Integrated pest management: Approaches and implementation

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Volumn 81, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 891-893

  Trivedi, T P ^a   Ahuja, D B ^a,b  

^a INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH   (India)

^b ICAR National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management   (India)

Author keywords

'e' pest surveillance; Cultural practices; Host plant resistance; IPM; Natural enemies; Pest forecasting; Pesticides

Indexed keywords

EID: 83155182116     PISSN: 00195022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Agnihotri N P, Kumar M, Gajbhiye V T and Mohapatra S P. 1994. Organochlorine insecticide residues in Ganga River water near Farrukhabad India. Environment Monitoring Assessment 30: 105-12. (Pubitemid 24280277)
2. Agnihotri N P. 1983. Monitoring of pesticides residues in the environment. Pesticide Information 9(3):64-80.
3. Ahuja D B, Ahuja U R, Kalyan R K, Sharma Y K, Dhandapani A, and Meena P C. 2009a. Evaluation of different management strategies for Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) on Brassica juncea. International Journal of Pest Management 55(1): 11-8.
4. Ahuja D B, Rajpurohit T S, Singh Malalm, Solanki Z S, Kalyan R K, Ahuja U R, and Sundria M M. 2009b. Development of integrated pest management technology for sesame and its evaluation in farmer participatory mode. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 79: 808-12.
5. Alam G. 2000. A study of bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers in Haryana, India, Gatekeeper Series 93, 150 pp, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
6. Amera T. 2009.Cotton IPM impact in Ethiopia. Pesticides News 85: 10-2.
7. Antle J M and Pingali P L. 1994. Pesticide, productivity and farmer's health: a Philippine case study. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76: 418-30.
8. Arora S, Singh A, Trivedi T P, Shukla R P and Singh J. 2006. Residues of chloropyriphosh and monocrotophosh in IPM and non-IPM mango orchards. Pesticide Research Journal 18(1): 76-8.
9. Atanassov A, Shearer P W, Hamilton G and Polk D. 2002. Development and implementation of a reduced risk peach arthropod management programme in New Jersey. Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 803-12.
10. Bambawale O M, Tanwar R K, Sharma O P, Bhosle B B, Lavekar R C, Patil S B. Dhandapani A, Trivedi T P, Jeyakumar P, Garg D K, Jafri A A and Meena B L. 2010. Impact of refugia and integrated pest management on the performance of transgenic (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 80: 730-6.
11. Barlow N D. 1983. The role of modeling in practical pest management. (in) Proceeding of Australian Workshop on Development and Implementation of IPM, pp 41-5. Cameron, P J et al. (Eds). Government Printer, Auckland.
12. Bateman R P and Thomas M. 1996. Pathogens application and against locust and grasshoppers: insecticide or biological control. Antenna 20: 10-5.
13. Bennett R M, Ismael Y, Kambhampati V and Morse S. 2004. Economic impact of genetically modified cotton in India. AgBio Forum 7: 96-100. (Pubitemid 40572147)
14. Bentley W J. 2009. The integrated control concept and its relevance to current integrated pest management in California fresh market grapes. (Special issue: Integrated Control Concept and IPM: In Focus.). Pest Management Science 65:1298-304.
15. Bhatia S K. 1988. Status and management of insecticide resistance in agricultural pests in India. Journal of Insect Science 1: 1-7.
16. Bhattacharya B K, Dutta S, Dadhwal V K, Parihar J S, Chattopadhyay C, Agrawal R, Kumar V, Khan S A, Roy S and Shekhar C. 2007. Predicting aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) growth in oilseed Brassica using near surface meteorological data from NOAA TOVS - a case study. International Journal of Remote Sensing 28: 3759-73 (Pubitemid 47343444)
17. Birch L C. 1948a.The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population. Journal of Animal Ecology 17: 15-26.
18. Birch L C. 1948b. Life tables for natural population of animal. Review of Biology 22: 283-314.
19. Brookes G and Barfoot P. 2006. Global impact of biotech crops: Socio-economic and environmental effects in the first ten years of commercial use. AgBio Forum 9: 139-51. (Pubitemid 46147984)
20. Brown AWA. 1968. Insect resistance comes of age. Bulletin of Entomological Society of America 14: 3.
21. Caltagirone L E and Doutt R L. 1989. The history of the vedalia beetle importation to California and its impact on the development of biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 34: 1-16.
22. Cameron P J. 2007. Factors influencing the development of integrated pest management (IPM) in selected vegetable crops: A review. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 35: 365-84. (Pubitemid 350063979)
23. Campbell P L, Leslie G W, McFarlane S A, Berry S D, Rhodes R, Antwerpen R, Rutherford van, Antwerpen R S, McElligott van T D and Conlong D E. 2009. An investigation of IPM practices for pest control in sugarcane. Proceedings of the Annual Congress-South African Sugar Technologists' Association 82: 618-22.
24. Cesnik H B, Gregorcic A and Bolta S V. 2009. Plant protection product residues in apples, cauliflower, cereals, grape, lettuce, peas, peppers, potatoes and strawberries of the Slovene origin in 2006. Journal of Central European Agriculture 10(3): 311-20.
25. Chattopadhyay C, Agrawal R, Kumar A, Singh Y P, Roy S K, Khan S A, Bhar L M, and Patel B S. 2005. Forecasting of Lipaphis erysimi on oilseed Brassicas in India-a case study. Crop Protection 24 :1042-53. (Pubitemid 41505214)
26. Cohen J I. 2005. Poorer nations turn to publicly developed GM crops, Nature Biotechnology. 23: 27-33. (Pubitemid 41724620)
27. Collins J K, Cuperus G W, Cartwright B O, Stark J A and Ebbro L L. 1992. Consumer attitudes on production systems for fresh produce. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 3: 456-66.
28. Cornejo Fernandez.1998.Environmental and economic consequences of technology adoption: IPM in viticulture. Agricultural Economics 18:145-55.
29. Cropping L G. 1998. The Biopesticide Manual, 333 pp, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK.
30. Das D K, Trivedi T P and Srivastava C P. 2001.Simple rule to predict H. armigera at A P. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 71(6) : 421-3.
31. Dash A N, Mukherjee S K and Sontakke B K. 2006. Evaluation of integrated pest management (IPM) components on irrigated rice. Indian Journal of Entomology 68: 171-3.
32. Day R K, Haggis M J, Odiyo P O, Mallya G, Nortton G and Mumford G A. 1996. Wormbase - a data management and information system for forecasting Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Eastern Africa. Journal of Economic Entomology 89: 1-10. (Pubitemid 27093755)
33. Dempster J P. 1956.The estimation of the number of individuals entering each stage during the development of one generation of an insect population. Journal of Animal Ecology 25: 1-5.
34. Dhaliwal G S and Singh R. 2004. Host Plant Resistance to Insects: Concepts and Application. Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
35. Dhaliwal L K, Hundal S S, Kular J S, Chahal S K and Aneja A. 2007. Temperature based indices for mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) forecasting under Punjab conditions. Environment and Ecology 25(2): 340-3.
36. Dhawan A K, Singh S and Kumar S. 2009. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) helps reduce pesticide load in cotton. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 11: 599-611.
37. Elzen G W and Hardee D D. 2003. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on managing insect resistance to insecticides. Pest Management Science 59: 770-6. (Pubitemid 36741220)
38. Emden van H F and Peakall D B. 1996. Beyond Silent Spring: Integrated Pest Management and Chemical Safety, 322 pp, Chapman & Hall London.
39. Everdingen Van E. 1926. Het Verband de wears gesterdheid ende aardappelzeiekte (Phytophthora infestans) Tijdschr. Plantennziekten 32: 129-40.
40. Higley L G and Wintersteen W K.1992. A novel approach to environmental risk assessment of pesticides. Annual Review of Entomology. 36: 34-9.
41. Huffaker C B, Vrie Vande and McMurtry J A. 1969.The ecology of tetranychid mite and heir control. Annual Review of Entomology 14: 125-74.
42. Islam S, Afrin N, Hossain M S, Nahar N, Mosihuzzaman M and Mamun M I R. 2009.Analysis of some pesticide residues in cauliflower by high performance liquid chromatography. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 5(3): 325-9.
43. James W T and Edwin G R. 1995. Implementing IPM Through New Technologies and the Non-Agricultural Community. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 12: 219-27.
44. Jeyakumar P, Tanwar R K, Chand Mangal, Singh Amar, Monga D and Bambawale O M. 2008. Performance of Bt cotton against sucking pests. Journal of Biopesticides. 20(2): 223-5.
45. Joshi M L, Ahuja D B and Mathur B N. 1989. Loss in seed yield due to insect pests and their occurrence in different dates of sowing in mustard (Brasssica juncea sub sp. juncea). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 59: 166-8.
46. Kalra R L and Chawla R P. 1981. Impact of pesticidal pollution in the environment. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 78,(1): 1-15. (Pubitemid 12170109)
47. Karoly E D, Rose R L, Thompson D M, Hodgson E, Rock G C and Roe R M. 1996. Monooxygenase, esterase and glutathione transferase activity associated with azinphos methyl resistance in the tufted apple bud motrh, Platynota adaeusalis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 55: 109-21. (Pubitemid 27012551)
48. Kheterpal R K and Gupta Kavita. 2003. Implication of sanitary and phytosanitary agreement of WTO on plant protection in India. Annual Review of Plant pathology 1: 1-26.
49. Khush G S and Brar D S. 1991.Genetic resistance to insects in crop plants. Advances in Agronomy 45: 223-74.
50. Kogan M.1998. Integrated Pest Management: Historical perspective and contemporary developments. Annual Review of Entomology 43: 243-70. (Pubitemid 28091237)
51. Kole R K, Banerjee H and Bhattacharyya. 2002. Pesticide contamination status in farm gate vegetables in West Bengal. Pesticide Research Journal 14:77-82.
52. Kranthi K R, Jadhav D R, Kranthi S, Wanjari R R, Ali S S and Russell D A. 2002. Insecticide resistance in five major insect pests of cotton in India. Crop Protection 21 (6): 449-60. (Pubitemid 34766859)
53. Krishnamurthy B and Veerabhadraia V. 1999. Impact of farmer field school on integrated pest management in rice farmers in Karnataka, India. Tropical Agricultural Research 11: 174-89.
54. Kumar J and Parmar B S. 1998. Neem oil- Chemistry and Bioactivity. Pesticide Research Journal 10: 14-43.
55. Kumar K M P, Sukanya C and Nagaraja G N. 2008. Comparative analysis of IPM and non-IPM technology in redgram cultivation in north eastern dry zone of Karnataka. India. SAARC Journal of Agriculture 6: 1-12.
56. Litsinger List J A, Heinrichs E A, Valenica S L and Feuer R. 1980. Biological efficacy, cost, and mammalian toxicity of insecticides recommended for rice in Philippines. International Rice Research Newsletter 5: 16.
57. Loehr B, Seif A A and Nyambo B. 2000. Vegetable IPM in Africa: current status and future prospects with emphasis on Eastern and Southern Africa. Acta Horticulturae 513: 99-104.
58. May R M and Hassel M P. 1988. Population dynamics and biological control. Philippines Transaction Society. London B.
59. Mehrotra K N. 1989. Pesticide resistance in insect pests: Indian scenario. Pesticide Research Journal 1(2): 95-103.
60. Metcalf R.L.1980.Changing role of insecticides in crop protection. Annual Review of Entomology 25: 219-56.
61. Minks A K and Kisch P A. 1998. Application of pheromone: toxicological aspects, effect on beneficial insects and state of registration. (in) Ecotoxicology and Beneficial Organisms, pp 337-47, Haskell P T and McEwan P (Eds). Chapman & Hall London.
62. Mordue A J and Blackwell A. 1993.Azadirachtin - an update. Journal of Insect Physiology 39: 903-24.
63. Mumford D L. 1982. Using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to identify beet leafhoppers populations carrying beet curly top virus. Plant Disease 66: 940-41.
64. Naved S, Trivedi T P, Singh Jitender, Sardana H R, Dhandapani A, Sohi A S, Dhaliwal G S and Sharma P D. 2008a. Development and promotion of farmers participatory IPM technology in irrigated cotton cropping system-a case study-I. Pesticide Research Journal 20: 38-42.
65. Naved S, Trivedi T P, Singh Jitender, Sardana H R and Dhandapani A. 2008b. Development and promotion of IPM package in rain fed Bt cotton and non Bt cotton cropping system-a case study-II. Pesticide Research Journal 20: 43-7.
66. Painter R H. 1951. Host Plant Resistance to Insects, 520 pp, Wallingford Oxon UK: CAB International.
67. Pandey R and Singh N N. 2008. Effectiveness of biocontrol based IPM modules against Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Plant Protection Research 48: 1-7.
68. Panetta D, Pheloung P, Lonsdale W M, Jacob S, Mulvaney M and Wright W. 1994. Screening Plants for Weediness: a Procedure for Assessing Species Proposed for Importation to Australia. A Report commissioned by the Australian Weeds Committee. Canberra, Australia.
69. Patil S B, Bambawale O M, Tanwar R K, Udikeri S S and Renuka H.B. 2007. Management of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders) in cotton through mating disruption. Pesticide Research Journal 19(2): 201-4.
70. Pawar A D, Mishra M P, and Singh J. 2002. Role of Epricania emeemelanoleuca in biological control of sugarcane Pyrilla perpusilla (Wlk.) outbreak in Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Biological Control 16: 71-6.
71. Pedigo L P, and Higley L G. 1986. A new perspective of the economic injury levels concept and environment quality. Annual Review of Entomology 38: 12-21.
72. Pedigo L P, Hutchins H and Higley L G. 1986. Economic injury levels in theory and practice. Annual Review of Entomology 31: 341-68.
73. Philippe V. 2007. Trends in GM crop, food and feed safety literature. Nature Biotechnology 25 (6): 624.
74. Picket J A, Wadhams L J and Woodcock C M. 1997. Developing sustainable pest control from chemical ecology. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment 64: 149-56. (Pubitemid 27403002)
75. Pradhan S. 1967. Strategy of insect pest control. Indian Journal of Entomology 29: 105-22.
76. Prasad N V V S D, Mahalakshmi M S and Rao N H P. 2009. Village level adoption of IPM in rainfed cotton of Andhra Pradesh. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 17: (2): 380-3.
77. Pray C, Da Ma, Huang J, and Xiao F. 2001. Impact of Bt cotton in China. World Development 29: 1-34.
78. Prins T W and Zadoks J C. 1994. Horizontal gene transfer in plants, a biohazard? Outcome of a literature review. Euphytica 76: 133-8. (Pubitemid 2136483)
79. Qaim M. 2009. The Economics of genetically modified crops. The Annual Review of Resource Economics 1: 665-93. (http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/ doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.resource.050708.144203)
80. Rabbinge R. 1983. How to use combination models in crop in crop protection? (in) The Development of Models for Practical Use in Crop Protection. Jeger M J (Ed.). Bulletin IOBC /WPRS. New Series 6: 31-45.
81. Rahman S M, Alam M, Ali M Z. 2006.Suppression of brinjal shoot and fruit borer by some IPM packages. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Technology 2: 21-6.
82. Rajagopal D and Trivedi T P. 1992. Distribution, biology, ecology and management of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) A review. Tropical Pest Management 38(4): 279-85. (Pubitemid 23402842)
83. Rapusas H R. Santiago S E, Ramos J M, Roguel S M, Miller S A, Hammig M, Shepard B M. 2009. Integrated pest management (IPM) technologies: assessment of implementation in ricevegetable cropping systems. Philippine Entomologist 23: 67-94.
84. Ridgeway R L, Silverstein R M, and Inscoe M N (Eds). 1990. Behaviour Modifying Chemicals for Insect Management, 761 pp, Marcell Dekker New York.
85. Robertson M P. 1993.Population dynamics of false wire worms (Gonocephalum macleagi, Pterohelaeus altrnatus, P. darlingensis) and development of integrated pest management programme in central Queensland field crops: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33: 953-62.
86. Rupa D S, Reddy P P, and Reddi O S. 1989a.Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of cotton field workers exposed to pesticides. Environmental Research New York 49 (1): 1-6. (Pubitemid 19147040)
87. Rupa D S, Reddy P P and Reddi O S. 1989b. Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in smokers exposed to pesticides in cotton fields. Mutation Research 22 (1): 37-41. (Pubitemid 19013115)
88. Saini R K and Jaglan R S. 1998. Adoption of insect-pest control practices by Haryana farmers in cotton: A survey. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 12(2): 198.
89. Shah P G, Raj M F, Patel B A, Patel B K, Diwan K D, Patel J A and Talati J G. 2000. Pesticide contamination status in farm gate vegetables in Gujarat. Pesticide Research Journal 12: 195-9.
90. Sharma Debi, Moorthy P N K, and Krishnamoorthy A. 2009. Comparative study of pesticide residue pattern in vegetables grown using IPM and non-IPM practices. Journal of Horticultural Sciences 4: 191-4.
91. Sharma H C and Ortiz R. 2002. Host plant resistance to insects: an eco-friendly approach for pest management and environment conservation. Journal of Environment Biology 23: 111-35. (Pubitemid 34202534)
92. Sharma O P, Garg D K, Trivedi T P, Satpal C and Singh S P. 2008. Evaluation of pest management strategies in organic and conventional taraori basmati rice. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 78(10): 862-7.
93. Shelten A M and Badenes-Perez F R. 2006. Concepts and application of trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 285-308. (Pubitemid 43107824)
94. Singh A, Sardana H R and N. Sabir. 2004. Validated IPM Technologies for Selected Crops. National Centre for Integrated Pest Management. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
95. Singh A, Sharma O P and Jafri A. 2002.Traditional methods of pest management as components of IPM. Integrated Pest Management Mitr 1: 34-44.
96. Singh A, Sharma O P, Dhandapani A, Singh Niranjan, Nagrajan S, Kumar Sathya S and Mehta Neelam. 2006. Pesticide Advisor (version 2005 1.0): an expert system for judicious use of pesticides for management of pests. ICAR News 12: 17-9.
97. Singh Alka, Kumar Ranjit and Das D K. 2007. An economic evaluation of environmental risk of pesticide use: a case study of paddy, vegetables and cotton in irrigated ecosystem. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 62: 492-502.
98. Smith R F. 1969. The importance of economic injury levels in the development of integrated pest control programme. Quality Plant Material Vegetable 17: 81-92.
99. Snow A A and Palmer P M.1997.Commercialization of transgenic plants: potential ecological risks. Bioscience 47: 86-96.
100. Srinivasan K, Krishnamoorthy P N and Raviprasad T N. 1994.African marigold as a trap crop for the management of the fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera on tomato. International Journal of Pest Management 40: 56-63.
101. Srinivasan K and Krishnamoorthy P N. 1991. Indian mustard as a trap crop for management of major lepidopterous pests on cabbage. Tropical Pest Management 37: 26-32.
102. Srivastava A K, Gupta B N, Bihari V, Mathur N, Pangtey B S and Bharti R S. 1995. Chronic effects of hexa chloro cyclo hexane exposure: clinical, hematologic and electrocardiographic studies. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 37(4): 302-5.
103. Staub T and Sozzi D. 1984. Fungicide resistance: a continuing challenge, Plant Disease 68: 1026-31.
104. Stern V M, Smith R F, Bosch van den and Hagen K S. 1959. The Integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29: 81-101.
105. Stern V M. Economic thresholds. 1973. Annual Review of Entomology 18: 259-80.
106. Stone J D and Pedigo L P. 1972. Development of Economic injury level of the green clover worm on soybean in Iowa. Journal of Economic Entomology 65 (1): 197-201.
107. Stylen E. 1968. Threshold in the economics of insect pest control in Agriculture. State Varts Mediterranean 14: 65-79.
108. Thakore Y. 2006. The biopesticide market for global agriculture use. Industrial Biotechnology Fall 2: 194-208. (Pubitemid 44683252)
109. Thompson W R. 1956. The fundamental theory of natural control. Annual Review of Entomology 1: 379-402.
110. Trivedi T P and Rajagopal D. 1989. Status, bio-ecology and management of Epilachna beetle, Epilachna, vigintiopunctata (Fab.), Coleoptera: Coccinellidae in potato in India: A review. Tropical Pest Management 34: 410-3.
111. Trivedi T P, Khurana Paul, Puri S M, Bhar S N, Mehta L M, Jain S C, Singh R C, Chaudhari G, Mohasin S M, Dhandapani A and Naveen Chona. 2002. Development of forewarning system of aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on potato in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 72(6): 341-5. (Pubitemid 36128502)
112. Trivedi T P, Rajagopal D and Tandon P L. 1994 a. Environmental correlates of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.).International Journal of Pest Management 40(4): 305-8.
113. Trivedi T P, Rajagopal D and Tandon P L. 1994b. Life table for establishment of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.). Journal of Indian Potato Association 1: 1-26.
114. Trivedi T P. 1989. Monitoring of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Karnataka. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences 23: 117-20.
115. Truxall D L and Travis J W. 1994. Analysis of the accuracy of predicted weather data on the impact of apple disease management. Phytopathology 84: 11-25.
116. Vaughn K C. 2003. Herbicide resistance work in the United Sates Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Services. Pest Management Science 59: 764-9. (Pubitemid 36741219)
117. Virupakshappa K, Singh Vijay, Basappa H, Prasad Y G and Chattopadhyay C. 1999. Current status of pest problems in oilseed crops and their management. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 27: 65-86.
118. Walker G P, Herman T J B, Kale A J and Wallace A R. 2010. An adjustable action threshold using larval parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in IPM for processing tomatoes. Biological Control 52: 30-6.
119. Way M J and Emden van H F. 2000.Integrated pest management in practice-pathways towards successful application. Crop Protection 19: 81-103. (Pubitemid 30165874)
120. Way M J. 1977. Integrated control- practical realities. Outlook Agriculture 9: 127-35.
121. Wearing C H. 1988. Evaluating the IPM implementation process. Annual Review of Entomology 33: 17-38.
122. Wittenberg R and Cock M J W. 2001. (in) Invasive Alien Speciesa Tool kit of Best Prevention and Management Practices, 228 pp. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
123. Wittenberg R. 2005. (in) Invasive Alien Species-A Threat to Global Diversity and Opportunities to Prevent And Manage Them, pp 1-28. Vidal S, Kuhlmann U and Edwards C R (Eds). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
124. Yadav D, Patel M M and Choudhry R K. 2007. IPM in cotton -adoption and constraints. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 21: 230-4.
125. Zalucki M P, Adamson D and Furlong M J. 2009.The future of IPM: whither or wither? Australian Journal of Entomology 48: 85-96.