Structure, Synthesis, Secretion, and Function of hCG

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 49-62

  Cole, Laurence A ^a   Butler, Stephen A ^b  

^a USA hCG Reference Service   (United States)

^b MIDDLESEX UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82955244303     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384907-6.00005-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (51)

1. Carlsen RB, Bahl OP, Swaminathan N Human chorionic gonadotropin: linear amino acid sequence of the β-subunit. J Biol Chem 1973, 248:6810-6827.
2. Bellisario R, Carlsen RB, Bahl OP Human chorionic gonadotropin: linear amino acid sequence of the β-subunit. J Biol Chem 1973, 248:6796-6809.
3. Morgan FJ, Birken S, Canfield RE The amino acid sequence of human chorionic gonadotropin. The alpha subunit and beta subunit. J Biol Chem 1975, 250:5247-5258.
4. Bahl OP Human chorionic gonadotropin: II. Nature of the carbohydrate units. J Biol Chem 1969, 244:575-583.
5. Endo Y, Yamashita K, Tachibana Y, Tojo S, Kobata A Structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Biochem 1979, 85:669-679.
6. Elliott MM, Kardana A, Lustbader JW, Cole LA Carbohydrate and peptide structure of the α- and β-subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin from normal and aberrant pregnancy and choriocarcinoma. Endocrine 1997, 7:15-32.
7. Kessler MJH, Mise T, Ghai RD, Bahl OP Structure and location of the O-glycosidic carbohydrate units of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Biol Chem 1979, 254:7909-7914.
8. Cole LA, Birken S, Perini F The structures of the serine-linked sugar chains on human chorionic gonadotropin. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1985, 126:333-339.
9. Valmu L, Alfthan H, Hotakainen K, Birken S, Stenman UH Site-specific glycan analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit from malignancies and pregnancy by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Glycobiol 2006, 16:1207-1218.
10. Giudice LC, Pierce JG Studies on the disulfide bonds of glycoprotein hormones. J Biol Chem 1979, 254:1164-1169.
11. Mise T, Bahl OP Assignment of disulfide bonds in the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Biol Chem 1981, 256:6587-6592.
12. Lapthorn AJ, Harris DC, Littlejohn A, Lustbader JW, Canfield RE, Machin KJ, et al. Crystal structure of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Nature 1994, 369:455-461.
13. Carlsen RB, Bahl OP, Swaminathan N hCG: linear amino acid sequence of the β-subunit. J Biol Chem 1973, 248:6810-6827.
14. Fiddes JC, Talmage K Structure, expression and evolution of the genes for the human glycoprotein hormones. Recent Prog Hormone Res 1984, 40:43-74.
15. Pierce JG, Parsons TF Glycoprotein hormones: structure and function. Ann Rev Biochem 1981, 50:465-495.
16. Harris DC, Machin KJ, Evin GM, Morgan FJ, Isaacs NW Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Biol Chem 1989, 264:6705-6709.
17. Lustbader JW, Birken S, Pileggi NF, Kolks MA, Pollak S, Cuff ME, et al. Crystallization and characterization of human chorionic gonadotropin in chemically deglycosylated and enzymatically desialylated states. Biochem 1989, 28:9239-9243.
18. Mise T, Bahl OP Assignments of disulfide bonds in the β subunit of hCG. J Biol Chem 1981, 256:6587-6592.
19. Willey KP, Leidenberger F Functionally distinct agonist and receptor binding regions in hCG. J Biol Chem 1989, 264:19716-19729.
20. Cornell JS, Pierce JG Studies on the disulfide bonds of glycoprotein hormones. Locations in the alpha chain based on partial reductions and formation of 14C-labeled S-carboxymethyl derivatives. J Biol Chem 1974, 249:4166-4174.
21. Keutmann HT, Charlesworth MC, Mason KA, Ostrea T, Johnson L, Ryan RJ A receptor-binding region in human choriogonadotropin/lutropin beta subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1987, 84:2038-2042.
22. Ryan RJ, Charlesworth MC, McCormick DJ, Milius RP, Keutmann HT The glycoprotein hormones: recent studies of structure-function relationships. Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 1988, 2:2661-2669.
23. Moyle WR, Matzuk MM, Campbell RK, Cogliani E, Dean-Emig DM, Krichevsky A, et al. Localization of residues that confer antibody binding specificity using human chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone beta subunit chimeras and mutants. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:8511-8518.
24. Suganuma N, Matzuk MM, Boime I Elimination of disulfide bonds affects assembly and secretion of the hCG β subunit. J Biol Chem 1989, 264:19302-19307.
25. Murray-Rust J, McDonald NQ, Blundell TL, Hosang M, Oefner C, Winkler F, et al. Topological similarities in TGF-P2, PDGF-BB and NGF define a superfamily of polypeptide growth factors. Structure 1993, 1:53-159.
26. Ryan RJ, Keutmann HT, Charlesworth MC, McCormick DJ, Milius RP, Calvo FO, et al. Structure-function relationships of gonadotrophins. Recent Prog Hormone Res 1987, 43:383-417.
27. Chen F, Puett D A single amino acid residue replacement in the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin results in the loss of biological activity. J Mol Endocrinol 1992, 8:87-89.
28. Wu H, Lustbader JW, Liu Y, Canfield RE, Hendrickson WA Structure of human chorionic gonadotropin at 2.6Å resolution from MAD analysis of the selenomethionyl protein. Structure 1994, 2:545-558.
29. Huang J, Puett D On the role of the invariant glutamine at position 54 in the human choriogonadotropin beta subunit. Mol Cell Biochem 1994, 136:183-186.
30. Saccuzzo B, Huth JR, Ruddon RW Combination of the chorionic gonadotropin free β-subunit with α. Endocrinol 1990, 126:384-391.
31. Xing Y, Williams C, Campbell RK, Cook S, Knoppers M, Addona T, et al. Threading of a glycosylated protein loop through a protein hole: implications for combination of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits. Protein Sci 2001, 10:226-235.
32. Fiddes JC, Goodman HC The gene encoding the common alpha subunit of four human glycoprotein hormones. J Mol Appl Genet 1981, 1:3-10.
33. Boorstein WR, Vamvakopoulos NC, Fiddes JC Human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit is encoded by at least eight genes arranged in tandem and inverted pairs. Nature 1982, 300:419-422.
34. Becker KL, Bilezikian JP Endocrinology of trophoblastic tissue. In: Principle and practice of endocrinology. Ed: Becker KL. Lipcott W. and Wilkins. 2004, 1096-1100.
35. Hannover JA, Elting J, Mintz GR, Lennarz WJ Temporal aspects of the N- and O-glycosylation of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Biol Chem 1982, 257:10172-10177.
36. Morrish DW, Marusyk H, Olivia S Demonstration of specific secretory granules for human chorionic gonadotropin in placenta. J Histochem Cytochem 1987, 35:93-101.
37. Ruddon RW, Hanson CA, Addison NJ Synthesis and processing of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits in cultured choriocarcinoma cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1979, 76:5143-5147.
38. Odell WD, Griffin J Pulsatile secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin in normal adults. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:1688-1691.
39. Cole LA hCG Tests. Expert Rev Mol Diag 2009, 9:721-749.
40. Cole LA, Dai D, Leslie KK, Butler SA, Kohorn EI Gestational trophoblastic diseases: 1. Pathophysiology of hyperglycosylated hCG-regulated neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2006, 102:144-149.
41. Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Riley JM, Butler SA Hyperglycosylated hCG (hCG-H) in gestational implantation, and in choriocarcinoma and testicular germ cell malignancy tumorigenesis. J Reprod Med 2006, 51:919-929.
42. Handshuh K, Guibourdenche J, Tsatsaris V, Guesnon M, Laurendeau I, Evain-Brion D, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the invasive trophoblast but not the villous trophoblast promotes cell invasion and is down-regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a. Endocrinol 2007, 148:5011-5019.
43. Hirose T Experimentalle histologische studie zur genese corpus luteum. Mitt Med Fakultd Univ ZU (Tokyo) 1919, 23:63.
44. Hirose T Exogenous stimulation of corpus luteum formation in the rabbit: influence of extracts of human placenta, decidua, fetus, hydatid mole, and corpus luteum on the rabbit gonad. J Jpn Gynecol Soc 1920, 16:1055.
45. Shi QJ, Lei ZM, Rao CV, Lin J Novel role of human chorionic gonadotropin in differentiation of human cytotrophoblasts. Endocrinol 1993, 132:1387-1395.
46. Lei ZM, Reshef E, Rao CV The expression of human chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptors in human endometrial and myometrial blood vessels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 75:651-659.
47. Herr F, Baal N, Reisinger K, Lorenz A, McKinnon T, Preissner KT, et al. HCG in the regulation of placental angiogenesis. Results of an in vitro study. Placenta 2007, 28(Suppl A):S85-S93.
48. Zygmunt M, Herr F, Munstedt K, Lang U, Liang OD Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in pregnancy. Euro J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003, 110(Suppl 1):S10-S18.
49. Toth P, Lukacs H, Gimes G, Sebestyen A, Pasztor N, Paulin F, et al. Clinical importance of vascular LH/hCG receptors: a review. Reprod Biol 2001, 1:5-11.
50. Rao CV Physiological and pathological relevance of human uterine LH/hCG receptors. J Soc Gynecol Invest 2006, 13:77-78.
51. Lei ZM, Rao CV, Kornyei J, Licht P, Hiatt ES Novel expression of human chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor gene in brain. Endocrinol 1993, 132:2262-2270.