The role of Iran in the failed coup of 1981: The IFLB in Bahrain

Middle East Journal

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 603-617

  Alhasan, Hasan Tariq ^a,b  

^a SCIENCES PO   (France)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GOVERNMENT; ISLAMISM; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL HISTORY;

BAHRAIN;

EID: 83155160619     PISSN: 00263141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3751/65.4.15     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. "Morocco Cuts Relations with Iran over Bahrain, " Reuters Africa, March 7, 2009, http://af.reuters. com/article/topNews/idAFJOE52601D20090307.
2. These sources and publications were gathered by the author at the Library of Congress.
3. David B. Ottaway, "Allegations of Iranian Plots Increase Gulf Concerns for Security, " The Washington Post, January 2, 1982, p. A10.
4. Edward Cody, "Iranian-Backed Coup Bid in Bahrain Reverberates Throughout Persian Gulf, " The Washington Post, March 31, 1982, p. A14.
5. Abdulhadi Khalaf, Contentious Politics in Bahrain: From Ethnic to National and Vice Versa (Sweden: University of Lund, 1998), http://www.hf.uib.no/smi/pao/khalaf.html.
6. Khalaf, Contentious Politics in Bahrain.
7. Khalaf, Contentious Politics in Bahrain.
8. Falah al-Mdaires, "Shi'ism and Political Protest in Bahrain, " Digest of Middle East Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Spring 2002), p. 20, http://bahrain.wikia.com/wiki/Shi'ism_and_Political_Protest_in_Bahrain.
9. th anniversary on Muharram 25, 1407 (September 30, 1986)-11 years after the announcement of its existence on Muharram 25, 1396 (January 27, 1976).
10. The title Hojjat al-Islam is granted to those who have completed their studies at a religious center (such as those in Najaf or Qom) but who have not yet been formally recognized as a mujtahid and are not capable of issuing their own religious decisions.
11. His father, Ayatollah Mohammad Kathim al-Modarresi, was a prominent member of the Hawza of Mashhad and Najaf. His grandfather is Ayatollah 'Uzma Sayyid Mohammad Baqer al-Modarresi and his elder brother is Ayatollah 'Uzma Sayyid Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi. On his mother's side, he belongs to the famous Shirazi family. His maternal grandfather is Ayatollah 'Uzma Sayyid Mahdi al-Shirazi, and his uncles are Ayatollah 'Uzma Sayyid Mohammad al-Shirazi and Ayatollah 'Uzma Sayyid Sadiq al-Shirazi. From Modarresi's official biography published on his website (Arabic version), http://www.modarresi.org/biography/index.html.
12. Laurence Louër, Chiisme et Politique au Moyen Orient: Iran, Irak, Liban, Monarchies du Golfe [Shi'ism and Politics in the Middle East: Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, the Gulf Monarchies] (Paris: Editions Autrement, 2008).
13. IFLB, al-Thawra al-Risaliyya, Dhu al-Hijja 1403 (September-October 1983), p. 11.
14. IFLB, al-Thawra al-Risaliyya, Dhu al-Hijja 1403, p. 12.
15. Interview with Modarresi by Al Shira' magazine (Issue No. 5) quoted in: Rashid Hamadah, 'Asifah fawq Miya al-Khalij: Qissat Awwal Inqilab 'Askari fi al-Bahrayn 1981 [Storm over Gulf Waters: Stories of the First Military Coup in Bahrain 1981] (London: Al-Safa li-al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi', 1990), p. 248.
16. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn [The Journey of the Islamic Revolution in Bahrain] ([1980s?]), p. 87.
17. IFLB, al-Thawra al-Risaliyya, Dhu al-Hijja 1403, p. 13.
18. IFLB, al-Thawra al-Risaliyya, Dhu al-Hijja 1403, p. 13.
19. Ottaway, "Allegations of Iranian Plots Increase Gulf Concerns for Security. "
20. Cody, "Iranian-Backed Coup Bid in Bahrain Reverberates Throughout Persian Gulf. "
21. "73 Jailed in Bahrain Plot, " The Washington Post, May 23, 1982, p. A21
22. Document issued by the IFLB on the occasion of the second anniversary of Yom al-Quds [Jerusalem Day] on August 8, 1980 (1400), appearing in: IFLB, Kifah Sha'b al-Bahrayn [The Struggle of the People of Bahrain] (1980), p. 213.
23. IFLB, Kifah Sha'b al-Bahrayn, pp. 212, 214.
24. Interview with the magazine Risalat al-Husayn [The Message of Husayn] posted on Modarresi's website, http://www.modarresi.org/articles/articles_view_002.html. Risalat al-Husayn is a Kuwait-based magazine published during the beginning of the month of Muharram.
25. Rashid Hamadah, 'Asifah fawq Miya al-Khalij, pp. 211-212.
26. IFLB, Kifah Sha'b al-Bahrayn, p. 199.
27. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 91.
28. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 81.
29. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 87.
30. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 58.
31. Louër, "Chiisme et Politique au Moyen Orient. "
32. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 86.
33. IFLB, Kifah Sha'b al-Bahrayn, pp. 210-211.
34. Hadi al-Modarresi, "'Andama Tatahawwal 'Ashura' ila Mashrou'" ["When 'Ashura' Becomes a Plan"], Risalat 'Ashura' (newspaper), No. 2, Muharram 2, 1420 (April 18, 1999), http://www.modarresi. org/articles/articles_view_009.html.
35. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 90.
36. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn.
37. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 98.
38. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 104.
39. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 105.
40. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 57.
41. IFLB, al-Thawra al-Risaliyya, Dhu al-Hijja 1403, p. 12.
42. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, pp. 111-113 (Figure 2).
43. IFLB, Masirat al-Thawra al-Islamiyya fi al-Bahrayn, p. 111.
44. Refer to Figure 3.
45. IFLB, al-Thawra al-Risaliyya, Safar 1406 (October-November 1985), p. 11.
46. IFLB, al-Thawra al-Risaliyya, Shawwal 1405 (June-July 1985), p. 14. Refer to Figure 4.
47. Hamadah, 'Asifah fawq Miya al-Khalij, p. 310.
48. Tom Harper, "Files Link Activist to Iran Regime, " London Evening Standard, August 30, 2011, http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23982103-files-link-activist-to-iran-regime.do.
49. Gus Lubin, "Iran Warns it May Intervene in Bahrain, " Business Insider, March 17, 2011, http:// www.businessinsider.com/bahrain-thursday-march-17-2011-3.
50. Ian Drury, "Royal Navy Warship Opens Fire on Speedboat of Iranian 'Suicide Bombers,'" Daily Mail, August 19, 2011, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2027872/Royal-Navy-warship-opens-speedboat-Iranian-suicide-bombers.html.
51. "GCC Protests Iran Cleric's Bahrain Comments, " AlArabiya. net, July 19, 2011, http://www. alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/19/158398.html.