Personal relative deprivation, delay discounting, and gambling

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 101, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 955-973

  Callan, Mitchell J ^a   Shead, N Will ^b   Olson, James M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

^b MOUNT SAINT VINCENT UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Delay discounting; Delay of gratification; Gambling; Justice motivation; Personal relative deprivation

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REWARD;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; FEMALE; GAMBLING; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REWARD; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 82855181750     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0024778     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Acheson A., Richards J.B., de Wit H. Effects of sleep deprivation on impulsive behaviors in men and women. Physiology & Behavior 2007, 91:579-587. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.020.
2. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
3. Agnew R. Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2001, 38:319-361. 10.1177/0022427801038004001.
4. Ainslie G. Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological Bulletin 1975, 82:463-496. 10.1037/h0076860.
5. Alessi S.M., Petry N.M. Pathological gambling severity is associated with impulsivity in a delay discounting procedure. Behavioral Processes 2003, 64:345-354. 10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00150-5.
6. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 4th ed., text rev.
7. Angeletos G.-M., Laibson D., Repetto A., Tobacman J., Weinberg S. The hyperbolic consumption model: Calibration, simulation, and empirical evaluation. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2001, 15:47-68. 10.1257/jep.15.3.47.
8. Ayduk O., Zayas V., Downey G., Cole A.B., Shoda Y., Mischel W. Rejection sensitivity and executive control: Joint predictors of borderline personality features. Journal of Research in Personality 2008, 42:151-168. 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.04.002.
9. Azmier J. Gambling in Canada 2005: Statistics and context 2005, Canada West Foundation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
10. Bagby R.M., Vachon D.D., Bulmash E.L., Toneatto T., Quilty L.C., Costa P.T. Pathological gambling and the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences 2007, 43:873-880. 10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.011.
11. Balabanis G. The relationship between lottery ticket and scratch-card buying behaviour, personality and other compulsive behaviours. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 2002, 2:7-22. 10.1002/cb.86.
12. Bartels D.M., Rips L.J. Psychological connectedness and intertemporal choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2010, 139:49-69. 10.1037/a0018062.
13. Beckert J., Lutter M. Inequality and fair play: Lottery gambling and social stratification in Germany. European Sociological Review 2009, 25:475-488. 10.1093/esr/jcn063.
14. Blalock G., Just D.R., Simon D.H. Hitting the jackpot or hitting the skids: Entertainment, poverty, and the demand for state lotteries. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2007, 66:545-570. 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2007.00526.x.
15. Blaszczynski A., Nower L. A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction 2002, 97:487-499. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x.
16. Bullock J.G., Green D.P., Ha S.E. Yes, but what's the mechanism? (Don't expect an easy answer). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2010, 98:550-558. 10.1037/a0018933.
17. Callan M.J., Ellard J.H. Beyond victim derogation and blame: Just world dynamics in everyday life. The psychology of justice and legitimacy: The Ontario Symposium 2010, Vol. 11:53-77. Psychology Press, New York, NY. D.R. Bobocel, A.C. Kay, M.P. Zanna, J.M. Olson (Eds.).
18. Callan M.J., Ellard J.H., Nicol J.E. The belief in a just world and immanent justice reasoning in adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2006, 32:1646-1658. 10.1177/0146167206292236.
19. Callan M.J., Ellard J.H., Shead N.W., Hodgins D.C. Gambling as a search for justice: Examining the role of personal relative deprivation in gambling urges and gambling behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008, 34:1514-1529. 10.1177/0146167208322956.
20. Callan M.J., Shead N.W., Olson J.M. Foregoing the labor for the fruits: The effect of just world threat on the desire for immediate monetary rewards. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2009, 45:246-249. 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.013.
21. Clarke D., Tse S., Abbott M., Townsend S., Kingi P., Manaia W. Key indicators of the transition from social to problem gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2006, 4:247-264. 10.1007/s11469-006-9024-x.
22. Correia I., Vala J., Aguiar P. Victim's innocence, social categorization, and the threat to the belief in a just world. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2007, 43:31-38. 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.010.
23. Cox B.J., Yu N., Afifi T.O., Ladouceur R. A national survey of gambling problems in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 2005, 50:213-217.
24. Crosby F. A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review 1976, 83:85-113. 10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.85.
25. Crosby F. Relative deprivation and working women 1982, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
26. Crosby F. The denial of personal discrimination. American Behavioral Scientist 1984, 27:371-386. 10.1177/000276484027003008.
27. Crosby F., Muehrer P., Lowenstein G. Relative deprivation and explanation: Models and concepts. Relative deprivation and social comparison: The Ontario Symposium 1986, Vol. 4:17-32. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J.M. Olson, C.P. Herman, M.P. Zanna (Eds.).
28. Cross G. An all-consuming century: Why commercialism won in modern America 2000, Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
29. deCarufel A. Factors affecting the evaluation of improvement. The role of normative standards and allocator resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 37:847-857. 10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.847.
30. de Wit H., Flory J.D., Acheson A., McCloskey M., Manuck S.B. IQ and non-planning impulsivity are independently associated with delay discounting in middle-aged adults. Personality and Individual Differences 2007, 42:111-121. 10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.026.
31. Dittmar H. Impulse buying in ordinary and "compulsive" consumers. Conflict and tradeoffs in decision making 2001, 110-135. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. E.U. Weber, J. Baron, G. Loomes (Eds.).
32. Dixon M.R., Jacobs E.A., Sanders S. Contextual control of delay discounting by pathological gamblers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 2006, 39:413-422. 10.1901/jaba.2006.173-05.
33. Dixon M.R., Marley J., Jacobs E.A. Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 2003, 36:449-458. 10.1901/jaba.2003.36-449.
34. Eibner C., Evans W.N. Relative deprivation, poor health habits, and mortality. Journal of Human Resources 2005, 40:591-620.
35. Ellard, J. H. (2007). The Financial Conscientiousness Scale. Unpublished questionnaire, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
36. Ellaway A., McKay L., Macintyre S., Kearns A., Hiscock R. Are social comparisons of homes and cars related to psychosocial health?. International Journal of Epidemiology 2004, 33:1065-1071. 10.1093/ije/dyh197.
37. Ferris J., Wynne H.J. The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final Report 2001, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
38. Gosling S.D., Rentfrow P.J., Swann W.B. A very brief measure of the Big Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality 2003, 37:504-528. 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1.
39. Green L., Myerson J. A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychological Bulletin 2004, 130:769-792. 10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.769.
40. Green L., Myerson J., Lichtman D., Rosen S., Fry A. Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: The role of age and income. Psychology and Aging 1996, 11:79-84. 10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.79.
41. Greenberg J. Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1993, 54:81-103. 10.1006/obhd.1993.1004.
42. Gupta R., Derevensky J.L. Adolescent gambling behavior: A prevalence study and examination of the correlates associated with problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies 1998, 14:319-345. 10.1023/A:1023068925328.
43. Gupta R., Derevensky J.L. An empirical examination of Jacobs' general theory of addictions: Do adolescent gamblers fit the theory?. Journal of Gambling Studies 1998, 14:17-49. 10.1023/A:1023046509031.
44. Gurr T.R. Why men rebel 1970, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
45. Hafer C.L. Do innocent victims threaten the belief in a just world? Evidence from a modified Stroop task. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 79:165-173. 10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.165.
46. Hafer C.L. Investment in long-term goals and commitment to just means drive the need to believe in a just world. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:1059-1073. 10.1177/01461672002611004.
47. Hafer C.L., Begue L. Experimental research on just world theory: Problems, developments, and future challenges. Psychological Bulletin 2005, 131:128-167. 10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.128.
48. Hafer C.L., Begue L., Choma B.L., Dempsey J.L. Belief in a just world and commitment to long-term deserved outcomes. Social Justice Research 2005, 18:429-444. 10.1007/s11211-005-8569-3.
49. Hafer C.L., Olson J.M. Beliefs in a just world, discontent, and assertive actions by women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1993, 19:30-38. 10.1177/0146167293191004.
50. Haisley E., Mostafa R., Lowenstein G. Subjective relative income and lottery ticket purchases. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 2008, 21:283-295. 10.1002/bdm.588.
51. Hodgins D.C., Holub A. Treatment of problem gambling. Research and measurement issues in gambling studies 2007, 371-397. Elsevier, New York, NY. G.J. Smith, D.C. Hodgins, R.J. Williams (Eds.).
52. Jacobs D.F. A general theory of addictions: A new theoretical model. Journal of Gambling Studies 1986, 2:15-31. 10.1007/BF01019931.
53. Johnson M.W., Bickel W.K. Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2002, 77:129-146. 10.1901/jeab.2002.77-129.
54. Kaare P.-R., Mottus R., Konstabel K. Pathological gambling in Estonia: Relationships with personality, self-esteem, emotional states and cognitive ability. Journal of Gambling Studies 2009, 25:377-390. 10.1007/s10899-009-9119-y.
55. Kirby K.N. One-year temporal stability of delay-discount rates. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2009, 16:457-462. 10.3758/PBR.16.3.457.
56. Kirby K.N., Godoy R., Reyes-Garcia V., Byron E., Apaza L., Leonard W., Wilkie D. Correlates of delay-discount rates: Evidence from Tsimané Amerindians of the Bolivian rain forest. Journal of Economic Psychology 2002, 23:291-316. 10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00078-8.
57. Korn D.A. Gambling expansion in Canada: Implications for health and social policy. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2000, 163:61-64.
58. Lagorio C.H., Madden G.J. Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards: III. Steady-state assessments, forced-choice trials, and all real rewards. Behavioural Processes 2005, 69:173-187. 10.1016/j.beproc.2005.02.003.
59. Lee H.P., Chae P.K., Lee H.S., Kim Y.K. The five-factor gambling motivation model. Psychiatry Research 2007, 150:21-32. 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.005.
60. Lerner M.J. The justice motive. Some hypotheses as to its origins and forms. Journal of Personality 1977, 45:1-52. 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1977.tb00591.x.
61. Lerner M.J. The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion 1980, Plenum, New York, NY.
62. Lerner M.J. Pursuing the justice motive. The justice motive in everyday life 2002, 10-38. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 10.1017/CBO9780511499975.002. M. Ross, D.T. Miller (Eds.).
63. Lerner M.J., Miller D.T., Holmes J.G. Deserving and the emergence of forms of justice. Advances in experimental social psychology 1976, Vol. 9:133-162. Academic Press, New York, NY. L. Berkowitz, E. Walster (Eds.).
64. Lesieur H., Blume S. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987, 144:1184-1188.
65. Long G.T., Lerner M.J. Deserving, the "personal contract" and altruistic behavior by children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1974, 29:551-556. 10.1037/h0036207.
66. Luttmer E.F.P. Neighbors as negatives: Relative earnings and well-being. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2005, 120:963-1002.
67. MacLaren, V. V., Best, L. A., Dixon, M. J., & Harrigan, K. A. (in press). Problem gambling and the Five Factor model in university students. Personality and Individual Differences.
68. Madden G.J., Begotka A.M., Raiff B.R., Kastern L.L. Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2003, 11:139-145. 10.1037/1064-1297.11.2.139.
69. Madden G.J., Bickel W.K. Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting 2010, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 10.1037/12069-000.
70. Metcalfe J., Mischel M. A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Bulletin 1999, 106:3-19.
71. Mischel W. Processes in delay of gratification. Advances in experimental social psychology 1974, Vol. 7:249-292. Academic Press, New York, NY. L. Berkowitz (Ed.).
72. Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., Shoda, Y. (in press). "Willpower" over the lifespan: Decomposing self-regulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
73. Mischel W., Ayduk O., Mendoza-Denton R. Sustaining delay of gratification over time: A hot-cool systems perspective. Time and decision: Economic and psychological perspectives on intertemporal choice 2003, 175-200. Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY. G. Loewenstein, D. Read, R.F. Baumeister (Eds.).
74. Mischel W., Shoda Y., Rodriguez M.L. Delay of gratification in children. Science 1989, May 26, 244:933-938. 10.1126/science.2658056.
75. Myerson J., Green L., Warusawitharana M. Area under the curve as a measure of discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2001, 76:235-243. 10.1901/jeab.2001.76-235.
76. Niehoff B.P., Paul R.J. Causes of employee theft and strategies that HR managers can use for prevention. Human Resources Management 2000, 39:51-64. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(200021)39:1<51::AID-HRM5>3.0.CO;2-5.
77. Olson J.M. Resentment about deprivation: Entitlement and hopefulness as mediators of the effects of qualifications. Relative deprivation and social comparison: The Ontario Symposium 1986, Vol. 4:57-77. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J.M. Olson, C.P. Herman, M.P. Zanna (Eds.).
78. Olson J.M., Hafer C.L. Tolerance of personal deprivation. The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations 2001, 157-175. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. J.T. Jost, B. Major (Eds.).
79. Olson J.M., Herman C.P., Zanna M.P. Relative deprivation and social comparison: The Ontario Symposium 1986, Vol. 4. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
80. Olson J.M., Roese N. Relative deprivation and counterfactual thinking. Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration 2002, 265-287. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. I. Walker, H. Smith (Eds.).
81. Olson J.M., Roese N.J., Meen J., Robertson D.J. The preconditions and consequences of relative deprivation: Two field studies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1995, 25:944-964. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02384.x.
82. Petry N.M. Pathological gamblers, with and without substance use disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2001, 110:482-487. 10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.482.
83. Petry N.M. Pathological gambling: Etiology, comorbidity, and treatment 2005, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 10.1037/10894-000.
84. Petry N.M., Armentano C. Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of pathological gambling: A review. Psychiatric Services 1999, 50:1021-1027.
85. Petry N.M., Casarella T. Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1999, 56:25-32. 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00010-1.
86. Petry N.M., Litt M.D., Kadden R., Ledgerwood D.M. Do coping skills mediate the relationship between cognitive-behavioral therapy and reductions in gambling in pathological gamblers?. Addiction 2007, 102:1280-1291. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01907.x.
87. Petry N.M., Madden G.J. Discounting and pathological gambling. Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting 2010, 273-294. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 10.1037/12069-010. G.J. Madden, W.K. Bickel (Eds.).
88. Pham-Kanter G. Social comparisons and health: Can having rich friends and neighbors make you sick?. Social Science & Medicine 2009, 69:335-344. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.017.
89. Preacher K.J., Hayes A.F. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 2004, 36:717-731. 10.3758/BF03206553.
90. Preacher K.J., Hayes A.F. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods 2008, 40:879-891. 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
91. Preacher K.J., Rucker D.D., Hayes A.F. Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research 2007, 42:185-227.
92. Rachlin H. The science of self-control 2000, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
93. Raylu N., Oei T.P. The Gambling Urge Scale: Development, confirmatory factory analysis, and psychometric properties. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2004, 18:100-105. 10.1037/0893-164X.18.2.100.
94. Reimers S., Maylor E.A., Stewart N., Chater N. Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income, education and real-world impulsive behavior. Personality and Individual Differences 2009, 47:973-978. 10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.026.
95. Reynolds B. A review of delay-discounting research with humans: Relations to drug use and gambling. Behavioural Pharmacology 2006, 17:651-667. 10.1097/FBP.0b013e3280115f99.
96. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image 1965, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
97. Runciman W.G. Relative deprivation and social justice 1966, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, England.
98. Shead N.W., Callan M.J., Hodgins D.C. Probability discounting among gamblers: Differences across problem gambling severity and affect-regulation tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences 2008, 45:536-541. 10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.008.
99. Shoda Y., Mischel W., Peake P.K. Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification: Identifying diagnostic conditions. Developmental Psychology 1990, 26:978-986. 10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.978.
100. Smith G., Hodgins D.C., Williams R.J. Research and measurement issues in gambling studies 2007, Academic, London, England.
101. Smith H.J., Ortiz D.J. Is it just me? The different consequences of personal and group relative deprivation. Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration 2002, 91-115. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. I. Walker, H.J. Smith (Eds.).
102. Spencer S.J., Zanna M.P., Fong G.T. Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective in examining psychological process than meditational analyses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89:845-851. 10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.845.
103. Stewart S.H., Zack M. Development and psychometric evaluation of a three-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire. Addiction 2008, 103:1110-1117. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02235.x.
104. Stewart S.H., Zack M., Collins P., Klein R.M., Fragopoulos F. Subtyping pathological gamblers on the basis of affective motivations for gambling: Relations to gambling problems, drinking problems, and affective motivations for drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2008, 22:257-268. 10.1037/0893-164X.22.2.257.
105. Sutton R.M., Douglas K.M., Wilkin K., Elder T.J., Cole J.M., Stathi S. Justice for whom, exactly? Beliefs in justice for the self and various others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008, 34:528-541. 10.1177/0146167207312526.
106. Tougas F., Beaton A.M. Personal and group relative deprivation: Connecting the "I" to the "we.". Relative deprivation: Specification, development and integration 2002, 119-135. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. I. Walker, H. Smith (Eds.).
107. Tougas F., Beaton A.M. Personal relative deprivation: A look at the grievous consequences of grievance. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2008, 2:1753-1766. 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00127.x.
108. Tougas F., Rinfret N., Beaton A.M., de la Sablonnière R. Policewomen acting in self-defense: Can psychological disengagement protect self-esteem from the negative outcomes of relative deprivation?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:790-800. 10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.790.
109. United Kingdom Gambling Commission British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007 http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/.
110. Van den Bergh B., DeWitte S., Warlop L. Bikinis instigate generalized impatience in intertemporal choice. Journal of Consumer Research 2008, 35:85-97. 10.1086/525505.
111. Volberg R.A., Reitzes D.C., Boles J. Exploring the links between gambling, problem gambling, and self-esteem. Deviant Behavior 1997, 18:321-342.
112. Walker I. Effects of personal and group relative deprivation on personal and collective self-esteem. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 1999, 2:365-380. 10.1177/1368430299024004.
113. Walker I., Mann L. Unemployment, relative deprivation, and social protest. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1987, 13:275-283. 10.1177/0146167287132012.
114. Walker I., Smith H.J. Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration 2002, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
115. Wee S.L. Macau gambling revenue record in October http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTOE6A007U20101101.
116. Welte J.W., Barnes G.M., Wieczorek W.F., Tidwell M.C., Parker J. Gambling participation in the U. S.: Results from a national survey. Journal of Gambling Studies 2002, 18:313-337. 10.1023/A:1021019915591.
117. Wheeler B.W., Rigby J.E., Huriwai T. Pokies and poverty: Problem gambling risk factor geography in New Zealand. Health & Place 2006, 12:86-96. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.10.011.
118. Wiedemann A.U., Schüz B., Sniehotta F., Scholz U., Schwarzer R. Disentangling the relation between intentions, planning, and behaviour: A moderated mediation analysis. Psychology & Health 2009, 24:67-79. 10.1080/08870440801958214.
119. Wood R.T., Williams R.J. Internet gambling: Past, present and future. Research and measurement issues in gambling studies 2007, 491-514. Elsevier, Burlington, MA. G. Smith, D. Hodgins, R. Williams (Eds.).
120. Young M.M., Wohl M.J.A. The Gambling Craving Scale: Psychometric validation and behavioral outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009, 23:512-522. 10.1037/a0015043.
121. Zoogah D.B. Why should I be left behind? Employees' perceived relative deprivation and participation in development activities. Journal of Applied Psychology 2010, 95:159-173. 10.1037/a0018019.