Mass and chemical composition of size-segregated aerosols (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) over Athens, Greece: Local versus regional sources

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 11, Issue 22, 2011, Pages 11895-11911

  Theodosi, C ^a   Grivas, G ^b   Zarmpas, P ^a   Chaloulakou, A ^b   Mihalopoulos, N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^b NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AEROSOL COMPOSITION; LONG RANGE TRANSPORT; PARTICLE SIZE; POINT SOURCE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY);

ATHENS [ATTICA]; ATTICA; GREECE;

EID: 82955192544     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-11895-2011     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Bardouki, H., Liakakou, H., Economou, C., Sciare, J., Smolik, J., Zdimal, V., Eleftheriadis, K., Lazaridis, M., Dye, C., and Mi-halopoulos, N.: Chemical composition of sizeresolved atmospheric aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean during summer and winter, Atmos. Environ., 37, 195-208, 2003. (Pubitemid 35463205)
2. Chaloulakou, A., Kassomenos, P., Spyrellis, N., Demokritou, P., and Koutrakis, P.: Measurements of PM10 and PM2.5particle concentrations in Athens, Greece, Atmos. Environ., 37, 649-660, 2003. (Pubitemid 36629181)
3. Chaloulakou, A., Kassomenos, P., Grivas, G., and Spyrellis, N.: Particulate Matter and Black Smoke concentration levels in Central Athens, Greece, Environ. International, 31, 651-659, 2005.
4. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, 1-44, 2008.
5. Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: An overview of the HYSPLIT 4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition, Aust. Met. Mag., 47, 295-308, 1998. (Pubitemid 128184063)
6. Dentener, F. J., Carmichael, G. R., Zhang, Y., Lelieveld, J., and Crutzen, P. J.: Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22869-22889, 1996.
7. Eleftheriadis, K., Balis, D., Ziomas, I., Colbeck, I., and Manalis, N.: Atmospheric aerosol and gaseous species in Athens, Greece, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2183-2191, 1998. (Pubitemid 28254684)
8. Gerasopoulos, E., Koulouri, E., Kalivitis, N., Kouvarakis, G., Saarikoski, S., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Size-segregated mass distributions of aerosols over Eastern Mediterranean: seasonal variability and comparison with AERONET columnar size-distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2551-2561, doi:10.5194/acp-7-2551-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46753009)
9. Gerasopoulos, E., Amiridis, V., Kazadzis, S., Kokkalis, P., Eleft-heratos, K., Andreae, M. O., Andreae, T. W., El-Askary, H., and Zerefos, C. S.: Three-year ground based measurements of aerosol optical depth over the Eastern Mediterranean: the urban environment of Athens, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2145-2159, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2145-2011, 2011.
10. Grivas, G. and Chaloulakou, A.: Artificial neural network models for prediction of PM10 hourly concentrations, in the Greater Area of Athens, Greece, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1216-1229, 2006. (Pubitemid 43120746)
11. Grivas, G., Chaloulakou, A., Samara, C., and Spyrellis, N.: Spatial and Temporal Variation of PM10 mass concentrations within the Greater Area of Athens, Greece, Water Air Soil Pollut., 158, 357-371, 2004a. (Pubitemid 39382651)
12. Grivas, G., Asteriou, C., Chaloulakou, A., and Spyrellis, N.: Particle number size distribution at a roadside location in Athens, Greece, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, S553-S554, 2004b.
13. Grivas, G., Chaloulakou, A., and Spyrellis, N.: Continuous measurements of particle number concentrations, in Athens, Greece, European Aerosol Conference, Salzburg, Austria, TPA013, 2007.
14. Grivas, G., Chaloulakou, A., and Kassomenos, P.: An overview of the particle pollution problem in the Metropolitan Area of Athens, Greece. Assessment of controlling factors and potential impact of long range transport, Sci. Total Environ., 389, 165-177, 2008. (Pubitemid 350119841)
15. Guieu, C., Loye-Pilot, M.-D., Ridame, C., and Thomas, C.: Chemical Characterization of the Saharan dust end-member: Some bio-geochemical implications for the Western Mediterranean sea, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4258, doi:10.1029/2001JD000582, 2002. (Pubitemid 43211878)
16. Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155-5236, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
17. Harrison, R. M. and Pio, C.: Size differentiated composition of inorganic aerosol of both marine and continental polluted origin, Atmos. Environ., 17, 1733-1738, 1983.
18. Kalivitis, N., Gerasopoulos, E., Vrekoussis, M., Kouvarakis, G., Kubilay, N., Hatzianastassiou, N., Vardavas, I., and Mihalopou-los, N.: Dust transport over the eastern Mediterranean derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, Aerosol Robotic Network, and surface measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D03202, doi:10.1029/2006JD007510, 2007. (Pubitemid 47248867)
19. Karageorgos, E. T. and Rapsomanikis, S.: Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3015-3033, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3015-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46906747)
20. Karanasiou, A. A., Sitaras, I. E., Siskos, P. A., and Eleftheriadis, K.: Size distribution and sources of trace metals and n-alkanes in the Athens urban aerosol during summer, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2368-2381, 2007. (Pubitemid 46275508)
21. Koçak, M., N., Mihalopoulos and N. Kubilay, Chemical composition of the fine and coarse fraction of aerosols in the northeastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7351-7368, 2007.
22. Koçak, M., Mihalopoulos, N., and Kubilay, N. Chemical composition of the fine and coarse fraction of aerosols in the northeastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7351-7368, 2007. (Pubitemid 47484258)
23. Koulouri, E., Grivas, G., Gerasopoulos, E., Chaloulakou, A., Mi-halopoulos, N., and Spyrellis, N.: A study of size-segregated particle (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) concentrations over Greece, Global Nest Journal, 10, 132-139, 2008a.
24. Koulouri, E., Saarikoski, S., Theodosi, C., Markaki, Z., Gerasopou-los, E., Kouvarakis, G., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R., and Mihalopou-los, N.: Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the Eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6542-6550, 2008b.
25. Kouvarakis, G. and Mihalopoulos, N.: Seasonal variation of dimethylsulfide in the gas phase and of methanesulfonate and non-sea-salt sulfate in the aerosol phase measured in the Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 36, 929-938, 2002. (Pubitemid 34097779)
26. Kouvarakis, G., Bardouki, H., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Sulfur budget above the Eastern Mediterranean: Relative contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sources, Tellus, 54B, 201-212, 2002a. (Pubitemid 34735918)
27. Kouvarakis, G., Doukelis, Y., Mihalopoulos, N., Rapsomanikis, S., Sciare, J., and Blumthaler, M.: Chemical, physical and optical characterization of aerosols during PAUR II experiment, J. Geo-phys. Res., 107, 8141, doi:10.1029/2000JD000291, 2002b.
28. Loo, B. W. and Cork, C. P.: Development of high efficiency virtual impactor, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 9, 167-170, 1988.
29. Maenhaut, W., Hillamo, R., Mäkelä, T., Jafferzo, J.-L., Bergin, M. H., and Davidson, C. I.: A new cascade impactor for aerosol sampling with subsequent PIXE analysis, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics, Research Section B, 109/110, 482-487, 1996. (Pubitemid 126378188)
30. Mamane, Y. and Gottlieb, J.: Nitrate formation on sea salt and mineral particles-a single particle approach, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 1763-1769, 1992.
31. Manalis, N., Grivas, G., Protonotarios, V., Moutsatsou, A., Samara, C., and Chaloulakou, A.: Toxic metal content of particulate matter (PM10) within the Greater Area of Athens, Chemosphere, 60, 557-566, 2005. (Pubitemid 40798439)
32. Metzger, S., Mihalopoulos, N., and Lelieveld, J.: Importance of mineral cations and organics in gas-aerosol partitioning of reactive nitrogen compounds: case study based on MINOS results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2549-2567, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2549-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44014117)
33. Mihalopoulos, N., Stephanou, E., Pilitsidis, S., Kanakidou, M., and Bousquet, P.: Atmospheric aerosol composition above the Eastern Mediterranean region, Tellus, 49B, 314-326, 1997.
34. Mihalopoulos, N., Kerminen, V. M., Kanakidou, M., Berresheim, H., and Sciare, J.: Formation of particulate sulfur species (sulfate and methanesulfonate) during summer over the Eastern Mediterranean: A modelling approach, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6860-6871, 2007. (Pubitemid 47430049)
35. Myriokefalitakis, S., Tsigaridis, K., Mihalopoulos, N., Sciare, J., Nenes, A., Kawamura, K., Segers, A., and Kanakidou, M.: In-cloud oxalate formation in the global troposphere: a 3-D modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5761-5782, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5761-2011, 2011.
36. Nicholson, K. W. and Branson, J. R.: Factors affecting resuspension by road traffic, Sci. Total Environ., 93, 349-358, 1990. (Pubitemid 20257038)
37. Pakkanen, T. A., Hillamo, R. E., Aurela, M., Andersen, H. V., Grun-dahl, L., Ferm, M., Persson, K., Karlsson, V., Reissell, A., Roy-set, O., Floisand, I., Oyola, P., and Ganko, T.: Nordic intercom-parison for measurement of major atmospheric nitrogen species, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 247-263, 1999. (Pubitemid 28491129)
38. Pateraki S., Assimakopoulos, V. D., Bougiatioti, A., Mihalopoulos, N., and Vasilakos, C.: Carbonaceous and ionic compositional patterns of fine particles over an urban Mediterranean area, Environ. Res., in review, 2011.
39. Prosmitis, A. B., Diapouli, E., Grivas, G., Chaloulakou, A., and Spyrellis, N.: Continuous field measurements of organic and elemental carbon concentrations in Athens, Greece, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, S1077-S1078, 2004. (Pubitemid 41104579)
40. Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Viana, M. M., Rodríguez, S., Artíñano, B., Salvador, P., Santos, S. G. D., Patier, R. F., Ruiz, C. R., Rosa, J. D. L., Campa, A. S. D. L., Menedez, M., and Gil, J. I.: Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 1151-1172, 2004. (Pubitemid 39149743)
41. Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Pey, J., Cusack, M., Pérez, N., Mi-halopoulos, N., Theodosi, C., Gerasopoulos, E., Kubilay, N., and Koçak, M.: Variability in regional background aerosols within the Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4575-4591, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4575-2009, 2009.
42. Sciare, J., Bardouki, H., Moulin, C., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Aerosol sources and their contribution to the chemical composition of aerosols in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during summertime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 291-302, doi:10.5194/acp-3-291-2003, 2003.
43. Sciare, J., Oikonomou, K., Cachier, H., Mihalopoulos, N., Andreae, M. O., Maenhaut, W., and Sarda-Estève, R.: Aerosol mass closure and reconstruction of the light scattering coefficient over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MINOS campaign, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2253-2265, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2253-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41520102)
44. Sciare, J., Oikonomou, K., Favez, O., Liakakou, E., Markaki, Z., Cachier, H., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Long-term measurements of carbonaceous aerosols in the Eastern Mediterranean: evidence of long-range transport of biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5551-5563, doi:10.5194/acp-8-5551-2008, 2008.
45. Sillanpää, M., Frey, A., Hillamo, R., Pennanen, A. S., and Salo-nen, R. O.: Organic, elemental and inorganic carbon in particu-late matter of six urban environments in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2869-2879, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2869-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 43065718)
46. Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., Saarikoski, S., Frey, A., Pennanen, A., Makkonen, U., Spolnik, Z., Van Grieken, R., Branis?, M., Brunekreef, B., Chalbot, M. C, Kuhlbusch, T., Sunyer, J., Ker-minen, V. M., Kulmala, M., and Salonen, R.: Chemical composition and mass closure of particulate matter at six urban sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 40, 212-223, 2006. (Pubitemid 44437591)
47. Siskos, P. A., Bakeas, E. B., Lioli, I., Smirnioudi, V. N., and Koutrakis, P.: Chemical characterization of PM2.5 aerosols in Athens-Greece, Environ. Technol., 22, 687-695, 2001. (Pubitemid 32633589)
48. Stathopoulos, A. and Karlaftis, M.: Temporal and spatial variations of real-time traffic data in urban areas. Temporal and spatial variations of real-time traffic data in urban areas, Transportation Research Record, 1768, 135-140, 2001.
49. Theodosi, C., Markaki, Z., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Iron speciation, solubility and temporal variability in wet and dry deposition in the Eastern Mediterranean, Marine Chem., 120, 100-107, 2010a.
50. Theodosi, C., Markaki, Z., Tselepides, A., and Mihalopoulos, N.: The significance of atmospheric inputs of soluble and particulate major and trace metals to the eastern Mediterranean seawater, Marine Chem., 120, 154-163, 2010b.
51. Viana, M., Maenhaut, W., Chi, X., Querol, X., and Alastuey, A.: Comparative chemical mass closure of fine and coarse aerosols at two sites in south and west Europe: Implications for EU air pollution policies, Atmos. Environ., 41, 315-326, 2007. (Pubitemid 44909583)
52. Vrekoussis, M., Liakakou, E., Koçak, M., Kubilay, N., Oikonomou, K., Sciare, J., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Seasonal variability of optical properties of aerosols in the Eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7083-7094, 2005. (Pubitemid 41539473)
53. Weckwerth, G.: Verification of traffic emitted aerosol components in the ambient air of Cologne, Germany, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5525-5536, 2001.
54. Wedepohl, K. H.: The composition of the continental crust, Geo-chemica Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1217-1232, 1995.