Comprehensive assessment of maize aflatoxin levels in eastern Kenya, 2005-2007

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 119, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1794-1799

  Daniel, Johnni H ^a   Lewis, Lauren W ^a   Redwood, Yanique A ^a   Kieszak, Stephanie ^a   Breiman, Robert F ^a   Dana flanders, W ^a   Bell, Carlos ^b   Mwihia, John ^c   Ogana, George ^c   Likimani, Sopiato ^d   Straetemans, Masja ^e   McGeehin, Michael A ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

^c Kenya National Public Health Laboratory   (Kenya)

^d Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation   (Kenya)

^e KNCV TUBERCULOSIS FOUNDATION   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aflatoxicosis; Aflatoxin; Contamination; Kenya; Maize

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN;

AFLATOXICOSIS; ANTIBODY AFFINITY; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EPIDEMIC; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HARVEST; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; KENYA; MAIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEASONAL VARIATION; TOXIN ANALYSIS;

EID: 82855181268     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003044     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. AOAC International (OMA). Home page. Available: http://www.eoma.aoac.org/methods/info.asp?ID=10654 [accessed 15 February 2011].
2. Azziz-Baumgartner E, Lindblade K, Gieseker K, Rogers HS, Kieszak S, Njapau H, et al. 2005. Case-control study of an acute aflatoxicosis outbreak in Kenya. Environ Health Perspect 113:1779-1783.
3. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2004. Outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning-eastern and central provinces, Kenya, January-July, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53:790-793.
4. Eaton DL, Groopman JD, eds. 1993. The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance. London:Academic Press.
5. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 2000. Guidance for Industry: Action Levels for Poisonous or Deleterious Substances in Human Food and Animal Feed. Available: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidance Documents/ChemicalContaminantsandPesticides/ucm077969.htm#afla [accessed 20 May 2011].
6. Gitu KW. 2004. Agricultural Development and Food Security in Kenya: Building a Case for More Support. Available: www.fao.org/tc/TCA/work05/Kenya.pdf [accessed 1 February 2011].
7. Hell K, Cardwell KF, Setamou M, Poehling HM. 2000. The influ- ence of storage practices on aflatoxin contamination in maize in four agroecological zones of Benin, West Africa. J Stored Prod Res 36:365-382.
8. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1987. Aflatoxins. In: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 1-42(suppl 7):83-87.
9. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1993. Aflatoxins. In: Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines, and Mycotoxins. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 56:245-395.
10. James B, Adda C, Cardwell K, Annang D, Hell K, Korie S, et al. 2007. Public information campaign on aflatoxin contamination of maize grains in market stores in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. Food Addit Contam 24:1283-1291.
11. Jiang Y, Jolly P, Preko P, Wang J, Ellis W. 2008. Aflatoxin- related immune dysfunction in health and in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2008; doi:10.1155/2008/790309 [Online 5 August 2008].
12. Kenya Bureau of Standards. 1988. Dry-milled maize products. Kenyan Standard No. 05158. Nairobi:Kenya Bureau of Standards.
13. Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS). 2005/2006. Basic Report (Revised Edition). Available: http://www.knbs.or.ke/pdf/Basic%20Report%20(Revised%20Edition).pdf [accessed 19 January 2008].
14. Kimanya ME, De Meulenaer B, Tiisekwa B, Ndomondo-Sigonda M, Devlieghere F, Van Camp J, et al. 2008. Co-occurrence of fumonisins with aflatoxins in home-stored maize for human consumption in rural villages of Tanzania. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 25:1353-1364.
15. Lemeshow S, Robinson D. 1985. Surveys to measure programme coverage and impact: a review of the methodology used by the Expanded Programme on Immunization. World Health Stat Q 38:65-75.
16. Lewis L, Onsongo M, Njapau H, Shurz-Rogers H, Luber G, Kieszak S, etal. 2005. Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxico- sis in Eastern and Central Kenya. Environ Health Perspect 113:1763-1767.
17. Mphahlele MJ, Francois G, Kew M, Van Damme P, Hoosen AA, Meheus A. 2002. Epidemiology and control of hepatitis B: implications for eastern and southern Africa. South Afr J Epidemiol Infect 17:12-17.
18. Mwihia JT, Straetemans M, Ibrahim A, Njau J, Muhenje O, Guracha A, et al. 2008. Aflatoxin levels in locally grown maize from Makueni District, Kenya. East Afr Med J 85:311-317.
19. Ngindu A, Johnson BK, Kenya PR, Ngira JA, Ocheng DM, Nandwa H, etal. 1982. Outbreak of acute hepatitis caused by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. Lancet 1:1346-1348.
20. Njapau H. 2008. Sampling village corn for aflatoxin analysis: practical aspects. In: Mycotoxin Contamination and Control (Njapau H, Trujillo S, Pohland AE, Park DL, eds). Bloomington, IN:Authorhouse, 113-132.
21. Patten RC. 1981. Aflatoxins and disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30:422-425.
22. Probst C, Njapau H, Cotty PJ. 2007. Outbreak of an acute afla- toxicosis in Kenya in 2004: identification of the causal agent. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2762-2764.
23. Shephard GS. 2003. Aflatoxin and food safety: recent African perspectives. J Toxicol 22(2-3):267-286.
24. Shephard GS. 2008. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food in Africa. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 25:1246-1256.
25. Sinha KK, Sinha AK. 1992. Impact of stored grain pests on seed deterioration and aflatoxin contamination maize. J Stored Prod Res 28:211-219.
26. Van Egmond HP, Schothorst RC, Jonker MA. 2007. Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context. Anal Bioanal Chem 389:147-157.
27. Wild CP. 2007. Aflatoxin exposure in developing countries: the critical interface of agriculture and health. Food Nutr Bull 28(2 suppl):S372-S380.
28. Wild CP, Gong YY. 2010. Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis 31:71-82.
29. Wild CP, Montesano R. 2009. A model of interaction: aflatoxins and hepatitis viruses in liver cancer aetiology and prevention. Cancer Lett 286:22-28.
30. Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, AggarwalD. 2004. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr 80:1106-1122.
31. Wilson DM, Payne GA. 1994. Factors affecting Aspergillus flanus group infection and aflatoxin contamination of crops. In: The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance (Eaton DL, Groopman JD, eds). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 309-315.