The recorded evidence of AD 1755 Atlantic tsunami on the Gibraltar coast;Las evidencias registradas del tsunami Atlántico de 1755 en la costa de Gibraltar

Journal of Iberian Geology

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 177-193

  Rodriguez Vidal J ^a   Caceres L M ^a   Abad, M ^a   Ruiz, F ^a   Gonzalez Regalado M L ^a   Finlayson, C ^b   Finlayson, G ^b   Fa, D ^b   Rodriguez Llanes J M ^c   Bailey, G ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HUELVA   (Spain)

^b Gibraltar Museum   (Gibraltar)

^c UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^d UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

AD 1755 tsunami; Gibraltar; Lisbon earthquake; Radiocarbon dating; Run up; Sedimentary record

Indexed keywords

ACCRETION; COASTAL LAGOON; DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT; EARTHQUAKE EVENT; GRANULOMETRY; RADIOCARBON DATING; REDEPOSITION; REMOBILIZATION; SHELL; TSUNAMI;

LISBOA [PORTUGAL]; LISBON; PORTUGAL; STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR;

EID: 82755167762     PISSN: 16986180     EISSN: 18867995     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5209/rev_JIGE.2011.v37.n2.7     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Abe, K. (1979): Size of great earthquakes of 1837-1974 inferred from tsunami data, Journal of Geophysical Research 84, 1561-1568. doi: 10.1029/JB084iB04p01561.
2. Abrantes, F., Lebreiro, S., Gil, I., Rodrigues, T., Bartels-Jónsdóttir, H., Oliveira, P., Kissel, C., Grimalt, J. O. (2005): Shallow marine sediment cores record climate variability and earthquake activity off Lisbon (Portugal) for the last 2000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 2477-2494. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.04.009.
3. Abrantes, F., Alt-Epping, U., Lebreiro, S., Voelker, A., Schneider, R. (2008): Sedimentological record of tsunamis on shallow-shelf areas: The case of the 1969 AD and 1755 AD tsunamis on the Portuguese Shelf off Lisbon. Marine Geology 249, 283-293. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2007.12.004.
4. Alonso, C., Gracia, F. J., Anfuso, G., Del Río, L., Benavente, J., Martínez, J. A. (2004): Registro morfosedimentario de eventos históricos de alta energía en el litoral atlántico del Estrecho de Gibraltar (Trafalgar-Tarifa). In: Benito, G., Díez Herrero, A. (eds.): Contribuciones recientes sobre Geomorfología 263-271, C. S. I. C., Madrid.
5. Andrade, C. (1992): Tsunami generated forms in the Algarve barrier islands (South Portugal). Science of Tsunami Hazards 10, 21-34.
6. Andrade, C., Hindson, R., Freitas, C., Dawson, A. (1994): Sedimentary evidence of tsunami flooding in Algarve coastal lowlands. Proceedings of the Symposium Littoral '94, Lisbon, vol. II, 26-29.
7. Andrade, C., Andrade, A. M., Kortekaas, S., Dawson, A. (1997): Sedimentological traces of tsunamigenic overwash of the Martinhal lowland (Western Algarve, Portugal). Proceedings of the Symposium Littoral '97, Faro, 11-17.
8. Andrade, C., Munhá, J. M., Paulino, J. (1998): Geochemical signature of extreme marine flooding in the Boca do Rio lowland (Algarve, Portugal). Com. V Congresso Nacional de Geología, Lisboa, IGN, SGP, 84(1), C-51/C-54.
9. Andrade, C., Borges, P., Freitas, M. C. (2006): Historical tsunami in the Azores archipielago (Portugal). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 156, 172-185. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.014.
10. Atwater, B. F., ten Brink, U. S., Buckley, M., Halley, R. S., Jaffe, B. E., López-Venegas, A. M., Reinhardt, E. G., Tuttle, M. P., Watt, S., Wei, Y. (2010): Geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence for an unusual tsunami or storm a few centuries ago at Anegada, British Virgin Islands. Natural Hazards, doi:10.1007/s11069-010-9622-6.
11. Baptista, M. A., Heitor, S., Mendes Victor, L. (1998a): The 1755 Lisbon tsunami; Evaluation of the tsunami parameters, Journal of Geodynamics 25, 143-157. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(97)00019-7.
12. Baptista, M. A., Miranda, P. M., Miranda, J. M., Mendes Victor, L. (1998b): Constrains on the source of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami inferred from numerical modelling of historical data. Journal of Geodynamics 25, 159-174. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(97)00020-3.
13. Baptista, M. A., Miranda, J. M., Chierici, F., Zitellini, N. (2003): New study of the 1755 earthquake source based on multi-channel seismic survey data and tsunami modeling, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, 333-340.
14. Baptista, M. A., Miranda, J. M. (2009): Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, 25-42.
15. Barkan R., ten Brink U. S., Lin J. (2009): Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean. Marine Geology 264, 109-122. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.010.
16. Bewick, B. (1757): An account of the Earthquake at Cádiz, November 1, 1755, in a Letter from Benjamin Bewick, Merchant there, to Mr. Joseph Paice, Merchant in London, Lett. XIV, for the Year 1756, Philosophical Transactions, Vol. XLIX, Part II, London.
17. Blanc, P. L. (2008): The tsunami in Cádiz on 1 November 1755: a critical analysis of reports by Antonio de Ulloa and by Louis Godin, Comptes Rendus Geoscience 340, 251-261. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2007.12.001.
18. Blanc, P. L. (2009): Earthquakes and tsunami in November 1755 in Morocco: a different reading of contemporaneous documentary sources. Natural Hazards of Earth System Sciences 9, 725-738.
19. Borlase, W. (1755): Letter to the Rev. Charles Lytleton, L. L. Dean of Exeter, Lett. XV, printed for L. Davis and C. Reymers, Printers to the Royal Society, against Gray's Inn Gate, in Holbourn, for the Year 1756, Philosophical Transactions Vol. XLIX, Part II, London 1757.
20. Chambers, C. (1757): Another account of the same earthquake at Madeira in a letter from Charles Chambers to his father, in London, dated at Madeira, Novem. I, 1755, Communicated by Lewis Crusius, D. D. F. R. S., Lett. XVIII, for the Year 1756, Philosophical Transactions Vol. XLIX, Part II, London.
21. Clague, J. J., Bobrowsky, P. T., Hutchinson, I. (2000): A review of geological records of large tsunamis at Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and implications for hazard. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 849-863. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00101-8.
22. Cunha, P. P., Buylaert, J.-P., Murray, A. S., Andrade, C., Freitas, M. C., Fatela, F., Munhá, J. M., Martins, A. A., Sugisaki, S. (2010): Optical dating of clastic deposits generated by an extreme marine coastal flood: the 1755 tsunami deposits in the Algarve (Portugal). Quaternary Geochronology 5, 329-335.
23. Dabrio, C. J., Goy, J. L., Zazo, C. (1998): The record of the tsunami produced by the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake in Valdelagrana spit (Gulf of Cádiz, Southern Spain). Geogaceta 23, 31-34.
24. Dawson, A. G., Hindson, R., Andrade, C., Freitas, C., Parish, R., Bateman, M. (1995): Tsunami sedimentation associated with the Lisbon earth-quake of 1 November AD 1755: Boca do Rio, Algarve, Portugal. The Holocene 5, 209-215. doi:10.1177/095968369500500208.
25. Dawson, A.G., Stewart, I. (2007): Tsunami deposits in the geological record. Sedimentary Geology 200, 166-183. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.01.002.
26. Drinkwater, J. (1785): History of the Late Siege of Gibraltar. Spilsbury, London.
27. Fa, D., Finlayson, C. (2006): The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068-1945. Osprey Publishing, Oxford.
28. Flemming, N. C. (1972): Relative chronology of submerged Pleistocene marine erosion features in the western Mediterranean. Journal of Geology 80, 633-662.
29. Fonseca, J. F. B. D. (2005): The source of the Lisbon earthquake. Science 308, 50-51. doi: 10.1126/science.308.5718.49a.
30. Font, E., Nascimiento, C., Omira, R., Baptista, M. A., Silva, P. F. (2010): Identification of tsunami-induced deposits using numerical modeling and rock magnetism techniques: A study case of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami in Algarve, Portugal. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 182, 187-198. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.08.007.
31. Fowke, Th. (1756): An account of the earthquake in Barbary, inclosed in a letter from General Fowke, Governor of Gibraltar, to the Right Honourable Henry Fox, Philosophical Transactions, Vol. XLIX, part I, for the year 1756, 428-432.
32. Garcia-Orellana, J., Gràcia, E., Vizcaino, A., Masqué, P., Olid, C., Martínez-Ruiz, F., Piñero, E., Sanchez-Cabeza, J. A., Dañobeitia, J. J. (2006): Identifying instrumental and historical earthquake records in the SW Iberian Margin using 210Pb turbidite chronology. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L24601. doi:10.1029/2006GL028417.
33. Godin, L. (1755): Sur le Tremblement de Terre qui s'est fait sentir à Cadix le 1er novembre 1755 (lu par Bouguer), P.-V. Acad. Roy. Sci. Paris 74, 772-781, 3 and 6 décembre 1755.
34. thcentury New Zealand example. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2229-2236. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00033-1.
35. Goto, K., Takashashi, J., Oie, T., Imamura, F. (2011): Remarkable bathymetric change in the nearshore zone by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Kirinda Harbor, Sri Lanka. Geomorphology 127, 107-116. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.12.011.
36. Gràcia E., Vizcaino, A., Escutia, C., Asioli, A., Rodés, A., Pallàs, R., Garcia-Orellana, J., Lebreiro, S., Goldfinger, C. (2010): Holocene earthquake record offshore Portugal (SW Iberia): testing turbidite paleoseismology in a slow-convergence margin. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 1156-1172. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.010.
37. thInternational Conference on Geomorphology, I. A. G., Zaragoza.
38. Gracia, F. J., Alonso, C., Benavente, J., Anfuso, G., Del Río, L. (2006): The different coastal records of the 1755 tsunami waves along the South Atlantic Spanish coast. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Suppl. 146, 195-220.
39. Gutscher, M. A. (2004): What caused the Great Lisbon earthquake? Science 305, 1247-1248. doi:10.1126/science.1101351.
40. Gutscher M. A., Baptista M. A., Miranda J. M. (2006): The Gibraltar Arc seismogenic zone (part 2): Constraints on a shallow east dipping fault plane source for the 1755 Lisbon earthquake provided by tsunami modeling and seismic intensity. Tectonophysics 426, 153-166. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.02.025.
41. Hindson, R. A., Andrade, C. (1999): Sedimentation and hydrodynamic processes associated with the tsunami generated by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Quaternary International 56, 27-38. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00014-7.
42. Hindson, R. A., Andrade, C., Dawson, A. G. (1996): Sedimentary processes associated with the tsunami generated by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake on the Algarve coast, Portugal. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 21, 57-63. doi:10.1016/S0079-1946(97)00010-4.
43. Hughen, K. A., Baillie, M. G., Bard, E., Beck, J. W., Bertrand, C. J. H., Blackwell, P. G., Buck, C. E., Burr, G. S., Cutler, K. B., Damon, P. E., Edwards, R. L., Fairbanks, R. G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T. P., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Manning, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Reimer, P. J., Reimer, R. W., Remmele, S., Southon, J. R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F. W., Van der Plicht, J., Weyhenmeyer, C. E. (2004): Marine04: marine radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46, 1059-1086.
44. IGN (2005): Terremotos y Tsunamis en España, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, CD version.
45. James, T. (1771): The History of the Herculean Straits, now called The Straits of Gibraltar: including those ports of Spain and Barbary that lies contiguous thereto, London, vol.2, 414 pp.
46. Jiménez-Munt, I., Negredo, A. M. (2003): Neotectonic modelling of the western part of the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary: from the Mid-Atlantic ridge to Algeria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 205, 257-271.
47. Johnston, A. C. (1996): Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions-III, New Madrid 1811-1812, Charleston 1886 and Lisbon, 1755. Geophysical Journal International 126, 314-344. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb05294.x.
48. Kaabouben, F., Baptista, M. A., Iben Brahim, A., El Mouraouah, A., Toto, A. (2009): On the moroccan tsunami catalogue. Natural Hazards of Earth System Sciences 9, 1227-1236.
49. Kortekaas, S., Dawson, A. (2007). Distinguishing tsunami and storm deposits: an example from Martinhal, SW Portugal. Sedimentary Geology 200, 208-221. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.01.004.
50. Koster, B., Vonberg, D., Reicherter, K. (2009): Tsunamigenic deposits along the southern Gulf of Cádiz (Southwestern Spain) caused by tsunami in 1755? In: Pérez-López, R., Grützner, C., Lario, J., Reicherter, K., Silva, P.G. (eds.). Archaeoseismology and Palaeoseismology in the Alpine-Himalayan Collisional Zone. 1st INQUA-IGCP-567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology. Abstracts Volume. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 73-75.
51. Lander, J. F., Whiteside, L. S., Lockridge, P. A. (2002): Brief history of Tsunamis in the Caribbean Sea. Science of Tsunami Hazards 20, 2, 57-94.
52. Lario, J., Zazo, C., Plater, A. J., Goy, J. L., Dabrio, C. J., Borja, F., Sierro, F. J., Luque, L. (2001): Particle size and magnetic properties of Holocene estuarine deposits from the Doñana National Park (SW Iberia): evidence of gradual and abrupt coastal sedimentation. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 45, 33-54.
53. Lebreiro, S. M., McCave, I. N., Weaver, P. P. E. (1997): Late Quaternary turbidite emplacement on the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain (Iberian Margin). Journal of Sedimentary Research 67, 856-870. doi:10.1306/D4268658-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
54. Levret, A. (1991): The effects of the November 1, 1755 'Lisbon' earthquake in Morocco, Tectonophysics 193, 83-94. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90190-4.
55. Luque, L., Lario, J., Zazo, C., Goy, J. L., Dabrio, C. J., Silva, P. G. (2001): Tsunami deposits as paleoseismic indicators: examples from the Spanish coast. Acta Geologica Hispanica 36, 197-211.
56. Luque, L., Zazo, C., Lario, J., Goy, J. L., Civis, J., González, F. M., Silva, P. G., Dabrio, C. J., Silva, P. G. (2004): El efecto del tsunami del año 1755 en el litoral de Conil de la Frontera (Cádiz). In: Baquedano, E., Rubio, S. (eds). Miscelánea en homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre, vol. 1, Geología 73-82, Zona arqueológica, 4, Alcalá de Henares.
57. Machado, F. (1966): Contribução para o estudo do terremoto de 1 de Novembro de 1755. Revista da Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa Ser. C 14, 19-31.
58. st, 1755 AD tsunami. Science of Tsunami Hazards 27, 17-30.
59. Martínez Solares, J. A., López Arroyo, A., Mezcua, J. (1979): Isoseismal map of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake obtained from Spanish data. Tectonophysics 53, 301-313. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(79)90075-1.
60. Mendonça, J. M. (1758): Historia Universal dos Terramotos que tem havido no mundo de que há noticia desde a sua criaçao até ao seculo presente. Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Portugal, 272 pp.
61. Morales, J. A., Borrego, J., San Miguel, E. G., López-González, N., Carro, B. (2008): Sedimentary record of recent tsunamis in the Huelva Estuary (southwestern Spain), Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 734-746. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.12.002.
62. Moreira, V. S. (1989): in Gregersen S., P. W. Basham, (eds). Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics and Postglacial Rebound, NATO ASI series. Kluwer Academic Publisher, London.
63. Mörner, N.-A., Dawson, S. (2011): Traces of tsunami events in off-and on-shore environments. Case studies in the Maldives, Scotland and Sweden. In: Mörner, N.-A. (ed). The tsunami threat-research and Technology 371-388, In Techn Open Access Publisher.
64. Oliveira, M. A., Andrade, C., Freitas, M. C., Costa, P. J. (2009): Modeling volume transfer between beach-foredune and the backshore by the 1755 Lisbon tsunami at Boca do Rio lowland, Algarve (Portugal). Journal of Coastal Research Special issue 56, 1547-1551.
65. O'Loughlin, K. F., Lander, J. F. (2003): Caribbean tsunamis; a 500 year history from 1498-1998. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
66. Pozo, M., Ruiz, F., Carretero, M. I., Rodríguez-Vidal, J., Cáceres, L. M., Abad, M., González-Regalado, M. L., (2010): Mineralogical assemblages, geochemistry and fossil associations of Pleistocene-Holocene complex siliciclastic deposits from the Southwestern Doñana National Park (SW Spain): a palaeoenvironmental approach. Sedimentary Geology 225, 1-18. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.01.002.
67. Radtke, U., Schellmann, G., Scheffers, A., Kelletat, D., Kromer, B., Uwe, H. (2003): Electron spin resonance and radiocarbon dating of coral deposited by Holocene tsunami events on Curacao, Bonaire and Aruba (Netherlands Antilles). Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1309-1315. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00036-2.
68. Reid, H. F. (1914): The Lisbon earthquake of November 1, 1755. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 4, 53-80.
69. Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C. E., Burr, G. S., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., McCormac, F. G., Manning, S. W., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Southon, J. R., Talamo, S., Turney, C. S. M., van der Plicht. J., Weyhenmeyer, C. E. (2009): Int Cal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51, 1111-1150.
70. Rodríguez-Vidal, J., Ruiz, F., Cáceres, L. M. (2009): Comment on "Formation of chenier plain of the Doñana marshland (SW Spain): Observations and geomorphic model" by A. Rodríguez-Ramírez and C.M. Yáñez-Camacho [Marine Geology 254 (2008) 187-196]. Marine Geology 263, 120-122. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2009.02.012.
71. Rollo, D. (1989). Guns on the Rock: The British Artillery Defences of Gibraltar, 1704 to 1989. Based on the 1958 typescript by Major C.B.A. Hire in the Gibraltar Museum. Copy in the Gibraltar Museum, 1990.
72. Ruiz, F., Rodríguez-Ramírez, A., Cáceres, L. M., Rodríguez Vidal, J., Carretero, M. I., Abad, M., Olías, M., Pozo, M., (2005): Evidence of high-energy events in the geological record: Mid-Holocene evolution of the southwestern Doñana National park (SW Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 229, 212-229. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.023.
73. Ruiz, F., Abad, M., Rodríguez-Vidal, J., Cáceres, L. M., González-Regalado, M. L., Carretero, M. I., Pozo, M., Gómez Toscano, F., (2008): The geological record of the oldest historical tsunamis in southwestern Spain. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 114, 147-156.
74. Shepherd, J. B. (2001): Tsunami Hazard in the Caribbean. Workshop on volcanic and seismic hazards in the eastern Caribbean, 28 May-1 June 2001.
75. Smith, D. E., Shi, S., Cullingford, R. A., Dawson, A. G., Dawson, S., Firth, C. R., Foster, I. D. L., Fretwell, P. T., Haggart, B. A., Holloway, L. K., Long, L. (2004): The Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami in the United Kingdom. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 2291-2321. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.04.001.
76. Soares, A. M. M., Dias, J. M. A. (2006): Coastal upwelling and radiocarbon-evidence for temporal fluctuations in ocean reservoir effect off Portugal during the Holocene. Radiocarbon 48, 45-60.
77. Soares, A. M. M., Martins, J. M. M. (2010): Radiocarbon dating of marine samples from Gulf of Cadiz: The reservoir effect. Quaternary International 221, 9-12. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.012.
78. Solares, J. M. M., Arroyo, A. L. (2004): The great historical 1755 earthquake. Effects and damage in Spain. Journal of Seismology 8, 275 pp. doi:10.1023/B:JOSE.0000021365.94606.03.
79. Srinivasalu, S., Jonathan, M. P., Thangadurai, N., Ram-Mohan, V. (2010): A study on pre-and post-tsunami shallow deposits off SE coast of India from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: a geochemical approach. Natural Hazards 52, 391-401. doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9385-0.
80. Terrinha, P., Pinheiro, L. M., Henriet, J. P., Matias, L., Ivanov, M. K., Monteiro, J. H., Akhmetzhanov, A., Volkonskaya, A., Cunha, T., Shaskin, P., Rovere, M. (2003): Tsunamigenic-seismogenic structures, neotectonics, sedimentary processes and slope instability on the southwest Portuguese Margin. Marine Geology 195, 55-73. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00682-5.
81. Thomson, J., Weaver, P. P. E., (1994): An AMS radiocarbon method to determine the emplacement time of recent deep-sea turbidites. Sedimentary Geology 89, 1-7. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(94)90079-5.
82. Vizcaino, A., Gràcia, E., Pallás, R., García-Orellana, J., Escutia, C., Casas, D., Willmott, V., Diez, S., Asioli, A., Dañobeitia, J. J. (2006): Sedimentology, physical properties and ages of mass-transport deposits associated to the Mârques de Pombal Fault, Southwest Portuguese Margin. Norwegian Journal of Geology 86, 177-186.
83. Whelan, F., Kelletat, D. (2005): Boulder deposits on the southern Spanish Atlantic coast: possible evidence for the 1755 AD Lisbon tsunami? Science of Tsunami Hazards 23 (3), 25-38.
84. White, J. (1913): Fauna Calpensis (A Natural History of Gibraltar and Southern Spain). Edited by W.H. Mullens, The Selborne Society, London, 24 pp.
85. Zitellini, N., Chierici, F., Sartori, R., Torelli, L. (1999): The tectonic source of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. Annali di Geofisica 42, 1, 49-55.
86. Zitellini, N., Mendes Victor, L. A., Cordoba, J. D. (2001): Source of 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and tsunami Investigated. EOS 82 (26), 285. doi:10.1029/EO082i026p00285-01.
87. Zitellini, N., Rovere, M., Terrinha, P., Chierici, F., Matias, L., and BIGSETS TEAMS (2004): Neogene through Quaternary tectonic reactivation of SW Iberian Passive Margin. Pure and Applied Geophysics 161, 565-587. doi:10.1007/s00024-003-2463-4.