ASHP guidelines on emergency medicine pharmacist services

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy

Volumn 68, Issue 23, 2011, Pages

  Eppert, Heather Draper ^a,b   Reznek, Alison Jennett ^c,d  

^a BLOUNT MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^c SAINT VINCENT HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDOTE;

ADVERSE DRUG REACTION; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMPUTERIZED PROVIDER ORDER ENTRY; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DOSE CALCULATION; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STORAGE; DRUG USE; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EMERGENCY MEDICINE PHARMACIST SERVICE; EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS; EMERGENCY WARD; GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE COST; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATOR; HUMAN; LEADERSHIP; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MEDICAL HISTORY; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MEDICATION ERROR; MEDICATION ORDER REVIEW; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT SAFETY; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PHARMACIST ATTITUDE; PHARMACY; POISON CENTER; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE; PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE; QUALITY CONTROL; RESIDENCY EDUCATION; RESPONSIBILITY; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; STAFF TRAINING; TEAMWORK;

EID: 82655181341     PISSN: 10792082     EISSN: 15352900     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2146/sp110020e     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. Historical development of hospital-based emergency and trauma care. In: Hospital-based emergency care: at the breaking point. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2006:353-64.
2. Cales RH, Trunkey DD. Preventable trauma deaths. A review of trauma care systems development. JAMA. 1985; 254:1059-63. (Pubitemid 15012826)
3. Gruen RL, Jurkovich GJ, McIntyre LK et al. Patterns of errors contributing to trauma mortality: lessons learned from 2,594 deaths. Ann Surg. 2006; 244:371-80.
4. Elenbaas RM, Waeckerle JF, McNabney WK. The clinical pharmacist in emergency medicine. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977; 34:843-6.
5. Elenbaas RM. Role of the pharmacist in providing clinical pharmacy services in the emergency department. Can J Hosp Pharm. 1978; 31:123-5. (Pubitemid 9009677)
6. Spigiel RW, Anderson RJ. Comprehensive pharmaceutical services for the emergency room. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979; 36:52-6.
7. Patanwala AE, Hays D. Pharmacist's activities on a trauma response team in the emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2010; 67:1536-8.
8. Fairbanks RJ, Hays DP, Webster DF et al. Clinical pharmacy services in an emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61:934-7. (Pubitemid 39481510)
9. Wymore ES, Casanova TJ, Broekemeier RL et al. Clinical pharmacist's daily role in the emergency department of a community hospital. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65:395-6,398-9.
10. Whalen FJ. Cost justification of decentralized pharmaceutical services for the emergency room. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981; 38:684-7.
11. Culbertson V, Anderson RJ. Pharmacist involvement in emergency room services. Contemp Pharm Pract. 1981; 4:167-76.
12. Powell MF, Solomon DK, McEachen RA. Twenty-four hour emergency pharmaceutical services. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1985; 42:831-5. (Pubitemid 15114154)
13. Kasuya A, Bauman JL, Curtis RA et al. Clinical pharmacy on-call program in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 1986; 4:464-7. (Pubitemid 17195880)
14. Schauben JL. Comprehensive emergency pharmacy services. Top Hosp Pharm Manage. 1988; 8:20-8.
15. Laivenieks N, McCaul K, O'Brodovich M. Clinical pharmacy services provided to an emergency department. Can J Hosp Pharm. 1992; 45:113-5.
16. Berry NS, Folstad JE, Bauman JL et al. Clinical pharmacy services provided to an emergency department. Ann Pharmacother. 1992; 26:476-80.
17. Levy DB. Documentation of clinical and cost-saving pharmacy interventions in the emergency room. Hosp Pharm. 1993; 28:630-4,653.
18. Mialon PJ, Williams P, Wiebe RA. Clinical pharmacy services in a pediatric emergency department. Hosp Pharm. 2004; 39:121-4. (Pubitemid 38197499)
19. Ling JM, Mike LA, Rubin J et al. Documentation of pharmacist interventions in the emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2005; 62:1793-7. (Pubitemid 41243394)
20. Weant KA, Sterling E, Winstead PS et al. Establishing a pharmacy presence in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2006; 24:514-5. (Pubitemid 43903590)
21. Lada P, Delgado G Jr. Documentation of pharmacists' interventions in an emergency department and associated cost avoidance. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64:63-8. (Pubitemid 46395710)
22. Brown JN, Barnes CL, Beasley B et al. Effect of pharmacists on medication errors in an emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65:330-3. (Pubitemid 351294842)
23. Aldridge VE, Park HK, Bounthavong M et al. Implementing a comprehensive, 24-hour emergency department pharmacy program. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2009; 66:1943-7.
24. Pederson CA, Schneider PJ, Scheckelhoff DJ. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: dispensing and administration-2008. Am J Health- Syst Pharm. 2009; 66:926-46.
25. Fairbanks RJ, Hildebrand JM, Kolstee KE et al. Medical and nursing staff highly value clinical pharmacists in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2007; 24:716-8.
26. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP statement on phar macy services to the emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65:2380-3.
27. Patanwala AE, Warholak TL, Sanders AB et al. A prospective observational study of medication errors in a tertiary care emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2010; 55:522-6.
28. Flynn EA, Barker K, Barker B. Medication-administration errors in an emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2010; 67:347-8.
29. Peth HA. Medication errors in the emergency department: a systems approach to minimizing risk. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2003; 21:141-58.
30. The Joint Commission. 2011 comprehensive accreditation manual for hospitals: the official handbook. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission Resources; 2011.
31. Bond CA, Raehl CL, Franke T. Clinical pharmacy services and hospital mortality rates. Pharmacotherapy. 1999; 19:556-64. (Pubitemid 29211800)
32. Bond CA, Raehl CL. Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and hospital mortality rates. Pharmacotherapy. 2007; 27:481-93. (Pubitemid 46536228)
33. Bond CA, Raehl CL. Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and adverse drug reactions in United States hospitals. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26:735-47. (Pubitemid 43807625)
34. Tully MP, Seston EM. Impact of pharmacists providing a prescription review and monitoring service in ambulatory care or community practice. Ann Pharmacother. 2000; 34:1320-31.
35. Coast-Senior EA, Kroner BA, Kelley CL et al. Management of patients with type 2 diabetes by pharmacists in primary care clinics. Ann Pharmacother. 1998; 32:636-41. (Pubitemid 28283846)
36. Kaboli PJ, Hoth AB, McClimon BJ et al. Clinical pharmacist and inpatient medical care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166:955-64.
37. Chisholm-Burns MA, Graff Zivin JS, Lee JK et al. Economic effects of pharmacists on health outcomes in the United States: a systematic review. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2010; 67:1624-34.
38. Institute for Safe Medication Practices. ISMP's list of high-alert medications (2008). www.ismp.org/Tools/highalert medications.pdf (accessed 2010 Oct 20).
39. The Joint Commission. High-alert medications and patient safety. Sentinel Event Alert. 1999; 11:1-3.
40. Wilson K, Sullivan M. Preventing medication errors with smart infusion technology. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61:177-83. (Pubitemid 39004641)
41. Federico F. Preventing harm from high-alert medications. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2007; 33:537-42.
42. Kalina M, Tinkoff G, Gleason W et al. A multidisciplinary approach to adverse drug events in pediatric trauma patients in an adult trauma center. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009; 25:444-6.
43. Kelly-Pisciotti SJ, Hays DP, O'Brien TE et al. Pharmacists enhancing patient safety during trauma resuscitations. Presented at the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Midyear Clinical Meeting. Las Vegas, NV: Dec 2009.
44. Acquisto NM, Hays DP, Fairbanks RJ et al. The outcomes of emergency pharmacist participation during acute myocardial infarction. J Emerg Med. Epub ahead of print. 2010 Aug 31 (DOI 10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.6.011).
45. Draper HM, Eppert JA. Association of pharmacist presence on compliance with advanced cardiac life support guidelines during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Pharmacother. 2008; 42:469-74. (Pubitemid 351521959)
46. Shimp LA, Mason NA, Toedter NM et al. Pharmacist participation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995; 52:980-4.
47. Czajka PA, Skoutakis VA, Wood GC et al. Clinical toxicology consultation by pharmacists. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979; 36:1087-9. (Pubitemid 9237325)
48. Roberts RW, Russell WL. A pharmacist-based toxicology service. 1978. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41:1719-24.
49. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR et al. 2008 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers'National Poison Data System (NPDA): 26th annual report. Clin Tox. 2009; 47:911-1084.
50. Dart RC, Borron SW, Caravati EM et al. Expert consensus guidelines for stocking antidotes in hospitals that provide emergency care. Ann Emerg Med. 2009; 54:386-94.
51. U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention. USP 〈797〉 guidebook to pharmaceutical compounding-sterile preparations. 2nd ed. Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention; 2008.
52. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP guidelines on the safe use of automated dispensing devices. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2010; 67:483-90.
53. Leape LL, Bates DW, Cullen DJ et al. Systems analysis of adverse drug events. JAMA. 1995; 274:35-43.
54. Thomasset KB, Faris R. Survey of pharmacy services provision in the emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003; 60:1561-4. (Pubitemid 44712923)
55. Rosenberg JM, Koumis T, Nathan JP et al. Current status of pharmacistoperated drug information centers in the United States. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61:2023-32. (Pubitemid 39481332)
56. McMullin ST, Hennenfent JA, Ritchie DJ et al. A prospective, randomized trial to assess the cost impact of pharmacist-initiated interventions. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159:2306-9. (Pubitemid 29501530)
57. Kinky DE, Erush SC, Laskin MS et al. Economic impact of a drug information service. Ann Pharmacother. 1999; 33:11-6. (Pubitemid 29056551)
58. Rothschild JM, Churchill W, Erickson A et al. Medication errors discovered by emergency department pharmacists. Ann Emerg Med. 2010; 55:513-21.
59. Reilly JC, Wallace M, Campbell MM. Tracking pharmacist interventions with a hand-held computer. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2001; 58:158-61. (Pubitemid 32098705)
60. Silva MA, Tataronis GR, Maas B. Using personal digital assistants to document pharmacist cognitive services and estimate potential reimbursement. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003; 60:911-5. (Pubitemid 36749016)
61. Simonian AI. Documenting pharmacist interventions on an intranet. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003; 60:151-5. (Pubitemid 36427047)
62. Lau A, Balen RM, Lam R et al. Using a personal digital assistant to document clinical pharmacy services in an intensive care unit. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2001; 58:1229-32. (Pubitemid 32622551)
63. Bosinski TJ, Campbell L, Schwartz S. Using a personal digital assistant to document pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61:931-4. (Pubitemid 39481509)
64. Mason RN, Pugh CB, Boyer SB et al. Computerized documentation of pharmacists' interventions. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994; 51:2131-8. (Pubitemid 24279981)
65. Schumock GT, Hutchinson RA, Bilek BA. Comparison of two systems for documenting pharmacist interventions in patient care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1992; 49:2211-4.
66. Zimmerman CR, Smolarek RT, Stevenson JG. A computerized system to improve documentation and reporting of pharmacists' clinical interventions, cost savings, and workload activities. Pharmacotherapy. 1995; 15:220-7.
67. Mutnick AH, Sterba KJ, Peroutka JA et al. Cost savings and avoidance from clinical interventions. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997; 54:392-6. (Pubitemid 27089724)
68. Schneider PJ, Gift MG, Lee YP et al. Cost of medication-related problems at a university hospital. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995; 52:2415-8.
69. Kopp BJ, Mrsan M, Erstad BL et al. Cost implications of and potential adverse events prevented by interventions of a critical care pharmacist. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64:2483-7. (Pubitemid 350209839)
70. Olshaker JS, Rathlev NK. Emergency department over-crowding and ambulance diversion: the impact and potential solutions of extended boarding of admitted patients in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2006; 30:351-6. (Pubitemid 43963589)
71. Andrulis DP, Kellermann A, Kintz EA et al. Emergency departments and crowding in United States teaching hospitals. Ann Emerg Med. 1991; 20:980-6.
72. Brennan TA, Leape LL, Laird NM et al. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard medical practice study I. New Engl J Med. 1991; 324:370-6.
73. Weiss SJ, Ernst AA, Nick TG. Comparison of the national emergency department overcrowding scale and the emergency department work index for quantifying emergency department crowding. Acad Emerg Med. 2006; 13:513-8.
74. Kulstad EB, Sikka R, Sweis RT et al. ED overcrowding is associated with an increased frequency of medication errors. Am J Emerg Med. 2010; 28:304-9.
75. American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency department crowding: high impact solutions. www.acep.org/practres.aspx?id=32050 (accessed 2010 Oct 20).
76. Santel JP. Reconciliation failures lead to medication errors. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2006; 32:225-9.
77. Tam VC, Knowles SR, Cornish PL et al. Frequency, type, and clinical importance of medication history errors at admission to hospital: a systematic review. Can Med Assoc J. 2005; 173:510-5. (Pubitemid 41225048)
78. Cornish PL, Knowles SR, Marchesano R et al. Unintended medication discrepancies at the time of hospital admission. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165:424-9. (Pubitemid 40280198)
79. Gleason KM, Groszek JM, Sullivan C et al. Reconciliation of discrepancies in medication histories and admission orders of newly hospitalized patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61:1689-95. (Pubitemid 39481380)
80. Miller SL, Miller S, Balon J et al. Medication reconciliation in a rural trauma population. Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 52:483-91.
81. Schenkel S. The unexpected challenges of accurate medication reconciliation. Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 52:493-5.
82. Eppert HD, Eppert JA. In response to "the unexpected challenges of accurate medication reconciliation." Ann Emerg Med. 2009; 53:548-9.
83. Carter MK, Allin DM, Scott LA et al. Pharmacist-acquired medication histories in a university hospital emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2006; 63:2500-3. (Pubitemid 46391146)
84. Reeder TA, Mutnick A. Pharmacist-versus physician-obtained medication histories. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65:857-60.
85. Nester TM, Hale LS. Effectiveness of a pharmacist-acquired medication history in promoting patient safety. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2002; 59:2221-5. (Pubitemid 35315725)
86. Lubowski TJ, Cronin LM, Pavelka RW et al. Effectiveness of a medication reconciliation project conducted by PharmD students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2007; 71:94.
87. Mersfelder TL, Bickel RJ. Inpatient medication history verification by pharmacy students. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65:2273-5.
88. Michels RD, Meisel SB. Program using pharmacy technicians to obtain medication histories. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003; 60:1982-6. (Pubitemid 44712897)
89. Hayes BD, Donovan JL, Smith BS et al. Pharmacist-conducted medication reconciliation in an emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64:1720-3. (Pubitemid 47262654)
90. Ratz Y, Shafir I, Berkovitch S et al. The importance of the pharmacist in reporting adverse drug reactions in the emergency department. J Clin Pharm. 2010; 50:1217-21.
91. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP guidelines on medication-use evaluation. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53:1953-5.
92. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP guidelines on the pharmacist's role in the development, implementation, and assessment of critical pathways. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61:939-45.
93. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP statement on the role of health-system pharmacists in emergency preparedness. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003; 60:1993-5.
94. Setlak P. Bioterrorism preparedness and response: emerging role for health-system pharmacists. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61:1167-75. (Pubitemid 39481479)
95. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. Enhancing the emergency care research base. In: Hospital-based emergency care: at the breaking point. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2006:291-320.
96. Aghababian RV, Barsan WG, Bickell WH et al. Research directions in emergency medicine. Am J Emerg Med. 1996; 14:681-3. (Pubitemid 26380560)
97. Maio RF, Garrison HG, Spaite DW et al. Emergency medical services outcomes project I (EMSOP I): prioritizing conditions for outcomes research. Ann Emerg Med. 1999; 33:423-32. (Pubitemid 29157568)
98. Seidel JS, Henderson D, Tittle S et al. Priorities for research in emergency medical services for children: results of a consensus conference. Ann Emerg Med. 1999; 33:206-10. (Pubitemid 29180085)
99. Becker LB, Weisfeldt ML, Weil MH et al. The PULSE initiative: scientific priorities and strategic planning for resuscitation research and life saving therapies. Circulation. 2002; 105:2562-70. (Pubitemid 34568981)
100. Hoyt DB, Holcomb J, Abraham E et al. Working group on trauma research program summary report: National Heart Lung Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Department of Defense (DOD). J Trauma. 2004; 57:410-5.
101. Lipowsi EE. Pharmacy practice-based networks: Why, what, who, and how. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008; 48:142-52.
102. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. ASHP statement on pharmaceutical research in organized health-care settings. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991; 48:1781.
103. Fagan SC, Touchette D, Smith JA et al. The state of science and research in clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26:1027-40.