Changing epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections: Call for new strategies against the increase in chlamydia infection in Sweden

Open Infectious Diseases Journal

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 120-126

  Christenson, Brith ^a   Sylvan, Staffan P E ^a,b  

^a Smittskyddsenheten   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Chlamydia trachomatis; Gonorrhoea; HIV; Syphilis

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CHLAMYDIASIS; CONDOM; CONTACT EXAMINATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; GONORRHEA; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INFECTION CONTROL; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION; PATIENT CARE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCREENING TEST; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL INTERCOURSE; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SWEDEN; SYPHILIS;

EID: 82855161014     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18742793     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874279301105010120     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Fenton KA, Lowndes CM. The European Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections (ESSTI). Recent trends in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in the European Union. Sex Infect 2004; 80: 255-63
2. Low N, Broutet N, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Barton P, Hossain M, Hawkes S. Sexual and Reproductive Health 5. Global control of sexually transmitted infections. Lancet 2006; 368: 2001-16.
3. Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control. Communicable Diseases in Sweden 2007. The annual Report of Department of Epidemiology. Stockholm: Smittskyddsinstitutet 2008.
4. Von Krogh G, Hellström L, Böttiger M. Declining incidence of syphilis among homosexual men in Stockholm. Lancet 1986; 2: 920-1.
5. De Schryver A, Meheus A. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture. Bull World Health Organ 1990; 68: 639-54.
6. von Krogh G, Boström C, Hermansson J, et al. The introduction of HIV during 1979-80 in a sexually active homosexual population in Stockholm. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19: 285-8.
7. Böttiger M, Biberfeld G, Janzon R, et al. HIV-antibody testing among injecting drug users (IDUs) in the Stockholm area, 1984-91: information compiled from testing laboratories. Scand Infect Dis 1993; 25: 289-95.
8. Christenson B, Stillström J. The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases in the Stockholm area. Sex Transm Dis.1995; 22(5): 281-8.
9. The National Bacteriological Institute in Sweden. The Epidemiological Department. Annual Report 1988-1992.
10. Swedish National Institute for Infections. Annual Epidemiological Report 1993-1995.
11. Kangas I, Andersen B, McGarrigle CA, Östergaard L. A comparison of sexual behaviour and attitudes of healthy adolescents in a Danish high school in 1982, 1996, and 2001. Popul Health Metrics 2004; 2: 5
12. Sylvan S, Christenson B. Increase in Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Sweden: time for new strategies. Editorial. Arch Sex Behav 2008; 37(3): 362
13. Van Valkengoed IG, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Meijer CJ, Bouter LM, Boeke AJ. Overestimation of complication rates in evaluations of Chlamydia trachomatis screening programmes- implications for cost-effectiveness analyses. Int J Epidmiol 2004; 33(2): 426-7.
14. Boeke AJ, van BergenJE, Morre SA, van Everdingen JJ. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease associated with urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis; literature review. Ned Tidsskr Genesco 2005; 149(16): 850-2.
15. Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Rozendaal L, et al. The natural course of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections: 45% clearance and no development of clinical PID after one-year follow-up. Int J AIDS 2002; 13(Suppl 2): 12-8.
16. The ClaSS Study Group. Evidence is not (yet) enough for evidence based policy of Chlamydia screening. BMJ 2001; 322: 364-5
17. Batteiger BE, Xu F, Johnson RE, Rekart ML. Protective immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: evidence from human studies. J infect Dis. 2010; 201(Suppl 2): 178-89.
18. Low N. Screening programmes for chlamydial infection: when will we ever learn? BMJ 2007; 334: 725-8.
19. Ripa T, Nilsson PA. A Chlamydia trachomatis strain with a 377-bp deletion in the cryptic plasmid causing false-negative nucleic acid amplification tests. Sex Transm Dis. 2007; 34(5): 255-6.
20. Herrman B. Anew genetic variant of Chlamydia trachomatis: a trilling story in Sweden with global impact. Sex Transm Infect 2007; 83(4): 253-4.
21. Statistical Yearbook of Sweden. Official Statistics Sweden. Published by Statistiska Centralbyrån (SCB); befolkningsstatistik 2008.
22. Ho DD. Toward HIV eradication or remission: the tasks ahead. Science 1998; 280: 1866-7.
23. Gotz HM, van Bergen JE, Veldhuijzen IK, Broer J, Hoebe CJ, Richardus JH. A prediction rule for selective screening of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81(1): 24-30.
24. Low N, Egger M. What should we do about screening for genital Chlamydia? Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 891-3.
25. Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control. Communicable Diseases in Sweden. The Annual Report of Department of Epidemiology. Stockholm: Smittskyddsinstitutet 2004.
26. Westh H, Kolmos HJ. Large-scale testing of women in Copenhagen has not reduced the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9(7): 619-24.
27. Hiltunen-Beck E, Haikala O, Kautiainen H, Ruutu P, Paavonen J, Reunala T. Nationwide increase of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Finland: highest rise among adolescent women and men. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30 (10): 737-41.
28. Eggert-Kruse W, Rohr G, Demirakca T, et al. Chlamydial serology in 1303 asymptomatic subfertile couples. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1464-75.
29. Kraus W, Bohring C. Male infertility and genital chlamydial nfection: victim or perpetrator. Andrologia 2003; 35 (4): 209-16.
30. Eggert Kruse W, Rohr G, Probst S, et al. Antisperm antibodies and microorganisms in genital secretions-a clinically significant relationship? Andrologia 1998; 30 (Suppl 1): 61-71
31. Brunham RC, Pourbohloul B, Mak S, White R, Rekart ML. The unexpected impact of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection control program on susceptibility to reinfection. J Infect Dis 2005; 192(10):1836-44.
32. Miller WC. Epidemiology of chlamydial infection: are we losing ground? Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 82-6.
33. Parks KS, Dixon PB, Richey CM, Hook EW. Spontaneous clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in untreated patients. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24(4): 229-35.
34. Sheffield JS, Andrew WW, Klebanoff MA, et al. Spontaneous resolution of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Obest Gynecol 2005; 105(3): 557-62.
35. Sylvan SP, Henrikson L, Palm K, Siwerth BM. Increased prevalence of genital Chlamydia in Stockholm County (article in Swedish). Hygia 2000; 109(2): 209.
36. Carre H, Boman J, Gärden B, Nylander-Lundqvist E. Contact tracing 1-year back is profitable. (Article in Swedish). Läkartidningen 2005; 102: 468-71.
37. Macleod J, Salisbury C, Low N, et al. Coverage and uptake of systematic postal screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis and prevalence of infection in the United Kingdom general population: cross sectional study. BMJ 2005; 330(7497): 940.
38. van Valkengoed IG, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, et al. Partner notification among asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis cases, by means of mailed specimens. Br J Gen Pract 2002; 52(481): 652-4.
39. Adams EJ, Charlett A, Edmunds WJ, Hughes G. Chlamydia trachomatis in United Kingdom: a systematic review and analysis of prevalence studies. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80(5): 331-3.
40. Van Bergen J, Gotz HM, Richardus JH, Hoebe CJ, Broer J, Coenen AJ. PILOT CT study group. Prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis increases significantly with level of urbanisation and suggests targeted screening approaches: results from the first national population based study in the Netherlands. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81(1): 17-23.
41. Sylvan SPE, Hedlund J. Efficacy of notification for Chlamydia trachomatis among young adults in youth health centres in Uppsala County, Sweden. JEADV 2009; DOI: 10. 1111/j.1468-3083. 2008.03080.
42. Sylvan SP, Von Krogh G, Tiveljung A, et al. Screening and genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from male and female clients of youth-health centers in Stockholm County. Sex Transm Dis. 2002; 29(7): 379-86.
43. Sylvan SPE. The Communicable Diseases Act and strategies to constrain the spread of STIs in Sweden. Control and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections. European Approach. St Petersburg. Suppl April/2004; 2124.
44. Bellis MA, Hughes K, Ashton JR. The promiscuous 10%? J Epidemiol Commun Health 2004; 58: 889-90.
45. Shelton JD. Confessions of a condom lover. Lancet 2006; 368: 1947-9.
46. Hallett TB, Aberle-Grasse J, Bello G, et al. Declines in HIV prevalence can be associated with changing sexual behaviour in Uganda, urban Kenya, Zimbabwe, and urban Haiti. Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82(Supp11): i1-i8.