http://kenyacoast.net/mombasa.htm (accessed on 22 July 2010).
    • About Kenya & the Coast


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.