The impact of traumatic childbirth on health through the undermining of breastfeeding

Trauma and Physical Health: Understanding the effects of extreme stress and of psychological harm

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 65-90

  Mojab, Cynthia Good ^a  

^a LifeCircle Counseling and Consulting   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82955202842     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (110)

1. Abou-Saleh, M., Ghubash, R., Karim, L., Krymski, M., and Bhai, I. (1998). Hormonal aspects of postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(5), 465-475.
2. Adewuya, A., Ologun, Y., and Ibigbami, O. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth in Nigerian women: Prevalence and risk factors. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 113(3), 284-288.
3. Albertsson-Karlgren, U., Graff, M., and Nettelbladt, P. (2001). Mental disease postpartum and parent-infant interaction: Evaluation of videotaped sessions. Child Abuse Review, 10(1), 5-17.
4. American Academy of Pediatrics (2005). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk (RE9729). Pediatrics, 115(2), 496-506.
5. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (fourth edition). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
6. Anderson, G., Moore, E., Hepworth, J., and Bergman, N. (2004). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
7. Ayers, S., and Pickering, A. (2001). Do women get posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of childbirth? A prospective study of incidence. Birth, 28, 111-118.
8. Bailham, D., and Joseph, S. (2003). Post-traumatic stress following childbirth: A review of the emerging literature and directions for research and practice. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 8(2), 159-168.
9. Basile, K. (2005). Sexual violence in the lives of girls and women. In K. Kendall-Tackett (ed.), Handbook of women, stress, and trauma (pp. 101-122). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
10. Beck, C. (1995). The effects of postpartum depression on maternal-infant interaction: A meta-analysis. Nursing Research, 44, 298-304.
11. Beck, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of predictors of postpartum depression. Nursing Research, 45(5), 297-303.
12. Beck, C. (2004a). Birth trauma: In the eye of the beholder. Nursing Research, 53(1), 28-35.
13. Beck, C. (2004b). Post-traumatic stress disorder due to childbirth: The aftermath. Nursing Research, 53, 216-224.
14. Beck, C., and Driscoll, J.W. (2006). Postpartum mood disorders. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
15. Beck, C., and Gable, R. (2001). Further validation of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale. Nursing Research, 50, 155-164.
16. Brandt, K., Andrews, C., and Kvale, J. (1998). Mother-infant interaction and breastfeeding outcome 6 weeks after birth. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 27(2), 169-174.
17. Campbell, J., and Kendall-Tackett, K. (2005). Intimate partner violence: Implications for women’s physical and mental health. In K. Kendall-Tackett (ed.), Handbook of women, stress, and trauma (pp. 123-140). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
18. Chen, A., and Rogan, W. (2004). Breastfeeding and the risk of postneonatal death in the United States. Pediatrics, 113(5), e435-439.
19. Chen, D., Nommsen-Rivers, L., Dewey, K., and Lonnerdal, B. (1998). Stress during labor and delivery and early lactation performance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(2), 334-344.
20. Chezem, J., Montgomery, P., and Fortman, T. (1997). Maternal feelings after cessation of breastfeeding: Influence of factors related to employment and duration. The Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, 11(2), 61-70.
21. Chung, T., Lau, T., Yip, A., Chiu, H., and Lee, D. (2001). Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 830-834.
22. Coalition for Improving Maternity Services (CIMS) (1996). Mother-friendly childbirth initiative. www.motherfriendly.org/mfci.
23. Cohen, M., Ansara, D., Schei, B., Stuckless, N., and Stewart, D. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder after pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Journal of Women’s Health, 13(3), 315-324.
24. Cooper, P., and Murray, L. (1998). Postnatal depression. British Medical Journal, 316, 1884-1886.
25. Cooper, P., Murray, L., and Stein, A. (1993). Psychosocial factors associated with the early termination of breast-feeding. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 37, 171-176.
26. Coreil, J., and Murphy, E. (1988). Maternal commitment, lactation practices, and breastfeeding duration. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 17, 273-278.
27. Creedy, D., Shochet, I., and Horsfall, J. (2000). Childbirth and the development of acute trauma symptoms: Incidence and contributing factors. Birth, 27(2), 104-111.
28. Czarnocka, J., and Slade, P. (2000). Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 35-51.
29. Dannenbring, D., Stevens, M., and House, A. (1997). Predictors of childbirth pain and maternal satisfaction. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(2), 127-142.
30. Davidson, J., Hughes, D., Blazer, D., and George, L. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disorders in the community: Epidemiological study. Psychological Medicine, 21(3), 713-721.
31. Declercq, E., Sakala, C., Corry, M., and Applebaum, S. (2008). New Mothers Speak Out: National Survey Results Highlight Women’s Postpartum Experiences. New York: Childbirth Connection.
32. Dewey, K., Nommsen-Rivers, L., Heinig, J., and Cohen, R. (2003). Risk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss. Pediatrics, 112(3), 607-619.
33. Driscoll, J. (1992). Breastfeeding success and failure: Implications for nurses. In NAACOG clinical issues in perinatal and women’s health nursing (pp. 565-569). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
34. Evans, K., Evans, R., Royal, R., Esterman, A., and James, S. (2003). Effect of caesarean section on breast milk transfer to the normal term newborn over the first week of life. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 88(5), F380-F382.
35. Falceto, O., Giugliani, E., and Fernandes, C. (2004). Influence of parental mental health on early termination of breast-feeding: A case-control study. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 17(3), 173-183.
36. Fergerson, S., Jamieson, D., and Lindsay, M. (2002). Diagnosing postpartum depression: Can we do better? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 186(5), 899-902.
37. Field, T. (1992). Infants of depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 49-66.
38. Fisher, J., Astbury, J., and Smith, A. (1997). Adverse psychological impact of operative obstetric interventions: A prospective longitudinal study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 728-738.
39. Galler, J., Harrison, R., Biggs, M., Ramsey, F., and Forde, V. (1999). Maternal moods predict breastfeeding in Barbados. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 20, 80-87.
40. Gamble, J., Creedy, D., Moyle, W., Webster, J., McAllister, M., and Dickson, P. (2005). Effectiveness of a counseling intervention after a traumatic childbirth: A randomized controlled trial. Birth, 32(1), 11-19.
41. Goldbeck-Wood, S. (1996). PTSD may follow childbirth. British Medical Journal, 313, 774.
42. Good Mojab, C. (2000). The cultural art of breastfeeding. Leaven, 36(5), 87-91.
43. Good Mojab, C. (2006). Regarding the emerging field of lactational psychology. Journal of Human Lactation, 22(1), 13-14.
44. Grajeda, R., and Perez-Escamilla, R. (2002). Stress during labor and delivery is associated with delayed onset of lactation among urban Guatemalan women. Journal of Nutrition, 132(10), 3055-3060.
45. Green, J., and Murray, D. (1994). The use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in research to explore the relationship between antenatal and postnatal dysphoria. In J. Cox and J. Holden (eds), Perinatal psychiatry: Use and misuse of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (pp. 180-198). London: Gaskell.
46. Hale, T. (2006). Medications and mothers’ milk: A manual of lactational pharmacology. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing.
47. Hannah, P., Adams, D., Lee, A., Glover, V., and Sandler, M. (1992). Links between early post-partum mood and postnatal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 777-780.
48. Hatton, D., Harrison-Hohner, J., Coste, S., Dorato, V., Curet, L., and McCarron, D. (2005). Symptoms of postpartum depression and breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation, 21(4), 444-449.
49. Hearn, G., Iliff, A., Jones I., Kirby, A., Ormiston, P., Parr, P., et al . (1998). Postnatal depression in the community. British Journal of General Practice, 48, 1064-1066.
50. Hellin, K., and Waller, G. (1992). Mothers’ mood and infant feeding: Prediction of problems and practices. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 10, 39-51.
51. Helzer, J., Robins, L., and McEvoy, L. (1987). Post traumatic stress disorder in the general population: Findings of the epidemiologic catchment area survey. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1630-1634.
52. Henderson, J., Evans, S., Straton, J., Priest, S., and Hagan, R (2003). Impact of postnatal depression on breastfeeding duration. Birth, 30(3), 175-180.
53. Issokson, D. (2003). Effects of childhood abuse on childbearing and perinatal health. In K. Kendall-Tackett (ed.), Health consequences of abuse in the family: A clinical guide for evidence-based practice (pp. 197-214). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
54. Johnstone, S., Boyce, P., Hickey, A., Morris-Yates, A., and Harris, M. (2001). Obstetric risk factors for postnatal depression in urban and rural community samples. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35(1), 69-74.
55. Kearney, M., Cronenwett, L., and Barrett, J. (1990a). Breastfeeding problems in the first week postpartum. Nursing Research, 39, 90-95.
56. Kearney, M., Cronenwett, L., and Reinhardt, R. (1990b). Cesarean delivery and breastfeeding outcomes. Birth, 17(2), 97-103.
57. Kendall-Tackett, K. (2005a). Trauma associated with perinatal events: Birth experience, prematurity, and childbearing loss. In K. Kendall-Tackett (ed.), Handbook of women, stress, and trauma (pp. 53-74). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
58. Kendall-Tackett, K. (2005b). Depression in new mothers: Causes, consequences, and treatment alternatives. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.
59. Kroeger, M., and Smith, L. (2004). Impact of birthing practices on breastfeeding: Protecting the mother and baby continuum. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
60. Lawrence, R. (1997). National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Position statement on breastfeeding. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 15, 22A.
61. Lawrence, R. (2001). A review of the medical benefits and contraindications to breastfeeding in the United States, Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health.
62. Leff, P., and Walizer, E. (1992). Building the healing partnership: Parents, professionals, and children with chronic illnesses and disabilities. Brookline, MA: Brookline Books.
63. Lerner, M. and Shelton, R. (2005). Comprehensive acute traumatic stress management: A traumatic stress response protocol for all caregivers. New York: The American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress.
64. Leung, G., Lam, T., and Ho, L. (2002). Breast-feeding and its relation to smoking and mode of delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 99, 785-794.
65. MacLennan, A., Wilson, D., and Taylor, A. (1996). The self-reported prevalence of postnatal depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology, 36, 313.
66. Madsen, L. (1994). Rebounding from childbirth: Toward emotional recovery. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
67. Marcus, S., Flynn, H., Blow, F., and Barry, K. (2003). Depressive symptoms among pregnant women screened in obstetric settings. Journal of Women’s Health, 12(4), 373-380.
68. Menacker, F. (2005). Trends in cesarean rates for first births and repeat cesarean rates for low-risk women: United States 1990-2003. CDC National Vital Statistics Report, 54(4), 1-12.
69. Misri, S., Sinclair, D., and Kuan, A. (1997). Breast-feeding and postpartum depression: Is there a relationship? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 1061-1065.
70. Murphy, D., Pope, C., Frost, J., and Liebling, R. (2003). Women’s views on the impact of operative delivery in the second stage of labour: Qualitative interview study. British Medical Journal, 327, 1132-1136.
71. Nissen, E., Uvnas-Moberg, K., Svensson, K., Stock, S., Widstrom, A., and Winberg, J. (1996). Different patterns of oxytocin, prolactin but not cortisol release during breastfeeding in women delivered by Cesarean section or by the vaginal route. Early Human Development, 45(1-2), 103-118.
72. Olde, E., van der Hart, O., Kleber, R., van Son, M., Wijnen, H., and Pop, V. (2005). Peritraumatic dissociation and emotions as predictors of PTSD symptoms following childbirth. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 6(3), 125-142.
73. Olde, E., van der Hart, O., Kleber, R., and Van Son, M. (2006). Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 1-16.
74. Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Dansky, B., Saunders, B., and Best, C. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 984-991.
75. Reynolds, J. (1997). Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: The phenomenon of traumatic birth. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156(6), 831-835.
76. Righard, L., and Alade, M. (1990). Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed. Lancet, 336(8723), 1105-1107.
77. Righetti-Veltema, M., Conne-Perreard, E., Bousquet, A., and Manzano, J. (2002). Postpartum depression and mother-infant relationship at 3 months old. Journal of Affective Disorders, 70, 291-306.
78. Rosenburg, M. (2003). Nonviolent communication: A language of life. Encinitas, CA: Puddle Dancer Press.
79. Rowe-Murray, H., and Fisher, J. (2001). Operative intervention in delivery is associated with compromised early mother-infant interaction. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 108(10), 1068-1075.
80. Rowe-Murray, H., and Fisher, J. (2002). Baby friendly hospital practices: Cesarean section is a persistent barrier to early initiation of breastfeeding. Birth, 29(2), 124-131.
81. Ryding, E. (1991). Psychosocial indications for cesarean section: A retrospective study of 43 cases. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 70, 47-49.
82. Ryding, E. (1993). Investigation of 33 women who demanded a cesarean section for personal reasons. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 72, 280-285.
83. Scrimshaw, S., Engle, P., Arnold, L., and Haynes, K. (1987). Factors affecting breastfeeding among women of Mexican origin or descent in Los Angeles. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 467-470.
84. Seng, J., Oakley, D., Sampselle, C., Killion, C., Graham-Bermann, S., and Liberzon, I. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder and pregnancy complications. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 97, 17-22.
85. Shealy, K., Li, R., Benton-Davis, S., and Grummer-Strawn, L.M. (2005). The CDC guide to breastfeeding interventions. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
86. Sichel, D., Cohen, L., Dimmock, J., and Rosenbaum, J. (1993). Postpartum obsessive compulsive disorder: A case series. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 156-159.
87. Simkin, P., and Klaus, P. (2004). When survivors give birth: Understanding and healing the effects of early sexual abuse on childbearing women. Seattle, WA: Classic Day Publishing.
88. Soet, J., Brack, G., and Dilorio, C. (2003). Prevalence and predictors of women’s experience of psychological trauma during childbirth. Birth, 30(1), 36-48.
89. Sorenson, D. (2003). Healing traumatizing provider interactions among women through short-term group therapy. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 17(6), 259-269.
90. Taj, R., and Sikander, K. (2003). Effects of maternal depression on breastfeeding. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 53(1), 8-11.
91. Tarkka, M., Paunonen, M., and Laippala, P. (1999). Factors related to successful breast feeding by first-time mothers when the child is 3 months old. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 113-118.
92. Taveras, E., Capra, A., Braveman, P., Jensvold, N., Escobar, G., and Lieu, T. (2003). Clinician support and psychosocial risk factors associated with breastfeeding discontinuation. Pediatrics, 112, 108-115.
93. Tronick, E., and Weinberg, M. (1997). Depressed mothers and infants: Failure to form dyadic states of consciousness. In L. Murray and P. Cooper (eds), Postpartum depression and child development (pp. 54-81). New York: Guilford Press.
94. Turton, P., Hughes, P., Evans, C., and Fainman, D. (2001). Incidence, correlates and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in the pregnancy after stillbirth. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 556-560.
95. UNICEF (2002). Facts for life 2002. New York: Author.
96. UNICEF/WHO (2006). Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, revised, updated and expanded for integrated care, Section 1, Background and implementation, Preliminary version. New York: Author.
97. Vestermark, V., Hogdall, C., Birch, M., Plenov, G., and Toftager-Larsen, K. (1991). Influence of the mode of delivery on initiation of breast-feeding. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 38 (1), 33-38.
98. Victora, C., Huttly, S., Barros, F., and Vaughan, J. (1990). Cesarean section and duration of breast feeding among Brazilians. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 65 (6), 632-634.
99. Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., and Ehlert, U. (1998). Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1727-1732.
100. Walker, M. (1992). Summary of the hazards of infant formula. Raleigh, NC: International Lactation Consultant Association.
101. Walker, M. (1993). A fresh look at the risk of artificial infant feeding. Journal of Human Lactation, 9(2), 97-107.
102. Walker, M. (1998). Summary of the hazards of infant formula: Part 2. Raleigh, NC: International Lactation Consultant Association.
103. Walker, M. (2004). Summary of the hazards of infant formula: Monograph 3. Raleigh, NC: International Lactation Consultant Association.
104. Walker, M. (2005). Supplementation of the breastfed baby: “Just one bottle won’t hurt” - or will it? (revised edn). Weston, MA: Lactation Associates.
105. Warner, R., Appleby, L., Whitton, A., and Faragher, B. (1996). Demographic and obstetric risk factors for postnatal psychiatric morbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(5), 607-611.
106. Whitton, A., Warner, R., and Appleby, L. (1996). The pathway to care in postnatal depression: Women’s attitudes to post-natal depression and its treatment. The British Journal of General Practice, 46, 427-428.
107. WHO (1985). Appropriate technology for birth. Lancet, 2, 436-437.
108. Wittels, B., Glosten, B., Faure, E., Moawad, A., Ismail, M., Hibbard, J., et al . (1997). Postcesarean analgesia with both epidural morphine and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: Neurobehavioral outcomes among nursing neonates. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 85(3), 600-606.
109. Wolf, N. (2003). Misconceptions: Truth, lies, and the unexpected on the journey to motherhood. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.
110. Worden, J. (2002). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York: Springer Publishing.