Sonography of thrombosis of the deep veins of the extremities: Clinical perspectives and imaging review

Journal of Clinical Ultrasound

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 31-43

  Heng Tan, Cher ^a   Bedi, Deepak ^a   Vikram, Raghunandan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARM; ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LEG; REVIEW; UPPER EXTREMITY DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; VASCULARIZATION; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

HUMANS; LOWER EXTREMITY; UPPER EXTREMITY; UPPER EXTREMITY DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 83255193906     PISSN: 00912751     EISSN: 10970096     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20904     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Cronan JJ, Dorfman GS, Scola FH, et al. Deep venous thrombosis: US assessment using vein compression. Radiology 1987; 162: 191.
2. Virchow RLK. Thrombosis and embolism. Vascular inflammation and septic infection [In German]. Frankfurt am Main, Von Meidinger & Sohn, 1856. p 219-732. Translation in Matzdorff AC, Bell WR. Thrombosis and Emboli. Canton, MA:Science History Publications;1998.
3. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, et al. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 585.
4. Heit JA, O'Fallon WM, Petterson TM, et al. Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1245.
5. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 809.
6. Lee AY, Levine MN. Venous thromboembolism and cancer: risks and outcomes. Circulation 2003; 107: 17.
7. Levitan N, Dowlati A, Remick SC, et al. Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Risk analysis using Medicare claims data. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78: 285.
8. Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 677.
9. Tapson VF, Carroll BA, Davidson BL, et al. The diagnostic approach to acute venous thromboembolism. Clinical practice guideline. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1043.
10. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Bormanis J, et al. Value of assessment of pretest probability of deep-vein thrombosis in clinical management. Lancet 1997; 350: 1795.
11. Raghavendra BN, Rosen RJ, Lam S, et al. Deep venous thrombosis: detection by high-resolution real-time ultrasonography. Radiology 1984; 152: 789.
12. Talbot S. Use of real-time imaging in identifying deep venous obstruction: a preliminary report. Bruit 1982; 6: 6.
13. Cronan JJ, Froehlich JA, Dorfman GS. Image-directed Doppler ultrasound: a screening technique for patients at high risk to develop deep vein thrombosis. J Clin Ultrasound 1991; 19: 133.
14. Giess CS, Bach AM, Hann LE. Lower extremity venous sonography in the high-risk cancer population: one leg or two? AJR 2001; 176: 1049.
15. Talbot S, Oliver M. Techniques of Venous Imaging. Pasadena: Davies Publishing; 1992.
16. American College of Radiology: ACR practice guideline for the performance of peripheral venous unltrasound examination. In: ACR Practice Guidelines. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; 2006, p 1.
17. Lensing AW, Prandoni P, Brandjes D, et al. Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 342.
18. Lockhart ME, Sheldon HI, Robbin ML. Augmentation in lower extremity sonography for the detection of deep venous thrombosis. AJR 2005; 184: 419.
19. Fraser JD, Anderson DR. Deep venous thrombosis: recent advances and optimal investigation with US. Radiology 1999; 211: 9.
20. Cronan JJ, Leen V. Recurrent deep venous thrombosis: limitations of US. Radiology 1989; 170: 739.
21. Mattos MA, Melendres G, Sumner DS, et al. Prevalence and distribution of calf vein thrombosis in patients with symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a color-flow duplex study. J Vasc Surg 1996; 24: 738.
22. Gottlieb RH, Widjaja J, Mehra S, et al. Clinically important pulmonary emboli: does calf vein US alter outcomes? Radiology 1999; 211: 25.
23. Badgett DK, Comerota MC, Khan MN, et al. Duplex venous imaging: role for a comprehensive lower extremity examination. Ann Vasc Surg 2000; 14: 73.
24. Lohr JM, Kerr TM, Lutter KS, et al. Lower extremity calf thrombosis: to treat or not to treat? J Vasc Surg 1991; 14: 618.
25. Coon WW. Anticoagulant therapy. Am J Surg 1985; 150: 45.
26. Intersocietal Commission for the Accreditation of Vascular Laboratories Standards for Accreditation in Noninvasive Vascular Testing. Accessed 12 March 2011.
27. Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest 2008; 133: 454S.
28. Cogo A, Lensing AW, Prandoni P, et al. Distribution of thrombosis in patients with symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. Implications for simplifying the diagnostic process with compression ultrasound. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 2777.
29. Cronan JJ. Controversies in venous ultrasound. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1997; 18: 33.
30. Rose SC, Zwiebel WJ, Miller FJ. Distribution of acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients: imaging implications. J Ultrasound Med 1994; 13: 243.
31. American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Suspected lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Accessed July 31 2010.
32. Bundens WP, Bergan JJ, Halasz NA, et al. The superficial femoral vein. A potentially lethal misnomer. JAMA 1995; 274: 1296.
33. Quinlan DJ, Alikhan R, Gishen P, et al. Variations in lower limb venous anatomy: implications for US diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Radiology 2003; 228: 443.
34. Hamper UM, DeJong MR, Scoutt LM. Ultrasound evaluation of the lower extremity veins. Radiol Clin North Am 2007; 45: 525, ix.
35. May R, Thurner J. A vascular spur in the vena iliaca communis sinistra as a cause of predominantly left-sided thrombosis of the pelvic veins. Z Kreislaufforsch 1956; 45: 912.
36. Ferris EJ, Lim WN, Smith PL, et al. May-Thurner syndrome. Radiology 1983; 147: 29.
37. Cil BE, Akpinar E, Karcaaltincaba M, et al. Case 76: May-Thurner syndrome. Radiology 2004; 233: 361.
38. Oguzkurt L, Tercan F, Pourbagher MA, et al. Computed tomography findings in 10 cases of iliac vein compression (May-Thurner) syndrome. Eur J Radiol 2005; 55: 421.
39. Wolpert LM, Rahmani O, Stein B, et al. Magnetic resonance venography in the diagnosis and management of May-Thurner syndrome. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2002; 36: 51.
40. Prandoni P, Polistena P, Bernardi E, et al. Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis. Risk factors, diagnosis, and complications. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 57.
41. Baxter GM, Kincaid W, Jeffrey RF, et al. Comparison of colour Doppler ultrasound with venography in the diagnosis of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis. Br J Radiol 1991; 64: 777.
42. Knudson GJ, Wiedmeyer DA, Erickson SJ, et al. Color Doppler sonographic imaging in the assessment of upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis. AJR 1990; 154: 399.
43. Mustafa BO, Rathbun SW, Whitsett TL, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 401.
44. Haire WD, Lynch TG, Lieberman RP, et al. Utility of duplex ultrasound in the diagnosis of asymptomatic catheter-induced subclavian vein thrombosis. J Ultrasound Med 1991; 10: 493.
45. Joffe HV, Goldhaber SZ. Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis. Circulation 2002; 106: 1874.
46. Sajid MS, Ahmed N, Desai M, et al. Upper limb deep vein thrombosis: a literature review to streamline the protocol for management. Acta Haematol 2007; 118: 10.
47. Kroger K, Schelo C, Gocke C, et al. Colour Doppler sonographic diagnosis of upper limb venous thromboses. Clin Sci (Lond) 1998; 94: 657.
48. Weber TM, Lockhart ME, Robbin ML. Upper extremity venous Doppler ultrasound. Radiol Clin North Am 2007; 45: 513, viii.
49. Patel MC, Berman LH, Moss HA, et al. Subclavian and internal jugular veins at Doppler US: abnormal cardiac pulsatility and respiratory phasicity as a predictor of complete central occlusion. Radiology 1999; 211: 579.
50. Keisler BD, Armsey TD2nd. Paget-Schroetter syndrome in an overhead athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep 2005; 4: 217.
51. Medler RG, McQueen DA. Effort thrombosis in a young wrestler. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993; 75: 1071.
52. Bushnell BD, Anz A, Dugger K, et al. Effort thrombosis presenting as pulmonary embolism in a professional baseball pitcher. Sports Health 2009; 1: 493.
53. Erdman WA, Jayson HT, Redman HC, et al. Deep venous thrombosis of extremities: role of MR imaging in the diagnosis. Radiology 1990; 174: 425.
54. Pedrosa I, Aschkenasi C, Hamdan A, et al. Effort-induced thrombosis: diagnosis with three-dimensional MR venography. Emerg Radiol 2002; 9: 326.
55. American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Suspected upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis. Accessed July 31 2010.