Potential of coculture in vitro models to study inflammatory and sensitizing effects of particles on the lung

Toxicology in Vitro

Volumn 25, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1516-1534

  Klein, Sebastian G ^a,b   Hennen, Jenny ^b   Serchi, Tommaso ^a   Blömeke, Brunhilde ^b   Gutleb, Arno C ^a  

^a LUXEMBOURG INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Luxembourg)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TRIER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Air liquid interface (ALI); Coculture; In vitro system; Nanoparticles; Respiratory sensitization

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; LUNG SURFACTANT; NANOPARTICLE;

ACUTE LUNG INJURY; AIR; CELL FUNCTION; CELL STRESS; CELL TYPE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMOSENSITIZATION; COCULTURE; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; CYTOTOXICITY; ECOTOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXHAUST GAS; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; IN VITRO STUDY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LIQUID; LUNG ALVEOLUS CELL; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; MONOCULTURE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PNEUMONIA; REPRODUCIBILITY; RESPIRATORY TRACT ALLERGY; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFLAMMATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICITY TESTING;

AIR POLLUTANTS; ANIMALS; CELL LINE; COCULTURE TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; LUNG; PARTICULATE MATTER; PNEUMONIA; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 82655172901     PISSN: 08872333     EISSN: 18793177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.006     Document Type: Review

References (282)

1. Abe S., Takizawa H., Sugawara I., Kudoh S. Diesel exhaust (DE)-induced cytokine expression in human bronchial epithelial cells: a study with a new cell exposure system to freshly generated DE in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2000, 22:296-303.
2. Ade N., Martinozzi-Teissier S., Pallardy M., Rousset F. Activation of U937 cells by contact sensitizers: CD86 expression is independent of apoptosis. J. Immunotoxicol. 2006, 3:189-197.
3. Adlakha-Hutcheon G., Khaydarov R., Korenstein R., Varma R., Vaseashta A., Stamm H., Abdel-Mottaleb M. Nanomaterials, nanotechnology. Nanomaterials: Risks and Benefits 2009, 195-207. Springer, Netherlands. I. Linkov, J. Steevens (Eds.).
4. Adler S., Basketter D., Creton S., Pelkonen O., van Benthem J., Zuang V., Andersen K., Angers-Loustau A., Aptula A., Bal-Price A., Benfenati E., Bernauer U., Bessems J., Bois F., Boobis A., Brandon E., Bremer S., Broschard T., Casati S., Coecke S., Corvi R., Cronin M., Daston G., Dekant W., Felter S., Grignard E., Gundert-Remy U., Heinonen T., Kimber I., Kleinjans J., Komulainen H., Kreiling R., Kreysa J., Leite S., Loizou G., Maxwell G., Mazzatorta P., Munn S., Pfuhler S., Phrakonkham P., Piersma A., Poth A., Prieto P., Repetto G., Rogiers V., Schoeters G., Schwarz M., Serafimova R., Tähti H., Testai E., van Delft J., van Loveren H., Vinken M., Worth A., Zaldivar J.-M. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects - 2010. Arch. Toxicol. 2011, 85:367-485.
5. Aeby P., Ashikaga T., Bessou-Touya S., Schepky A., Gerberick F., Kern P., Marrec-Fairley M., Maxwell G., Ovigne J.M., Sakaguchi H., Reisinger K., Tailhardat M., Martinozzi-Teissier S., Winkler P. Identifying and characterizing chemical skin sensitizers without animal testing: Colipa's research and method development program. Toxicol. In Vitro 2010, 24:1465-1473.
6. Agu R.U., Ugwoke M.I. In vitro and in vivo testing methods for respiratory drug delivery. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2011, 8:57-69.
7. Agu R.U., Jorissen M., Willems T., Augustijns P., Kinget R., Verbeke N. In vitro nasal drug delivery studies: comparison of derivatised, fibrillar and polymerised collagen matrix-based human nasal primary culture systems for nasal drug delivery studies. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2001, 53:1447-1456.
8. Aleksic M., Thain E., Roger D., Saib O., Davies M., Li J., Aptula A., Zazzeroni R. Reactivity profiling: covalent modification of single nucleophile peptides for skin sensitization risk assessment. Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 108:401-411.
9. Alfaro-Moreno E., López-Marure R., Montiel-Dávalos A., Symonds P., Osornio-Vargas A.R., Rosas I., Clifford Murray J. E-Selectin expression in human endothelial cells exposed to PM10: The role of endotoxin and insoluble fraction. Environ. Res. 2007, 103:221-228.
10. Alfaro-Moreno E., Nawrot T.S., Vanaudenaerde B.M., Hoylaerts M.F., Vanoirbeek J.A., Nemery B., Hoet P.H. Co-cultures of multiple cell types mimic pulmonary cell communication in response to urban PM10. Eur. Respir. J. 2008, 32:1184-1194.
11. Arruda L.K., Vailes L.D., Mann B.J., Shannon J., Fox J.W., Vedvick T.S., Hayden M.L., Chapman M.D. Molecular cloning of a major cockroach (Blattella germanica) allergen, Bla g 2. Sequence homology to the aspartic proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:19563-19568.
12. Arts J.H.E., Frieke Kuper C. Approaches to induce and elicit respiratory allergy: impact of route and intensity of exposure. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 140-141:213-222.
13. Arts J.H.E., Mommers C., de Heer C. Dose-response relationships and threshold levels in skin and respiratory allergy. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2006, 36:219-251.
14. AshaRani P.V., Low Kah Mun G., Hande M.P., Valiyaveettil S. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano 2009, 3:279-290.
15. Ashikaga T., Yoshida Y., Hirota M., Yoneyama K., Itagaki H., Sakaguchi H., Miyazawa M., Ito Y., Suzuki H., Toyoda H. Development of an in vitro skin sensitization test using human cell lines: the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). I. Optimization of the h-CLAT protocol. Toxicol. In Vitro 2006, 20:767-773.
16. Atsuta J., Sterbinsky S.A., Plitt J., Schwiebert L.M., Bochner B.S., Schleimer R.P. Phenotyping and cytokine regulation of the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell: demonstration of inducible expression of the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1997, 17:571-582.
17. Aufderheide M. Direct exposure methods for testing native atmospheres. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2005, 57:213-226.
18. Aufderheide M. Experimental in vitro exposure methods for studying the effects of inhalable compounds. Cigarette Smoke and Oxidative Stress 2006, 261-277. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. B.B. Halliwell, H.E. Poulsen (Eds.).
19. Aufderheide M. An efficient approach to study the toxicological effects of complex mixtures. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2008, 60:163-180.
20. Aufderheide M. An efficient direct exposure method for studying the effects of native atmospheres. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 189:S63.
21. Aufderheide M., Mohr U. CULTEX - an alternative technique for cultivation and exposure of cells of the respiratory tract to airborne pollutants at the air/liquid interface. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2000, 52:265-270.
22. Aufderheide M., Knebel J.W., Ritter D. Novel approaches for studying pulmonary toxicity in vitro. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 140-141:205-211.
23. Balharry D., Sexton K., BéruBé K.A. An in vitro approach to assess the toxicity of inhaled tobacco smoke components: nicotine, cadmium, formaldehyde and urethane. Toxicology 2008, 244:66-76.
24. Balis J.U., Bumgarner S.D., Paciga J.E., Paterson J.F., Shelley S.A. Synthesis of lung surfactant-associated glycoproteins by A549 cells: description of an in vitro model for human type II cell dysfunction. Exp. Lung Res. 1984, 6:197-213.
25. Banks-Schlegel S.P., Gazdar A.F., Harris C.C. Intermediate filament and cross-linked envelope expression in human lung tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1985, 45:1187-1197.
26. Bariatico-Vangosa G., Braun C.L.J., Cookman G., Hofmann T., Kimber I., Loveless S.E., Morrow T., Pauluhn J., Sorensen T., Niessen H.J. Respiratory allergy: hazard identification and risk assessment. Toxicol. Sci. 1994, 23:145-158.
27. Bartels H. The air-blood barrier in the human lung. A freeze-fracture study. Cell Tissue Res. 1979, 269-285.
28. Basketter D.A., Kimber I. Updating the skin sensitization in vitro data assessment paradigm in 2009. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2009, 29:545-550.
29. Becker S., Mundandhara S., Devlin R.B., Madden M. Regulation of cytokine production in human alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells in response to ambient air pollution particles: further mechanistic studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 207:269-275.
30. Behrendt H., Becker W.M. Localization, release and bioavailability of pollen allergens: the influence of environmental factors. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2001, 13:709-715.
31. Behrendt H., Kasche A., Ebner von Eschenbach C., Risse U., Huss-Marp J., Ring J. Secretion of proinflammatory eicosanoid-like substances precedes allergen release from pollen grains in the initiation of allergic sensitization. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2001, 124:121-125.
32. Berger J.T., Voynow J.A., Peters K.W., Rose M.C. Respiratory carcinoma cell lines. MUC genes and glycoconjugates. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1999, 20:500-510.
33. BéruBé K., Aufderheide M., Breheny D., Clothier R., Combes R., Duffin R., Forbes B., Gaca M., Gray A., Hall I., Kelly M., Lethem M., Liebsch M., Merolla L., Morin J.P., Seagrave J., Swartz M.A., Tetley T.D., Umachandran M. In vitro models of inhalation toxicity and disease. The report of a FRAME workshop. Altern. Lab. Anim. 2009, 37:89-141.
34. BéruBé K., Prytherch Z., Job C., Hughes T. Human primary bronchial lung cell constructs: the new respiratory models. Toxicology 2010, 278:311-318.
35. Bihari P., Vippola M., Schultes S., Praetner M., Khandoga A.G., Reichel C.A., Coester C., Tuomi T., Rehberg M., Krombach F. Optimized dispersion of nanoparticles for biological in vitro and in vivo studies. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2008, 5:14.
36. Biswas P., Chang-Yu W. Nanoparticles and the environment. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2005, 55:708-746.
37. Bitterle E., Karg E., Schroeppel A., Kreyling W.G., Tippe A., Ferron G.A., Schmid O., Heyder J., Maier K.L., Hofer T. Dose-controlled exposure of A549 epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface to airborne ultrafine carbonaceous particles. Chemosphere 2006, 65:1784-1790.
38. Blackwell M. Respiratory sensitization. Inhalation Toxicology 2006, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. second ed. H. Salem, S.A. Katz (Eds.).
39. Blank F., Rothen-Rutishauser B., Gehr P. Dendritic cells and macrophages form a transepithelial network against foreign particulate antigens. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2007, 36:669-677.
40. Blaschke E., Eklund A., Skog S., Danielsson B. Isolation of human alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by centrifugal elutriation. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1985, 45:691-696.
41. Blume C., Foerster S., Gilles S., Becker W.M., Ring J., Behrendt H., Petersen A., Traidl-Hoffmann C. Human epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and the skin differentially internalize grass pollen allergens. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009, 129:1935-1944.
42. Bonifas J., Hennen J., Dierolf D., Kalmes M., Blomeke B. Evaluation of cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) and N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) activities in HaCaT cells: implications for the development of in vitro techniques for predictive testing of contact sensitizers. Toxicol. In Vitro 2010, 24:973-980.
43. Borm P.J., Robbins D., Haubold S., Kuhlbusch T., Fissan H., Donaldson K., Schins R., Stone V., Kreyling W., Lademann J., Krutmann J., Warheit D., Oberdorster E. The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETOC. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006, 3:11.
44. Boverhof D.R., Billington R., Gollapudi B.B., Hotchkiss J.A., Krieger S.M., Poole A., Wiescinski C.M., Woolhiser M.R. Respiratory sensitization and allergy: current research approaches and needs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2008, 226:1-13.
45. Brackman D., Lund-Johansen F., Aarskog D. Expression of leukocyte differentiation antigens during the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: comparison with the maturation of normal monocytic and granulocytic bone marrow cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1995, 58:547-555.
46. Brain J.D. Lung macrophages: how many kinds are there? What do they do?. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988, 137:507-509.
47. Brandenberger C., Rothen-Rutishauser B., Mühlfeld C., Schmid O., Ferron G.A., Maier K.L., Gehr P., Lenz A.G. Effects and uptake of gold nanoparticles deposited at the air-liquid interface of a human epithelial airway model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010, 242:56-65.
48. Brandner J.M., Haftek M., Niessen C.M. Adherens junctions, desmosomes and tight junctions in epidermal barrier function. Open Dermatol. J. 2010, 4:14-20.
49. Breeze R.G., Wheeldon E.B. The cells of the pulmonary airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1977, 116:705-777.
50. Bregoli L., Chiarini F., Gambarelli A., Sighinolfi G., Gatti A.M., Santi P., Martelli A.M., Cocco L. Toxicity of antimony trioxide nanoparticles on human hematopoietic progenitor cells and comparison to cell lines. Toxicology 2009, 262:121-129.
51. Brown D.M., Stone V., Findlay P., Macnee W., Donaldson K. Increased inflammation and intracellular calcium caused by ultrafine carbon black is independent of transition metals or other soluble components. Occup. Environ. Med. 2000, 57:685-691.
52. Butterfield J.H., Weiler D., Dewald G., Gleich G.J. Establishment of an immature mast cell line from a patient with mast cell leukemia. Leuk. Res 1988, 12:345-355.
53. Buzea C., Pacheco I.I., Robbie K. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. Biointerphases 2007, 2:MR17-MR71.
54. Carlson C., Hussain S.M., Schrand A.M., Braydich-Stolle K.L., Hess K.L., Jones R.L., Schlager J.J. Unique cellular interaction of silver nanoparticles: size-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112:13608-13619.
55. Casati S., Aeby P., Basketter D.A., Cavani A., Gennari A., Gerberick G.F., Griem P., Hartung T., Kimber I., Lepoittevin J.P., Meade B.J., Pallardy M., Rougier N., Rousset F., Rubinstenn G., Sallusto F., Verheyen G.R., Zuang V. Dendritic cells as a tool for the predictive identification of skin sensitisation hazard. Altern. Lab. Anim. 2005, 33:47-62.
56. Castell J.V., Teresa Donato M., Gómez-Lechón M.J. Metabolism and bioactivation of toxicants in the lung. The in vitro cellular approach. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2005, 57:189-204.
57. Chan-Yeung M. Occupational asthma. Chest 1990, 98:148-161.
58. Chaudhry Q., Piclin N., Cotterill J., Pintore M., Price N.R., Chretien J.R., Roncaglioni A. Global QSAR models of skin sensitisers for regulatory purposes. Chem. Cent. J. 2010, 4(Suppl. 1):S5.
59. Chono S., Tauchi Y., Morimoto K. Influence of particle size on the distributions of liposomes to atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2006, 32:125-135.
60. Chou H., Tam M.F., Lee L.H., Chiang C.H., Tai H.Y., Panzani R.C., Shen H.D. Vacuolar serine protease is a major allergen of Cladosporium cladosporioides. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2008, 146:277-286.
61. Chua K.Y., Stewart G.A., Thomas W.R., Simpson R.J., Dilworth R.J., Plozza T.M., Turner K.J. Sequence analysis of cDNA coding for a major house dust mite allergen, Der p 1. Homology with cysteine proteases. J. Exp. Med. 1988, 167:175-182.
62. Clift, M.J., Gehr, P., Rothen-Rutishauser, B., 2010. Nanotoxicology: a perspective and discussion of whether or not in vitro testing is a valid alternative. Arch. Toxicol. (Epub ahead of print).
63. Cohen B., Loew F. Laboratory Animal Medicine: Historical Perspectives in Laboratory Animal Medicine 1984, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Florida.
64. Collins S.J. The HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line: proliferation, differentiation, and cellular oncogene expression. Blood 1987, 70:1233-1244.
65. Commission of the European Community, 2004. Timetables for the Phasing-Out of Animal Testing in the Framework of the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive (Council Directive 76/768/EEC).
66. Commission of the European Community, 2004. Corrigendum to Commission Directive 2004/73/EC of 29 April 2004 adapting to technical progress for the 29th time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labeling of dangerous substances. O. J. Eur. Union L 216, 308.
67. Crabbé A., Sarker S.F., Van Houdt R., Ott C.M., Leys N., Cornelis P., Nickerson C.A. Alveolar epithelium protects macrophages from quorum sensing-induced cytotoxicity in a three-dimensional co-culture model. Cell. Microbiol. 2010, 13:469-481.
68. Crapo J.D., Barry B.E., Gehr P., Bachofen M., Weibel E.R. Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1982, 126:332-337.
69. Crapo J.D., Young S.L., Fram E.K., Pinkerton K.E., Barry B.E., Crapo R.O. Morphometric characteristics of cells in the alveolar region of mammalian lungs. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1983, 128:42-46.
70. De Benedetto A., Rafaels N.M., McGirt L.Y., Ivanov A.I., Georas S.N., Cheadle C., Berger A.E., Zhang K., Vidyasagar S., Yoshida T., Boguniewicz M., Hata T., Schneider L.C., Hanifin J.M., Gallo R.L., Novak N., Weidinger S., Beaty T.H., Leung D.Y.M., Barnes K.C., Beck L.A. Tight junction defects in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 127:773-786.
71. De Jong W.H., Arts J.H., De Klerk A., Schijf M.A., Ezendam J., Kuper C.F., Van Loveren H. Contact and respiratory sensitizers can be identified by cytokine profiles following inhalation exposure. Toxicology 2009, 261:103-111.
72. Dearman R.J., Kimber I. Differential stimulation of immune function by respiratory and contact chemical allergens. Immunology 1991, 72:563-570.
73. Dearman R.J., Kimber I. Divergent immune responses to respiratory and contact chemical allergens: antibody elicited by phthalic anhydride and oxazolone. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1992, 22:241-250.
74. Dearman R.J., Mitchell J.A., Basketter D.A., Kimber I. Differential ability of occupational chemical contact and respiratory allergens to cause immediate and delayed dermal hypersensitivity reactions in mice. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1992, 97:315-321.
75. Dimitrov S.D., Low L.K., Patlewicz G.Y., Kern P.S., Dimitrova G.D., Comber M.H., Phillips R.D., Niemela J., Bailey P.T., Mekenyan O.G. Skin sensitization: modeling based on skin metabolism simulation and formation of protein conjugates. Int. J. Toxicol. 2005, 24:189-204.
76. Divkovic M., Pease C.K., Gerberick G.F., Basketter D.A. Hapten-protein binding: from theory to practical application in the in vitro prediction of skin sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2005, 53:189-200.
77. Donaldson K., Tran L., Jimenez L.A., Duffin R., Newby D.E., Mills N., Macnee W., Stone V. Combustion-derived nanoparticles: a review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005, 2:10.
78. Draize J.H., Woodard G.K., Valvery H.O. Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1944, 82:377-390.
79. Dupuis G., Benezra C. Chemically Reactive Functions in Haptens and in Proteins 1982, Marcel Dekker, New York.
80. ECVAM, 1998a. Statement on the Scientific Validity of the EPISKIN(TM) Test (an In Vitro Test for Skin Corrosivity). ESAC Statement.
81. ECVAM, 1998b. Statement on the Scientific Validity of the Rat Skin Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER) Test (an In Vitro Test for Skin Corrosivity). ESAC Statement.
82. Enoch S.J., Roberts D.W., Cronin M.T.D. Mechanistic category formation for the prediction of respiratory sensitization. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2010, 23:1547-1555.
83. European parliament and the council of the European Union, 2003: Amending Council Directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union.
84. Evans M.J., Cabral L.J., Stephens R.J., Freeman G. Transformation of alveolar type 2 cells to type 1 cells following exposure to NO2. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1975, 22:142-150.
85. Fedorowicz A., Singh H., Soderholm S., Demchuk E. Structure-activity models for contact sensitization. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2005, 18:954-969.
86. Fehrenbach H. Alveolar epithelial type II cell: defender of the alveolus revisited. Respir. Res. 2001, 33-46.
87. Finkelstein J.N., Barrett E.G. Alterations in gene expression in pulmonary cells following particle interactions. Particle-Lung Interactions 2000, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. P. Gehr, J. Heyder (Eds.).
88. Foster K.A., Oster C.G., Mayer M.M., Avery M.L., Audus K.L. Characterization of the A549 cell line as a type II pulmonary epithelial cell model for drug metabolism. Exp. Cell Res. 1998, 243:359-366.
89. Fox B., Bull T.B., Guz A. Mast cells in the human alveolar wall: an electronmicroscopic study. J. Clin. Pathol. 1981, 34:1333-1342.
90. Gauggel D.L., Sarlo K., Asquith T.N. A proposed screen for evaluating low-molecular-weight chemicals as potential respiratory allergens. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1993, 13:307-313.
91. Gehr P., Green F.H., Geiser M., Im H.V., Lee M.M., Schurch S. Airway surfactant, a primary defense barrier: mechanical and immunological aspects. J. Aerosol Med. 1996, 9:163-181.
92. Gehr P., Blank F., Rothen-Rutishauser B.M. Fate of inhaled particles after interaction with the lung surface. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 2006, 7:73-75.
93. Geiser M., Baumann M., Cruz-Orive L.M., Im Hof V., Waber U., Gehr P. The effect of particle inhalation on macrophage number and phagocytic activity in the intrapulmonary conducting airways of hamsters. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1994, 10:594-603.
94. Geiser M., Rothen-Rutishauser B., Kapp N., Schurch S., Kreyling W., Schulz H., Semmler M., Im H.V., Heyder J., Gehr P. Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1555-1560.
95. Gell P.G.H., Coombs R.R.A. The classification of allergic reactions underlying disease. Clinical Aspects of Immunology 1963, Blackwell, Oxford. R.R.A. Coombs, P.G.H. Gells (Eds.).
96. Gerberick G.F., Vassallo J.D., Bailey R.E., Chaney J.G., Morrall S.W., Lepoittevin J.P. Development of a peptide reactivity assay for screening contact allergens. Toxicol. Sci. 2004, 81:332-343.
97. Gerberick G.F., Ryan C.A., Kern P.S., Schlatter H., Dearman R.J., Kimber I., Patlewicz G.Y., Basketter D.A. Compilation of historical local lymph node data for evaluation of skin sensitization alternative methods. Dermatitis 2005, 16:157-202.
98. Gerberick G.F., Vassallo J.D., Foertsch L.M., Price B.B., Chaney J.G., Lepoittevin J.P. Quantification of chemical peptide reactivity for screening contact allergens: a classification tree model approach. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 97:417-427.
99. Gerberick G.F., Troutman J.A., Foertsch L.M., Vassallo J.D., Quijano M., Dobson R.L., Goebel C., Lepoittevin J.P. Investigation of peptide reactivity of pro-hapten skin sensitizers using a peroxidase-peroxide oxidation system. Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 112:164-174.
100. Germann W., Stanfield C. Principles of Human Physiology 2004, Benjamin Cummings, New York.
101. Geys J., Coenegrachts L., Vercammen J., Engelborghs Y., Nemmar A., Nemery B., Hoet P.H.M. In vitro study of the pulmonary translocation of nanoparticles: a preliminary study. Toxicol. Lett. 2006, 160:218-226.
102. Gilles S., Mariani V., Bryce M., Mueller M.J., Ring J., Behrendt H., Jakob T., Traidl-Hoffmann C. Pollen allergens do not come alone: pollen associated lipid mediators (PALMS) shift the human immune systems towards a T(H)2-dominated response. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2009, 5.
103. Godfrey R.W.A. Human airway epithelial tight junctions. Microsc. Res. Tech. 1997, 38:488-499.
104. Goutet M., Pepin E., Langonne I., Huguet N., Ban M. Identification of contact and respiratory sensitizers using flow cytometry. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 205:259-270.
105. Grainger C.I., Greenwell L.L., Lockley D.J., Martin G.P., Forbes B. Culture of Calu-3 cells at the air interface provides a representative model of the airway epithelial barrier. Pharm. Res. 2006, 23:1482-1490.
106. Gray A.C., McLeod J.D., Clothier R.H. A review of in vitro modelling approaches to the identification and modulation of squamous metaplasia in the human tracheobronchial epithelium. Altern. Lab. Anim. 2007, 35:493-504.
107. Grobe K., Poppelmann M., Becker W.M., Petersen A. Properties of group I allergens from grass pollen and their relation to cathepsin B, a member of the C1 family of cysteine proteinases. Eur. J. Biochem. 2002, 269:2083-2092.
108. Hartung T. Food for thought...on alternative methods for cosmetics safety testing. ALTEX 2008, 25:147-162.
109. Hartung T., Balls M., Bardouille C., Blanck O., Coecke S., Gstraunthaler G., Lewis D. Good cell culture practice. ECVAM good cell culture practice task force report 1. Altern. Lab. Anim. 2002, 30:407-414.
110. Hayden P., Kubilus J., Kandárová H., Klausner M., Jackson G., Bolmarcich J. An in vitro model of human airway epithelium (EpiAirway) for in vitro metabolism and toxicity screening. Toxicol. Lett. 2007, 172:S79.
111. Henderson A.J. Bronchoalveolar lavage. Arch. Dis. Child. 1994, 70:167-169.
112. Hennen J., Aeby P., Goebel C., Schettgen T., Oberli A., Kalmes M., Blömeke B. Cross talk between keratinocytes and dendritic cells: Impact on the prediction of sensitization. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 123:501-510.
113. Hermanns M.I., Unger R.E., Kehe K., Peters K., Kirkpatrick C.J. Lung epithelial cell lines in coculture with human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells: development of an alveolo-capillary barrier in vitro. Lab. Invest. 2004, 84:736-752.
114. Herseth J.I., Volden V., Schwarze P.E., Lag M., Refsnes M. IL-1beta differently involved in IL-8 and FGF-2 release in crystalline silica-treated lung cell co-cultures. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2008, 5:16.
115. Hoet P.H.M., Brüske-Hohlfeld I., Salata O.V. Nanoparticles - known and unknown health risks. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2004, 2.
116. Holt P.G., Schon-Hegrad M.A., Oliver J. MHC class II antigen-bearing dendritic cells in pulmonary tissues of the rat. Regulation of antigen presentation activity by endogenous macrophage populations. J. Exp. Med. 1988, 167:262-274.
117. Holt P.G., Oliver J., Bilyk N., McMenamin C., McMenamin P.G., Kraal G., Thepen T. Downregulation of the antigen presenting cell function(s) of pulmonary dendritic cells in vivo by resident alveolar macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 1993, 177:397-407.
118. Hopkins J.E., Naisbitt D.J., Kitteringham N.R., Dearman R.J., Kimber I., Park B.K. Selective haptenation of cellular or extracellular protein by chemical allergens: association with cytokine polarization. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2005, 18:375-381.
119. Huang S., Wiszniewski L., Derouette J.-P., Constant S. In vitro organ culture models of asthma. Drug Disc. Today Dis. Models 2009, 6:137-144.
120. Huh D., Matthews B.D., Mammoto A., Montoya-Zavala M., Hsin H.Y., Ingber D.E. Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip. Science 2010, 328:1662-1668.
121. Hussain S., Boland S., Baeza-Squiban A., Hamel R., Thomassen L.C., Martens J.A., Billon-Galland M.A., Fleury-Feith J., Moisan F., Pairon J.C., Marano F. Oxidative stress and proinflammatory effects of carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles: role of particle surface area and internalized amount. Toxicology 2009, 260:142-149.
122. Hussain S., Thomassen L.C., Ferecatu I., Borot M.C., Andreau K., Martens J.A., Fleury J., Baeza-Squiban A., Marano F., Boland S. Carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles elicit distinct apoptotic pathways in bronchial epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2010, 7:10.
123. Hussain S., Vanoirbeek J.A., Luyts K., De Vooght V., Verbeken E., Thomassen L.C., Martens J.A., Dinsdale D., Boland S., Marano F., Nemery B., Hoet P.H. Lung exposure to nanoparticles modulates an asthmatic response in a mouse model. Eur. Respir. J. 2011, 37:299-309.
124. Ibrahim A.R., Kawamoto S., Aki T., Shimada Y., Rikimaru S., Onishi N., Babiker E.E., Oiso I., Hashimoto K., Hayashi T., Ono K. Molecular cloning and immunochemical characterization of a novel major Japanese cedar pollen allergen belonging to the aspartic protease family. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2010, 152:207-218.
125. ICCVAM, 2006. Test Method Evaluation Report: In Vitro Occular Toxicity Test Methods for Identifying Severe Irritants and Corrosives.
126. Ingber D.E. Cellular mechanotransduction: putting all the pieces together again. FASEB J. 2006, 20:811-827.
127. Inoue, K.-I., Takano, H., 2010. Facilitating effects of nanoparticles/materials on sensitive immune-related lung disorders. J. Nanomater.
128. Inoue K., Takano H., Yanagisawa R., Hirano S., Sakurai M., Shimada A., Yoshikawa T. Effects of airway exposure to nanoparticles on lung inflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin in mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:1325-1330.
129. International Commission on Radiological Protection, 1994. IRCP Publication 66: Human Respiratory Model For Radiological Protection. Annals of the IRCP, pp. 1-300.
130. Ishii H., Hayashi S., Hogg J.C., Fujii T., Goto Y., Sakamoto N., Mukae H., Vincent R., van Eeden S.F. Alveolar macrophage-epithelial cell interaction following exposure to atmospheric particles induces the release of mediators involved in monocyte mobilization and recruitment. Respir. Res. 2005, 6.
131. Jacquet A. Interactions of airway epithelium with protease allergens in the allergic response. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2011, 41:305-311.
132. Jang M., Ghio A.J., Cao G. Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to secondary organic aerosol coated on magnetic nanoparticles. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2006, 19:1044-1050.
133. Jeebhay M.F., Quirce S. Occupational asthma in the developing and industrialised world: a review [State of the Art Series. Occupational lung disease in high- and low-income countries, Edited by M. Chan-Yeung. Number 1 in the series]. Int. J. Tubercul. Lung Dis. 2007, 11:122-133.
134. Jowsey I.R., Basketter D.A., Westmoreland C., Kimber I. A future approach to measuring relative skin sensitising potency: a proposal. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2006, 26:341-350.
135. Kaartinen L., Nettesheim P., Adler K.B., Randell S.H. Rat tracheal epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 1993, 29A:481-492.
136. Kameyama S., Kondo M., Takeyama K., Nagai A. Air exposure causes oxidative stress in cultured bovine tracheal epithelial cells and produces a change in cellular glutathione systems. Exp. Lung Res. 2003, 29:567-583.
137. Karlberg A.T., Bergstedt E., Boman A., Bohlinder K., Liden C., Lars J., Nilsson G., Wahlberg J.E. Is abietic acid the allergenic component of colophony?. Contact Dermatitis 1985, 13:209-215.
138. Karlberg A.T., Magnusson K., Nilsson U. Air oxidation of d-limonene (the citrus solvent) creates potent allergens. Contact Dermatitis 1992, 26:332-340.
139. Karlsson H.L., Gustafsson J., Cronholm P., Möller L. Size-dependent toxicity of metal oxide particles-A comparison between nano- and micrometer size. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 188:112-118.
140. Ke Y., Reddel R.R., Gerwin B.I., Miyashita M., McMenamin M., Lechner J.F., Harris C.C. Human bronchial epithelial cells with integrated SV40 virus T antigen genes retain the ability to undergo squamous differentiation. Differentiation 1988, 38:60-66.
141. Kimber I., Agius R., Basketter D.A., Corsini E., Cullinan P., Dearman R.J., Gimenez-Arnau E., Greenwell L., Hartung T., Kuper F., Maestrelli P., Roggen E., Rovida C. Chemical respiratory allergy: opportunities for hazard identification and characterisation. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 60. Altern. Lab. Anim. 2007, 35:243-265.
142. Kimber I., Basketter D.A., Dearman R.J. Chemical allergens - what are the issues?. Toxicology 2010, 268:139-142.
143. Kimber I., Basketter D.A., Gerberick G.F., Ryan C.A., Dearman R.J. Chemical allergy: translating biology into hazard characterization. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 120:S238-S268.
144. Klink K.J., Meade B.J. Dermal exposure to 3-amino-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazole (AMT) induces sensitization and airway hyperreactivity in BALB/c mice. Toxicol. Sci. 2003, 75:89-98.
145. Kondo M., Tamaoki J., Sakai A., Kameyama S., Kanoh S., Konno K. Increased oxidative metabolism in cow tracheal epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1997, 16:62-68.
146. Kroll A., Dierker C., Rommel C., Hahn D., Wohlleben W., Schulze-Isfort C., Gobbert C., Voetz M., Hardinghaus F., Schnekenburger J. Cytotoxicity screening of 23 engineered nanomaterials using a test matrix of ten cell lines and three different assays. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2011, 8:9.
147. Kuipers H., Lambrecht B.N. The interplay of dendritic cells, Th2 cells and regulatory T cells in asthma. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2004, 16:702-708.
148. Lalko J.F., Kimber I., Dearman R.J., Gerberick G.F., Sarlo K., Api A.M. Chemical reactivity measurements: potential for characterization of respiratory chemical allergens. Toxicol. In Vitro 2011, 25:433-445.
149. Lambrechts N., Verstraelen S., Lodewyckx H., Felicio A., Hooyberghs J., Witters H., Van Tendeloo V., Van Cauwenberge P., Nelissen I., Van Den Heuvel R., Schoeters G. THP-1 monocytes but not macrophages as a potential alternative for CD34+ dendritic cells to identify chemical skin sensitizers. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2009, 236:221-230.
150. Landsteiner K., Jacobs J. Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. J. Exp. Med. 1936, 64:625-639.
151. Lasserre J.P., Fack F., Revets D., Planchon S., Renaut J., Hoffmann L., Gutleb A.C., Muller C.P., Bohn T. Effects of the endocrine disruptors atrazine and PCB 153 on the protein expression of MCF-7 human cells. J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8:5485-5496.
152. Lechner J.F., LaVeck M.A. A serum-free method for culturing normal human bronchial epithelial cells at clonal density. Methods Cell Sci. 1985, 9:43-48.
153. Lenz A.G., Karg E., Lentner B., Dittrich V., Brandenberger C., Rothen-Rutishauser B., Schulz H., Ferron G.A., Schmid O. A dose-controlled system for air-liquid interface cell exposure and application to zinc oxide nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2009, 6:32.
154. Leonhardt H. Histologie, Zytologie und Mikroanatomie des Menschen 1990, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
155. Lepoittevin J.P. The chemistry of skin allergy. ALTEX 2006, 23:234-238.
156. Li N., Xia T., Nel A.E. The role of oxidative stress in ambient particulate matter-induced lung diseases and its implications in the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2008, 44:1689-1699.
157. Lieber M., Smith B., Szakal A., Nelson-Rees W., Todaro G. A continuous tumor-cell line from a human lung carcinoma with properties of type II alveolar epithelial cells. Int. J. Cancer 1976, 17:62-70.
158. Limbach L.K., Wick P., Manser P., Grass R.N., Bruinink A., Stark W.J. Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:4158-4163.
159. Lin H., Li H., Cho H.J., Bian S., Roh H.J., Lee M.K., Kim J.S., Chung S.J., Shim C.K., Kim D.D. Air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of human bronchial epithelial cell monolayers as an in vitro model for airway drug transport studies. J. Pharm. Sci. 2007, 96:341-350.
160. Lippmann M., Yeates D.B., Albert R.E. Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1980, 37:337-362.
161. Lison D., Thomassen L.C., Rabolli V., Gonzalez L., Napierska D., Seo J.W., Kirsch-Volders M., Hoet P., Kirschhock C.E., Martens J.A. Nominal and effective dosimetry of silica nanoparticles in cytotoxicity assays. Toxicol. Sci. 2008, 104:155-162.
162. Little F.F., Wilson K.C., Berman J.S., Center D.M. Lymphocyte- and macrophage-mediated inflammation in the lung. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies. fourth ed. A.P. Fishman (Ed.).
163. Liu Y., Gao W., Zhang D. Effects of cigarette smoke extract on A549 cells and human lung fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor-β1 in a coculture system. Clin. Exp. Med. 2010, 10:159-167.
164. Lynch I., Cedervall T., Lundqvist M., Cabaleiro-Lago C., Linse S., Dawson K.A. The nanoparticle-protein complex as a biological entity; a complex fluids and surface science challenge for the 21st century. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 134-135:167-174.
165. Magno M.G., Fishman A.P. Origin, distribution, and blood flow of bronchial circulation in anesthetized sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982, 53:272-279.
166. Mann-Jong M., Shih L., Wu R. Pulmonary epithelium: cell types and functions. The Pulmonary Epithelium in Health and Disease 2008, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex. M. Proud (Ed.).
167. Mantovani A., Muzio M., Garlanda C., Sozzani S., Allavena P. Macrophage control of inflammation: negative pathways of regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Novartis Found. Symp. 2001, 234:120-131. (discussion 131-125).
168. Mapp C.E. Genetics and the occupational environment. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 5:113-118.
169. Mason R.J., Williams M.C. Type II alveolar cell. Defender of the alveolus. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1977, 81-91.
170. Maynard A.D., Aitken R.J., Butz T., Colvin V., Donaldson K., Oberdorster G., Philbert M.A., Ryan J., Seaton A., Stone V., Tinkle S.S., Tran L., Walker N.J., Warheit D.B. Safe handling of nanotechnology. Nature 2006, 444:267-269.
171. McWilliam A., Holt P., Gehr P. Dendritic cells as sentinels of immune surveillance in the airways. Particle-Lung Interaction 2000, 473-489. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel. P. Gehr, J. Heyder (Eds.).
172. Mitjans M., Viviani B., Lucchi L., Galli C.L., Marinovich M., Corsini E. Role of p38 MAPK in the selective release of IL-8 induced by chemical allergen in naive THP-1 cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 2008, 22:386-395.
173. Möller W., Kreyling W.G., Schmid O., Semmler-Behnke M., Schulz H. Deposition, retention and clearance, and translocation of inhaled fine and nano-sized particles in the respiratory tract. Particle-Lung Interactions 2010, Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. second ed. P. Gehr, C. Mühlfeld, B. Rothen-Rutishauser, F. Blank (Eds.).
174. Montiel-Davalos A., Alfaro-Moreno E., Lopez-Marure R. PM2.5 and PM10 induce the expression of adhesion molecules and the adhesion of monocytic cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Inhalation Toxicol. 2007, 19(Suppl. 1):91-98.
175. Mühlfeld C., Ochs M. Functional aspects of lung structure as related to interaction with particles. Particle-Lung Interactions 2010, Informa Healthcare USA, Inc., New York. second ed. P. Gehr, C. Mühlfeld, B. Rothen-Rutishauser, F. Blank (Eds.).
176. Mühlfeld C., Rothen-Rutishauser B., Blank F., Vanhecke D., Ochs M., Gehr P. Interactions of nanoparticles with pulmonary structures and cellular responses. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2008, 294:L817-L829.
177. Müller L., Riediker M., Wick P., Mohr M., Gehr P., Rothen-Rutishauser B. Oxidative stress and inflammation response after nanoparticle exposure: differences between human lung cell monocultures and an advanced three-dimensional model of the human epithelial airways. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010, 7(Suppl. 1):S27-S40.
178. Murphy K., Travers P., Walport M. Allergy and Hypersensitivity, Janeway's Immunobiology 2008, Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group. seventh ed.
179. Mutlu G.M., Green D., Bellmeyer A., Baker C.M., Burgess Z., Rajamannan N., Christman J.W., Foiles N., Kamp D.W., Ghio A.J., Chandel N.S., Dean D.A., Sznajder J.I., Budinger G.R. Ambient particulate matter accelerates coagulation via an IL-6-dependent pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117:2952-2961.
180. Natsch A., Gfeller H., Rothaupt M., Ellis G. Utility and limitations of a peptide reactivity assay to predict fragrance allergens in vitro. Toxicol. In Vitro 2007, 21:1220-1226.
181. Natsch A., Emter R., Ellis G. Filling the concept with data: integrating data from different in vitro and in silico assays on skin sensitizers to explore the battery approach for animal-free skin sensitization testing. Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 107:106-121.
182. Natsch A., Bauch C., Foertsch L., Gerberick F., Norman K., Hilberer A., Inglis H., Landsiedel R., Onken S., Reuter H., Schepky A., Emter R. The intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility and predictivity of the KeratinoSens assay to predict skin sensitizers in vitro: results of a ring-study in five laboratories. Toxicol. In Vitro 2011, 25:733-744.
183. Nel A., Xia T., Madler L., Li N. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 2006, 311:622-627.
184. Nelson S., Summer W.R. Innate immunity, cytokines, and pulmonary host defense. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 1998, 12:555-567.
185. Nemmar A., Nemery B., Hoet P.H., Vermylen J., Hoylaerts M.F. Pulmonary inflammation and thrombogenicity caused by diesel particles in hamsters: role of histamine. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003, 168:1366-1372.
186. Nemmar A., Hoylaerts M.F., Hoet P.H.M., Nemery B. Possible mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of inhaled particles: systemic translocation and prothrombotic effects. Toxicol. Lett. 2004, 149:243-253.
187. Novak N., Koch S., Allam J.-P., Bieber T. Dendritic cells: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 125:50-59.
188. Nurkiewicz T.R., Porter D.W., Barger M., Millecchia L., Rao K.M., Marvar P.J., Hubbs A.F., Castranova V., Boegehold M.A. Systemic microvascular dysfunction and inflammation after pulmonary particulate matter exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:412-419.
189. Oberdörster G., Finkelstein J.N. In vitro dosing of cells with poorly soluble particles. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 94:439. (author reply 440).
190. Oberdörster G., Ferin J., Lehnert B.E. Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994, 102:172-179.
191. Ochs M., Weibel E.R. Functional design of the human lung for gas exchange. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 2008, McGray-Hill Medical. A.P. Fishman (Ed.).
192. OECD OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals (428); Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method 2004, OECD, Paris.
193. OECD OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals (431); In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Human Skin Model Test 2004, OECD, Paris.
194. OECD Guidance Notes for the Estimation of Dermal Absorption Values 2008, OECD, Paris.
195. OECD OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals (437); Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe irritants 2009, OECD, Paris.
196. OECD OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals (438); Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants 2009, OECD, Paris.
197. O'Reilly M.A., Gazdar A.F., Morris R.E., Whitsett J.A. Differential effects of glucocorticoid on expression of surfactant proteins in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1988, 970:194-204.
198. Ozaki T., Maeda M., Hayashi H., Nakamura Y., Moriguchi H., Kamei T., Yasuoka S., Ogura T. Role of alveolar macrophages in the neutrophil-dependent defense system against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in the lower respiratory tract. Amplifying effect of muramyl dipeptide analog. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989, 140:1595-1601.
199. Palucka K., Banchereau J. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J. Clin. Immunol. 1999, 19:12-25.
200. Park J.A., He F., Martin L.D., Li Y., Chorley B.N., Adler K.B. Human neutrophil elastase induces hypersecretion of mucin from well-differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro via a protein kinase C{delta}-mediated mechanism. Am. J. Pathol. 2005, 167:651-661.
201. Paur R., Mülhopt S., Weiss C., Diabaté S. In Vitro exposure systems and bioassays for the assessment of toxicity of nanoparticles to the human lung. J. Verbr. Lebensm. 2008, 3.
202. Penn A., Murphy G., Barker S., Henk W., Penn L. Combustion-derived ultrafine particles transport organic toxicants to target respiratory cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:956-963.
203. Phillips J., Kluss B., Richter A., Massey E. Exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to whole cigarette smoke: assessment of cellular responses. Altern. Lab. Anim. 2005, 33:239-248.
204. Pietropaoli A.P., Frampton M.W., Hyde R.W., Morrow P.E., Oberdorster G., Cox C., Speers D.M., Frasier L.M., Chalupa D.C., Huang L.S., Utell M.J. Pulmonary function, diffusing capacity, and inflammation in healthy and asthmatic subjects exposed to ultrafine particles. Inhal. Toxicol. 2004, 16(Suppl. 1):59-72.
205. Plitnick L.M., Loveless S.E., Ladics G.S., Holsapple M.P., Smialowicz R.J., Woolhiser M.R., Anderson P.K., Smith C., Selgrade M.J.K. Identifying airway sensitizers: cytokine mRNA profiles induced by various anhydrides. Toxicology 2003, 193:191-201.
206. Poll V., Denk U., Shen H.D., Panzani R.C., Dissertori O., Lackner P., Hemmer W., Mari A., Crameri R., Lottspeich F., Rid R., Richter K., Breitenbach M., Simon-Nobbe B. The vacuolar serine protease, a cross-reactive allergen from Cladosporium herbarum. Mol. Immunol. 2009, 46:1360-1373.
207. Prinsen, M.K., Koëter, H.B.W.M., 1990. EC-validation study on alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test. Pilot interlaboratory comparison of the enucleated eye test. TNO Report V89.464.
208. Prinsen M.K., Koëter H.B.W.M. Enucleated eye test with eyes of slaughterhouse animals as an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test with rabbits; a validation study with 21 reference compounds. TNO Report V91.507 1992.
209. Prinsen M.K., Koëter H.B.W.M. Justification of the enucleated eye test with eyes of slaughterhouse animals as an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test with rabbits. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1993, 31:69-76.
210. Proud D. The Pulmonary Epithelium in Health and Disease 2008, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
211. Python F., Goebel C., Aeby P. Assessment of the U937 cell line for the detection of contact allergens. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 220:113-124.
212. Reddel R.R., Ke Y., Gerwin B.I., McMenamin M.G., Lechner J.F., Su R.T., Brash D.E., Park J.B., Rhim J.S., Harris C.C. Transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by infection with SV40 or adenovirus-12 SV40 hybrid virus, or transfection via strontium phosphate coprecipitation with a plasmid containing SV40 early region genes. Cancer Res. 1988, 48:1904-1909.
213. Reichardt P., Schreiber A., Wichmann G., Metzner G., Efer J., Raabe F. Identification and quantification of in vitro adduct formation between protein reactive xenobiotics and a lysine-containing model peptide. Environ. Toxicol. 2003, 18:29-36.
214. Reynolds H.Y. Pulmonary host defenses. Chest 1989, 95:223-230.
215. Reynolds H.Y. Advances in understanding pulmonary host defense mechanisms: dendritic cell function and immunomodulation. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2000, 6:209-216.
216. Richard G. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human lung epithelial A549 cells caused by airborne volatile organic compounds emitted from pine wood and oriented strand boards. Toxicol. Lett. 2010, 196:33-41.
217. Robinson C., Kalsheker N.A., Srinivasan N., King C.M., Garrod D.R., Thompson P.J., Stewart G.A. On the potential significance of the enzymatic activity of mite allergens to immunogenicity. Clues to structure and function revealed by molecular characterization. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1997, 27:10-21.
218. Roggen E.L., Soni N.K., Verheyen G.R. Respiratory immunotoxicity: an in vitro assessment. Toxicol. In Vitro 2006, 20:1249-1264.
219. Ross A.J., Dailey L.A., Brighton L.E., Devlin R.B. Transcriptional profiling of mucociliary differentiation in human airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2007, 37:169-185.
220. Rothen-Rutishauser B.M., Kiama S.G., Gehr P. A three-dimensional cellular model of the human respiratory tract to study the interaction with particles. Am. J. Respir.Cell Mol. Biol. 2005, 32:281-289.
221. Rothen-Rutishauser B., Mühlfeld C., Blank F., Musso C., Gehr P. Translocation of particles and inflammatory responses after exposure to fine particles and nanoparticles in an epithelial airway model. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2007, 4.
222. Rothen-Rutishauser B., Blank F., Mühlfeld C., Gehr P. In vitro models of the human epithelial airway barrier to study the toxic potential of particulate matter. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2008, 4:1075-1089.
223. Rubovitch V., Gershnabel S., Kalina M. Lung epithelial cells modulate the inflammatory response of alveolar macrophages. Inflammation 2007, 30:236-243.
224. Runswick S., Mitchell T., Davies P., Robinson C., Garrod D.R. Pollen proteolytic enzymes degrade tight junctions. Respirology 2007, 12:834-842.
225. Russel W.M.S., Burch R.L. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique 1959, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Wheathampstead, UK.
226. Ryan C.A., Gerberick G.F., Gildea L.A., Hulette B.C., Betts C.J., Cumberbatch M., Dearman R.J., Kimber I. Interactions of contact allergens with dendritic cells: opportunities and challenges for the development of novel approaches to hazard assessment. Toxicol. Sci. 2005, 88:4-11.
227. Sailstad D.M., Ward M.D., Boykin E.H., Selgrade M.K. A murine model for low molecular weight chemicals: differentiation of respiratory sensitizers (TMA) from contact sensitizers (DNFB). Toxicology 2003, 194:147-161.
228. Sakaguchi H., Ashikaga T., Miyazawa M., Yoshida Y., Ito Y., Yoneyama K., Hirota M., Itagaki H., Toyoda H., Suzuki H. Development of an in vitro skin sensitization test using human cell lines; human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). II. An inter-laboratory study of the h-CLAT. Toxicol. In Vitro 2006, 20:774-784.
229. Sakaguchi H., Ryan C., Ovigne J.-M., Schroeder K.R., Ashikaga T. Predicting skin sensitization potential and inter-laboratory reproducibility of a human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) in the European Cosmetics Association (COLIPA) ring trials. Toxicol. In Vitro 2010, 24:1810-1820.
230. Salvi S., Blomberg A., Rudell B., Kelly F., Sandstrom T., Holgate S.T., Frew A. Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999, 159:702-709.
231. Sanchez-Perez Y., Chirino Y.I., Osornio-Vargas A.R., Morales-Barcenas R., Gutierrez-Ruiz C., Vazquez-Lopez I., Garcia-Cuellar C.M. DNA damage response of A549 cells treated with particulate matter (PM10) of urban air pollutants. Cancer Lett. 2009, 278:192-200.
232. Savolainen K., Alenius H., Norppa H., Pylkkänen L., Tuomi T., Kasper G. Risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials and nanotechnologies - a review. Toxicology 2010, 269:92-104.
233. Sayes C.M., Reed K.L., Warheit D.B. Assessing toxicity of fine and nanoparticles: comparing in vitro measurements to in vivo pulmonary toxicity profiles. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 97:163-180.
234. Sayes C.M., Reed K.L., Subramoney S., Abrams L., Warheit D.B. Can in vitro assays substitute for in vivo studies in assessing the pulmonary hazards of fine and nanoscale materials?. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2009, 11:421-431.
235. Schins R.P., Knaapen A.M. Genotoxicity of poorly soluble particles. Inhal. Toxicol. 2007, 19(Suppl. 1):189-198.
236. Schulz H., Harder V., Ibald-Mulli A., Khandoga A., Koenig W., Krombach F., Radykewicz R., Stampfl A., Thorand B., Peters A. Cardiovascular effects of fine and ultrafine particles. J. Aerosol Med. 2005, 18:1-22.
237. Schürch S., Gehr P., Im H.V., Geiser M., Green F. Surfactant displaces particles toward the epithelium in airways and alveoli. Respir. Physiol. 1990, 80:17-32.
238. Schwende H., Fitzke E., Ambs P., Dieter P. Differences in the state of differentiation of THP-1 cells induced by phorbol ester and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1996, 59:555-561.
239. Seed M., Agius R. Further validation of computer-based prediction of chemical asthma hazard. Occup. Med. 2010, 60:115-120.
240. Seed M.J., Cullinan P., Agius R.M. Methods for the prediction of low-molecular-weight occupational respiratory sensitizers. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008, 8:103-109.
241. Shen H.D., Tam M.F., Tang R.B., Chou H. Aspergillus and Penicillium allergens: focus on proteases. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2007, 7:351-356.
242. Shi J.P., Evans D.E., Khan A.A., Harrison R.M. Sources and concentration of nanoparticles (<10†nm diameter) in the urban atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35:1193-1202.
243. Sibille Y., Reynolds H.Y. Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990, 141:471-501.
244. 2: role of the specific surface area and of surface methylation of the particles. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 222:141-151.
245. Sköld M., Börje A., Matura M., Karlberg A.T. Studies on the autoxidation and sensitizing capacity of the fragrance chemical linalool, identifying a linalool hydroperoxide. Contact Dermatitis 2002, 46:267-272.
246. Sköld M., Börje A., Harambasic E., Karlberg A.T. Contact allergens formed on air exposure of linalool. Identification and quantification of primary and secondary oxidation products and the effect on skin sensitization. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2004, 17:1697-1705.
247. Sköld M., Karlberg A.-T., Matura M., Börje A. The fragrance chemical [beta]-caryophyllene - air oxidation and skin sensitization. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006, 44:538-545.
248. Smith C.K., Hotchkiss S.A.M. Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Chemical and Metabolic Mechanisms 2001, Tayler and Francis, London.
249. Sorokin S.P. The cells of the lungs. Morphology of Experimental Respiratory Carcinogenesis 1970, 40. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. P. Nettesheim, M.G. Hannar, J.W. Deatherage (Eds.).
250. Southee, J.A., 1998. Evaluation of the Prevalidation Process. Part 2. Final Report. Vol. 2. The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) Assay. European Community Contract No. 11279-95-10F1ED ISP GB.
251. Southee, J.A., Curren, R.D., 1996. Evaluation of the Prevalidation Process. Part 1. European Community Contract No. 11279-95-10F1ED ISP GB.
252. Steinman R.M., Cohn Z.A. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J. Exp. Med. 1973, 137:1142-1162.
253. Stewart G.A., Lake F.R., Thompson P.J. Faecally derived hydrolytic enzymes from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: physicochemical characterisation of potential allergens. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1991, 95:248-256.
254. Suggs J.E., Madden M.C., Friedman M., Edgell C.J. Prostacyclin expression by a continuous human cell line derived from vascular endothelium. Blood 1986, 68:825-829.
255. Tai H.Y., Tam M.F., Chou H., Peng H.J., Su S.N., Perng D.W., Shen H.D. Pen ch 13 allergen induces secretion of mediators and degradation of occludin protein of human lung epithelial cells. Allergy 2006, 61:382-388.
256. Teeguarden J.G., Hinderliter P.M., Orr G., Thrall B.D., Pounds J.G. Particokinetics in vitro: dosimetry considerations for in vitro nanoparticle toxicity assessments. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 95:300-312.
257. Toews G.B. Determinants of bacterial clearance from the lower respiratory tract. Semin. Respir. Infect. 1986, 1:68-78.
258. Toppila-Salmi S., Renkonen J., Joenväärä S., Mattila P., Renkonen R. Allergen interactions with epithelium. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2011, 11:29-32.
259. Tsuchiya S., Yamabe M., Yamaguchi Y., Kobayashi Y., Konno T., Tada K. Establishment and characterization of a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). Int. J. Cancer 1980, 26:171-176.
260. Tsuchiya S., Kobayashi Y., Goto Y., Okumura H., Nakae S., Konno T., Tada K. Induction of maturation in cultured human monocytic leukemia cells by a phorbol diester. Cancer Res. 1982, 42:1530-1536.
261. Uboldi C., Bonacchi D., Lorenzi G., Hermanns M.I., Pohl C., Baldi G., Unger R.E., Kirkpatrick C.J. Gold nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity in the alveolar type-II cell lines A549 and NCIH441. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2009, 6:18.
262. United Nations, 2007. In: Nations, U. (Ed.), Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), second revised ed. New York and Geneva.
263. Vandebriel R.J., van Loveren H. Non-animal sensitization testing: state-of-the-art. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2010, 40:389-404.
264. Vandebriel R., Callant Cransveld C., Crommelin D., Diamant Z., Glazenburg B., Joos G., Kuper F., Natsch A., Nijkamp F., Noteborn H., Pieters R., Roberts D., Roggen E., Rorije E., Seed M., Sewald K., van den Heuvel R., van Engelen J., Verstraelen S., van Loveren H. Respiratory sensitization: advances in assessing the risk of respiratory inflammation and irritation. Toxicol. In Vitro 2011, 25:1251-1258.
265. Verstraelen S., Wens B., Hooyberghs J., Nelissen I., Witters H., Schoeters G., Cauwenberge P.V., Heuvel R.V.D. Gene expression profiling of in vitro cultured macrophages after exposure to the respiratory sensitizer hexamethylene diisocyanate. Toxicol. In Vitro 2008, 22:1107-1114.
266. Verstraelen S., Nelissen I., Hooyberghs J., Witters H., Schoeters G., Van Cauwenberge P., Van Den Heuvel R. Gene profiles of a human alveolar epithelial cell line after in vitro exposure to respiratory (non-)sensitizing chemicals: Identification of discriminating genetic markers and pathway analysis. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 185:16-22.
267. Verstraelen S., Nelissen I., Hooyberghs J., Witters H., Schoeters G., Van Cauwenberge P., Van Den Heuvel R. Gene profiles of a human bronchial epithelial cell line after in vitro exposure to respiratory (non-)sensitizing chemicals: Identification of discriminating genetic markers and pathway analysis. Toxicology 2009, 255:151-159.
268. Verstraelen S., Nelissen I., Hooyberghs J., Witters H., Schoeters G., Van Cauwenberge P., Van Den Heuvel R. Gene profiles of THP-1 macrophages after in vitro exposure to respiratory (non-)sensitizing chemicals: Identification of discriminating genetic markers and pathway analysis. Toxicol. In Vitro 2009, 23:1151-1162.
269. Voisin C., Aerts C., Jakubczak E., Houdret J.L., Tonnel T.B. Effects of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase. A new experimental model for the study of in vitro cytotoxicity of toxic gases. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 1977, 13:137-144.
270. Waldman W.J., Kristovich R., Knight D.A., Dutta P.K. Inflammatory properties of iron-containing carbon nanoparticles. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2007, 20:1149-1154.
271. Wan H., Winton H.L., Soeller C., Gruenert D.C., Thompson P.J., Cannell M.B., Stewart G.A., Garrod D.R., Robinson C. Quantitative structural and biochemical analyses of tight junction dynamics following exposure of epithelial cells to house dust mite allergen Der p 1. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2000, 30:685-698.
272. Wan H., Winton H.L., Soeller C., Stewart G.A., Thompson P.J., Gruenert D.C., Cannell M.B., Garrod D.R., Robinson C. Tight junction properties of the immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell lines Calu-3 and 16HBE14o. Eur. Respir. J. 2000, 15:1058-1068.
273. Wan H., Winton H.L., Soeller C., Taylor G.W., Gruenert D.C., Thompson P.J., Cannell M.B., Stewart G.A., Garrod D.R., Robinson C. The transmembrane protein occludin of epithelial tight junctions is a functional target for serine peptidases from faecal pellets of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2001, 31:279-294.
274. Wang Z., Malmberg P., Ek A., Larsson K., Palmberg L. Swine dust induces cytokine secretion from human epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1999, 115:6-12.
275. Warheit D.B., Sayes C.M., Reed K.L. Nanoscale and fine zinc oxide particles: Can in vitro assays accurately forecast lung hazards following inhalation exposures?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:7939-7945.
276. Wass U., Belin L. An in vitro method for predicting sensitizing properties of inhaled chemicals. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1990, 16:208-214.
277. Winton H.L., Wan H., Cannell M.B., Gruenert D.C., Thompson P.J., Garrod D.R., Stewart G.A., Robinson C. Cell lines of pulmonary and non-pulmonary origin as tools to study the effects of house dust mite proteinases on the regulation of epithelial permeability. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1998, 28:1273-1285.
278. Wottrich R., Diabaté S., Krug H.F. Biological effects of ultrafine model particles in human macrophages and epithelial cells in mono- and co-culture. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2004, 207:353-361.
279. Wunschmann S., Gustchina A., Chapman M.D., Pomes A. Cockroach allergen Bla g 2: an unusual aspartic proteinase. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 116:140-145.
280. Wuthrich B., Schindler C., Leuenberger P., Ackermann-Liebrich U. Prevalence of atopy and pollinosis in the adult population of Switzerland (SAPALDIA study). Swiss study on air pollution and lung diseases in adults. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1995, 106:149-156.
281. Yang H., Liu C., Yang D., Zhang H., Xi Z. Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2009, 29:69-78.
282. Ziegler-Heitbrock H.W., Thiel E., Futterer A., Herzog V., Wirtz A., Riethmuller G. Establishment of a human cell line (Mono Mac 6) with characteristics of mature monocytes. Int. J. Cancer 1988, 41:456-461.